Neuroscience meets cancer: networks and neuronal input to brain tumors

Neuroforum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Varun Venkataramani ◽  
Matthia A. Karreman ◽  
Frank Winkler
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Control Brain ◽  
Nervous System Function ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Cancer Networks ◽  
Organizational Features ◽  
And Control

Abstract The nervous system with its complex organizational features and functions is well-known for its impressive ability to process information and drive countless biological processes. It has come to the surprise of many that the nervous system can also be intimately involved in an unwelcome area of human life: the initiation and progression of cancer. For brain tumors, the parallels to neurodevelopment and nervous system function can be found on multiple levels. First, cancer cells of incurable gliomas interconnect with long cellular extensions to a large communicating multicellular network. Second, indirect and direct neuronal input can generate, activate, and control brain tumor growth. Third, it is becoming increasingly clear that those features not only drive brain tumor progression but also the notorious resistance of these tumors against standard antitumor therapies. Remarkably, these recent insights have already generated novel ideas for better antitumor therapies.

scholarly journals Brain Tumor Detection using Enhanced Convolution Neural Network for MR Images

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
M.B. Bramarambika ◽  
◽  
M Sesha Shayee ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Classification Problem ◽  
Tumor Detection ◽  
Convolution Neural Network ◽  
Brain Images ◽  
The Brain

Brain tumor is a mass that grows unevenly in the brain and directly affects human life. The mass occurs spontaneously because of the tissues surrounding the brain or the skull. There are two types of Brain tumor such as Benign and Malignant. Malignant brain tumors contain cancer cells and grow quickly and spread through to other brain and spine regions as well. Accurate and prompt diagnosis of brain tumors is essential for implementing an effective treatment of this disease. Brain images produced by the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technique are a rich source of data for brain tumor diagnosis and treatment in the medical field. Due to the existence of a large number of features compared to the other imaging types. The performance of existing methods is inadequate considering the medical significance of the classification problem. Earlier methods relied on manually delineated tumor regions, prior to classification. This prevented them from being fully automated. The automatic algorithms developed using CNN and its variants could not achieve an influential improvement in performance. In order to overcome such an issue, the proposed one is automatic brain tumor detection system, which is “ Enhanced Convolution Neural Network (CNN) Algorithm for MRI Images” for the detection of brain tumor is useful to detect and classify the Glioma part into low Glioma and high Glioma.

Biological Clocks: Explaining with Models of Mechanisms

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah K. Robins ◽  
Carl F. Craver
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Mechanistic Explanation ◽  
Scientific Models ◽  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Biological Clocks ◽  
Mechanistic Explanations ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Organizational Features ◽  
And Control ◽  
Manipulation And Control

This article examines the concept of mechanistic explanation by considering the mechanism of circadian rhythm or biological clocks. It provides an account of mechanistic explanation and some common failures of mechanistic explanation and discusses the sense in which mechanistic explanations typically span multiple levels. The article suggests that models that describe mechanisms are more useful for the purposes of manipulation and control than are scientific models that do not describe mechanisms. It comments on the criticism that the mechanistic explanation is far too simple to fully express the complexity of real explanations in neuroscience and that neuroscientific explanations require emergent properties that cannot be explained by decomposition into the parts, activities, and organizational features that constitute the mechanism.

On the question of the origin of cystic brain tumors

1913 ◽  
Vol 13 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 224-241
Author(s):  
F. Ya. Chistovich ◽  
V. P. Pervushin
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Unusual Structure ◽  
Exact Localization ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Anatomical Relationship ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The case of cystic multiple brain tumor described below is of interest in two relationships: in clinical because it gave a reason for surgical intervention for the purpose of diagnostics and for the sake of removal of a brain tumor, the exact localization of which presented significant difficulties; In the pathological and anatomical relationship, this case deserves attention both because of the multiplicity of brain tumors, and due to their completely unusual structure, which deviates from these types of neoplasms, which usually serve as the starting point in the development of the cysts of the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Outcomes of Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients with Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head Following Surgical Treatment of Brain Tumors

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1703
Author(s):  
Seung-Jae Lim ◽  
Chan-Woo Park ◽  
Dong-Uk Kim ◽  
Kwangjoon Han ◽  
Minkyu Seo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Femoral Head ◽  
Total Hip Arthroplasty ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Brain

