scholarly journals The aquatic resources of the royal lands in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in times of the last Jagiellonians (in view of legal norms)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
Anna Pytasz-Kołodziejczyk
Keyword(s):  
Customary Law ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Aquatic Resources ◽  
Economic Productivity ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Exclusive Right ◽  
Grand Duchy

AbstractIn the 13th and the 14th century, grand dukes had the exclusive right to dispose of aquatic resources of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and they kept it up to the 15th century despite the distribution of rights to royal aquatic resources which lasted since the reign of Vytautas. Aquatic resources of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania could be used not only by their heritable owners and lessees, but also by local people who were allowed to fish ducal lakes and rivers by virtue of the customary law.Since the second decade of the 16th century, grand dukes became more and more interested in the economic productivity of royal land of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and in particular in the exploitation of the aquatic resources. It was mainly caused by the increasing financial needs of the Lithuanian treasury connected with the Muscovite-Lithuanian wars and the economic activities of Queen Bona and Sigismund II Augustus. The monarchs signed legal regulations, which concerned their royal land in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. These regulations provided better management of the royal land and protected fish from excessive catch.

scholarly journals The evolution of the laws regulating access to forests and aquatic resources of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania until the mid-16th century

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Anna Pytasz-Kołodziejczyk
Keyword(s):  
Financial Burden ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Illegal Logging ◽  
Aquatic Resources ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Protected Forests ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

In the 13th and the 14th century, grand dukes had exclusive rights to the forests and aquatic resources of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. They maintained these rights in the 15th century despite the fact that the rights to royal forests and aquatic had been widely distributed since the reign of Vytautas. Beginning in the second decade of the 16th century, grand dukes became increasingly interested in the productivity of land belonging to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, in particular forests and aquatic resources. Their concern was largely motivated by the financial burden placed on the Lithuanian treasury in connection with the Muscovite- Lithuanian wars and the economic reforms implemented by Queen Bona and Sigismundus II Augustus. The monarchs passed laws regulating access to royal land in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. These regulations improved the management of royal land, protected forests against illegal logging and prevented excessive exploitation of water fauna (especially fish)

scholarly journals Кириллический рукописный учебник древнееврейского языка (список XVI в.) и его учебно-методические приемы

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-34
Author(s):  
Сергей Юрьевич Темчин
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Song Of Songs ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Learning Material ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Presentation Methods ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
High Level ◽  
Grand Duchy

В статье обосновывается характеристика недавно обнаруженного рукописного кириллического учебника древнееврейского языка, созданного совместными усилиями православных и иудейских книжников, как учебного пособия, с методической точки зрения значительно превосходящего иные восточнославянские двуязычные справочные материалы того же времени. С этой целью подробно описаны применяемые в нем приемы, направленные на такую подачу языкового и сопутствующего текстового (религиозно-культурного) материала, которая облегчила бы его усвоение потенциальным читателем. Методическую сторону рассматриваемого памятника письменности следует признать одним из результатов еврейского вклада в его создание.Ключевые слова: Великое княжество Литовское, кириллическая письменность, иудейско-христианские отношения, древнееврейский язык, руськамова, библейские переводы, жидовствующие....Sergei TemchinCyrillic 16th-century manuscript “Manual of Hebrew” and its teaching methods A concise Manual of Hebrew, recently discovered in a Cyrillic manuscript miscellany of the 3rd quarter of the 16th century (Moscow, the Russian State Archive of Early Acts, F. Mazurin collection (f. 196), inventory 1, No 616, f. 124–130) is very important for the history of the Ruthenian written culture in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Manual of Hebrew comprises material of three different kinds: a) some excerpts from the original Hebrew Old Testament text (Ge 2.8, 32.27–28; Ps 150; So 3.4 (or 8.2), 8.5; Is 11.12) written in Cyrillic characters; b) a bilingual Hebrew–Ruthenian vocabulary with explanatory notes; c) small quotations from the Ruthenian text of three Old Testament books (Genesis, Isaiah, Song of Songs).The meta-language used in the Manual of Hebrew is Ruthenian. The translations present in the Manual had been made directly from Hebrew. A comparison of the quotations from the Song of Songs found in the Manual and all the known Cyrillic and Glagolitic versions of this book (referring to both the manuscript and the printed sources of different periods) reveals their principal coincidence with the Ruthenian translation found in the Vilnius Old Testament Florilegium (Vilnius, Wróblewskie Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, F 19–262). The originals of the two manuscripts probably originated in the 2nd half of the 15th century in the circle of the learned Kievan Jew Zachariah ben Aaron ha-Kohen who is also known as Skhariya, the initiator of the Novgorod movementof the Judaizers (1471–1504).The Cyrillic Manual of Hebrew is a clear evidence of this language being taught/learned in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the late 15th–early 16th century. The learning material and its presentation methods reveal a quite elaborate (although inconsistently implemented) pedagogical approach which puts the Manual aside from the rest of early East Slavic glossaries of the same or earlier date. Thus, the Manual presents, among other features: a) a number of original Hebrew texts written in Cyrillic, divided into small portions (each with a Ruthenian translation) which are then put together to form a continuoustext; b) certain trilingual glossary entries where Hebrew, “Greek” (in reality Slavic borrowings from Greek) and Slavic words are juxtaposed, while in other cases double translations in two different Slavic languages (Ruthenian and Old Church Slavonic) are given; c) some long elaborated definitions, sometimes containing synonymous variants or alternative translations; d) information about the sources of variant Hebrew forms or their meanings; e) information on certain grammatical (gender, plural, possessive) forms and word formation (compounds), etc.It is beyond doubt that the Cyrillic manuscript “Manual of Hebrew” is a result of joint efforts of Jewish and East Slavic bookmen, but the relatively high level of pedagogical and linguistic sophistication of the joint result is to be ascribed to the Jewish compilers of the Manual rather than to their East Slavic co-authors.

scholarly journals Pукописная книга и ее рецепция в Великом княжестве Литовском XIV–середины XVI вв.

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-78
Author(s):  
Рима Циценене
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
New Work ◽  
Living Space ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Personal Needs ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Grand Duchy

Цель статьи — проанализировать эволюцию представления о рукописной книге и ее рецепции обществом ВКЛ. Для этого требуется установить, каким образом в обществе проявлялась рецепция книги и как это отраженo в источниках того времени. Материалом исследования послужили рукописные кодексы, архивные документы и объекты искусства. Установлено, что книга удовлетворяла служебные, общественные и личные потребности членов общества того времени. С увеличением числа экземпляров и собраний, с повышением разнообразия взаимоотношений человека с книгой в обществе ВКЛ изменялось и само представление о книге. Если на раннем этапе кодекс воспринимался как статичный, сакральный, целостный объект, мало подверженный человеческому влиянию, то уже с XV в. можно говорить о книге как о мобильном, меняющемся объекте, крайне зависимом от связанного с ним человека. Книги мигрировали в географическом и жизненном пространстве.В начале XVI в. изменилось восприятие целостности книги. Понятие о кодексе как о единице, физически объединяющей отдельные произведения (книги), сменило понятие кодекса как единого целого (нового произведения), имеющего общие внутренние и внешние признаки.Ключевые слова: рукописная книга, средневековые кодексы, книжная культура, книга и средневековое общество, Великое княжество Литовское....Rima CicėnienėThe reception of the manuscript book in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 14th– mid-16th centuries The article aims to analyze changes in society’s view of the manuscript book and its reception. The author investigates the ways in which society manifested its reception of the book and how it is reflected in the sources of that time. Manuscript books, archival sources, and objects of art were used as the sources for the research. It has been established that the book satisfied official, social, and personal needs of society and individuals of the time. As books and collections became increasingly numerous and the relationship with books diversified, the idea of the book in the GDL’s society also underwent a significant change. While during the early stage of the period under study a book was understood as a static and uniform sacral object little influenced by an individual, since the 15th century it was considered to be a mobile, mutable object strongly affected by the persons directly connected with the book. Codices migrated both in the geographical and living space. In the early 16th century, the concept of a book as a unit item also underwent a significant change. The concept of a codex as an object that physically joins separate works (books, liber) was replaced by the idea of a codex as an integral unit (a new work) which possesses both internal and external unifying elements of a book.

scholarly journals Slavonic Translations of the “Master of Rhodes Letter”

Scrinium ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Maria Korogodina ◽  
Aleksey Sergeev ◽  
Aleksey Sirenov
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
The Third ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