Corticosteroids have been widely used in patients with brain tumors to reduce tumor-associated edema and neurological deficits. This study examined the outcomes of total hip arthroplasty (THA) in patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) following brain tumor surgery. We identified 34 THAs performed in 26 patients with steroid-induced ONFH among 9254 patients undergoing surgical treatment for primary brain tumors. After propensity score matching with demographics, 68 THAs (52 patients) in ONFH unrelated to brain tumors were selected as the control group. At the time of THA, 54% of brain tumor patients had neurological sequelae and 46% had adrenal insufficiency. After THA, patients with brain tumor required longer hospital stay, reported a lower functional score, and showed a higher rate of heterotopic ossification compared to the control group. However, hip pain score improved significantly after THA in the brain tumor group, and did not differ from that of the control group (P-value = 0.168). Major complication rates were similar (2.9% and 1.5% for the brain tumor and control groups, respectively; P-value = 1.000), and implant survivorships were not different at 7 years (100% and 98.1% for the brain tumor and control groups, respectively; P-value = 0.455). Our findings suggest that THA can be safely performed to reduce hip pain in patients with steroid-induced ONFH after surgical treatment of primary brain tumors.

Thioredoxin, Glutathione and Related Molecules in Tumors of the Nervous System

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 1878-1900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasco Branco ◽  
José Pimentel ◽  
Maria Alexandra Brito ◽  
Cristina Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Tumor Biology ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Survival Prognosis ◽  
Primary Tumors

Background: Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors have a poor survival prognosis due to their invasive and heterogeneous nature, in addition to the resistance to multiple treatments. Objective: In this paper, the main aspects of brain tumor biology and pathogenesis are reviewed both for primary tumors of the brain, (i.e., gliomas) and for metastasis from other malignant tumors, namely lung cancer, breast cancer and malignant melanoma which account for a high percentage of overall malignant brain tumors. We review the role of antioxidant systems, namely the thioredoxin and glutathione systems, in the genesis and/or progression of brain tumors. Methods: Although overexpression of Thioredoxin Reductase (TrxR) and Thioredoxin (Trx) is often linked to increased malignancy rate of brain tumors, and higher expression of Glutathione (GSH) and Glutathione S-Transferases (GST) are associated to resistance to therapy, several knowledge gaps still exist regarding for example, the role of Peroxiredoxins (Prx), and Glutaredoxins (Grx). Conclusion: Due to their central role in redox homeostasis and ROS scavenging, redox systems are potential targets for new antitumorals and examples of innovative therapeutics aiming at improving success rates in brain tumor treatment are discussed.

scholarly journals Friendships in Pediatric Brain Tumor Survivors and Non-Central Nervous System Tumor Survivors

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-202
Author(s):  
Matthew C Hocking ◽  
Robert B Noll ◽  
Anne E Kazak ◽  
Cole Brodsky ◽  
Peter Phillips ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Solid Tumor ◽  
Social Information Processing ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Central Nervous System Tumor ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objective Brain tumors during childhood may disrupt the development and maintenance of friendships due to the impact of disease- and treatment-related factors on functioning. The goal of this study was to determine if children treated for either a brain tumor or a non-central nervous system (CNS) solid tumor could name a friend and to evaluate the social information processes associated with the ability to name a friend. Method Youth (ages 7–14) treated for either a brain tumor (n = 47; mean age = 10.51 years) or a non-CNS solid tumor (n = 34; mean age = 11.29) completed an assessment within 6 months of the conclusion of treatment that included asking participants to name a friend and completing measures of social information processing (SIP). Rates of self-reported friendship were compared between groups and correlates of being able to name a friend were evaluated. Results Youth treated for a brain tumor (61.7%) were significantly less likely to name a friend compared with youth treated for a non-CNS solid tumor (85.3%). Diagnosis type (brain vs. non-CNS), relapse status, attribution style, and facial affect recognition were significant predictors of being able to name a friend or not in a logistic regression model. Conclusions Youth treated for a brain tumor and those who experienced a disease relapse are at risk for impairments in friendships; difficulties with SIP may increase this risk. Targeted screening and intervention efforts for children diagnosed with brain tumors and those who have relapsed could address difficulties with peers.

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