Abstract The “Master of Rhodes Letter”, which tells of the birth of the Antichrist, was one of the most popular eschatological writings in Europe in the 15th century. This pseudo-epistle was translated from Latin into Russian in the middle of the 15th century in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by Feofil Dederkin, an informant for the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily Vasilyevich. Previously only one letter from Dederkin to the Grand Duke Vasily Vasilyevich was known: a translation from Latin describing the earthquakes in Italy in 1456. The “Master of Rhodes Letter” was translated a second time into Ukrainian from Latin in the 1630s, during a time when the Orthodox hierarchy in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth resisted the adoption of the Union of Brest. The third translation was made from English into Russian at beginning of the 18th century, and was believed by Metropolitan Job of Novgorod to be the work of Old Believers.

scholarly journals The Intrinsic and Extrinsic. Latinitas in the Research of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Literatūra ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-110
Author(s):  
Skirmantas Knieža
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Cultural Models ◽  
The State ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Latin Language ◽  
Cultural Code ◽  
Latin Culture ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

This paper analyses the reception of Latin language and culture in the research of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It focuses on the works of various disciplines – social and cultural history, literary research, art criticism, etc. – and seeks to identify the recurring themes, symbols and topics that comprise homogenous narratives and interpretations. They consolidate the findings of different fields of study and thus allow to analyse the Latinitas of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as an integral part of the political community’s identity.The symbols of Latin language and culture can be identified as a basis for a Shift from oral to written culture. It conveys the ideas of order and organisation, as it transforms customary law into a codified one, a natural religion into that based on Scripture, etc. It alters the society as well, mainly because writing and written culture marks a shift in identity and behaviour. Also, by focusing on social and educational aspects, the Shift marks an institutional change, which permeates the developments of the state and society as a whole.The multipolar cultural field of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania is described by four cultural models – Polish, Lithuanian, Ruthenian, and Latin. The metaphor of Interaction shows how Latin culture and language is seen as one of the four ideological alternatives that legitimize the state, dynasty and sovereignty.Thirdly, the metaphor of Tension depicts Latinitas as part of the dichotomy between Eastern and Western civilizations by expressing the symbolical content of the latter. This narrative also emphasizes the internal confessional disputes inside the Western Church, and by exploiting the specific understanding of the Renaissance humanism, it becomes a means to understand sociocultural conflicts of the Early Modern state.The interpretation of Latinitas as a communication channel is nested under the metaphor of Medium. Works in this category usually portray Latin language as an expression of a social, economic, political, etc. status quo, which differs in each European state. Latin culture thus helps to articulate national interests and identity, and enables the cultural exchange among the Western countries as well.Finally, by emphasizing the poor literacy of the society and only limited possibilities to learn Latin and acknowledge its cultural code, researchers portray Latinitas as a Secret. The speakers and writers of Latin form a hermetic group, possessing the knowledge of a cultural matrix inaccessible to others. The dignity of Latin language also strengthens the status of vernacular languages, and thus accumulates the process of identity formation.These five narratives exemplify how Latinitas is embedded within the economic, political, and cultural activities of the society. It also depicts the different ways by which it becomes an integrating principle of the identity of the intellectual and political classes in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It provides an account of Roman descent, sustains the claim for political sovereignty, and indicates the civilizing process. By adopting those five different narratives, researchers may further analyse Latinitas not only as a separate cultural layer, but as a part of social identity as well.

scholarly journals The Punishment of Murderers in the Noble Courts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Second Half of the 18th Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-60
Author(s):  
Adam Stankevič
Keyword(s):  
Capital Punishment ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Death Sentence ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Ritual Murder ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

This article gives an analysis of the punishment the noble courts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania applied to murderers in the second half of the 18th century, where the noble courts acted as courts of first instance in hearing murder cases. The author aims to determine the catalogue of punishments applied in such cases and the trends in the application of punishments in terms of how they conformed with the valid legal norms of the day, and search for manifestations of the humanisation of the law. After an examination of 184 verdicts, the author found that in cases of wilful murder, the noble courts usually applied the death penalty as per the set laws. Exceptions applied only to individuals from the estate of nobles, who instead of receiving a death sentence were sometimes sentenced to lower or upper tower punishment, which was by law ordinarily applied to other crimes. At the same time, the executors avoided qualified ways of applying the death sentence (capital punishment). Of the qualified forms of punishment, only quartering was applied, usually to those convicted of the aforementioned crime, ritual murder, and, in some instances, in cases of robbery. Alternative forms of punishment were episodic, and were only applied to a small number of convicted persons: imprisonment as a form of punishment recommended by philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment was applied in only 5.3 per cent of murder cases. In most instances, imprisonment was related to the introduction of the 1782 Cardinal Laws of the Permanent Council. In this way, the research reveals the conservative nature of the estate of nobles in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and their efforts to continue to adhere to the strict law outlined in the Third Statute of Lithuania. It is likely that this practice could have been a result of the poor state of the penitentiary system, as there was not a single public prison in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the time where long-term imprisonment could have been possible.

scholarly journals The «Plaiting» on the Lithuanian and Lithuanian-Rus Coins of the XIV Century

Archaeology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 61-80
Author(s):  
Heorhii Kozubovskyi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
14Th Century ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Special Meaning ◽  
Grand Duchy ◽  
Money Circulation

The article is devoted to the problem of the «plaiting» presence on the Lithuanian, Lithuanian-Rus and the Golden Horde coins of the 14th century. The coins with portrait and the beast lion (or the leopard) with a «plaiting» over its head and the coins with the beast lion (or the leopard) with a «plaiting» and Arabic (or Cyrillic legend (?)) are analyzed. The Kyivan Rus coins of Vladimir Olgerdovich (1362—1394) with princely sign and «plaiting» (around which is the inscription with the name of the prince) and the Golden Horde coins with «plaiting» are also examined. Many researches associate the «plaiting» with the Tatar «tamga», and the coins with such a symbol might have indicated the Golden Horde dependence. However, this ornament («ornamentum monetale» by Ch. M. Fraehn) may have a special meaning related to the Juchid monetary coinage. The Golden Horde coins with «plaiting» were the most important instrument of payment and taxation realization on the greater part of the Lithuanian and Lithuanian-Rus principalities. After the Syni Vody River battle of 1362 many the Golden Horde centers and trade routes in the basins of the Dnipro, Dnister and Southern Buh rivers were significant sources of the monetary silver arrival. Many qualitative (also with «ornamentum monetale» — «plaiting») silver coins of Abdallah Khan (1363—1370) and Muhammad Bulaq Khan (1370—1380), were minted in the western mints of the Mamai Horde (Azak, Ordu, Shehr al-Jedid). The silver coins of the Golden Horde were the source for the oldest Lithuanian and Lithuanian-Rus coins and bars of Olherd (1345—1377) and his sons. The oldest Lithuanian and Lithuanian-Rus coins made of approximately 900-standart silver corresponded to silver coins of the Golden Horde. The Golden Horde silver coins (also with «ornamentum monetale» — «plaiting») are one of the most constant parts of money circulation in Ukrainian territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the 1360-ies till the first quarter of the 15th century.

Biskupi i władcy świeccy Rusi w orbicie politycznych wpływów Moskwy doby metropolity Cypriana

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Grala
Keyword(s):  
Political Influence ◽  
The Political ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Ecclesiastical Authority ◽  
Military Conflicts ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Church Policy ◽  
Grand Duchy

BISHOPS AND SECULAR RULERS OF RUTHENIA UNDER THE POLITICAL INFLUENCE OF MOSCOW DURING THE TIME OF METROPOLITAN CYPRIAN The subject of this dissertation is the broadly understood church policy in North- -Eastern Ruthenia at the turn of the 15th century. At that time, the political situation in this region was dominated by the rivalry between Moscow and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as well as other local political entities involved that wanted to retain their independence. Political disagreements that emerged in Ruthenia at the end of the 14th century were not limited to military conflicts. Since Metropolitan Alexius associated himself with Moscow, it became apparent that ecclesiastical influence began to play a very important role as well. Alexius used his power and ecclesiastical authority to tame the political ambitions of the rulers of Tver and Suzdal. Soon, he was using the same weapon in the conflict between Moscow and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

scholarly journals Judicial Agency in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 007-018
Author(s):  
M. P. Belyaev
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Design ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Judicial Process ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
The Status ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
First Time ◽  
Grand Duchy

This article describes the development of judicial representation in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th century. For the first time, the organizational design and legislative consolidation of judicial representation took place in cities with Magdeburg law. The emergence of professional judicial representatives was associated, first of all, with the adoption of the Statute of 1529, which contains legal norms that allow substituting parties in court. The status of professional representatives – lawyers who were called procurators – was consolidated. The statute of 1566, which actually summarized the 30-year practice of law, quite clearly regulated the conduct of the case in court, both personally and through a procurator. The grounds were established when a lawyer was provided free of charge by appointment of a court. The 1588 Statute regulated in detail the procedure for empowering a judicial representative. The author concludes that the institution of representation is firmly rooted in the judicial process, received its written confirmation in the Statutes and, as a result, led to the formation of the institution of the Advocacy.

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