Comparison of phytoremediation potential of three grass species in soil contaminated with cadmium

AbstractThe aim of the study was to compare the toleration of Poa pratensis, Lolium perenne and Festuca rubra to cadmium contamination as well as the phytoremediation potential of these three species of grass. The pot experiment was conducted in four replications in pots containing 2.0 kg of soil. The soil was contaminated with three doses of Cd – 30, 60 and 120 mg·kg−1. After two months, the aerial parts of plants were harvested. The roots were dug up, brushed off from the remaining soil and washed with water. The biomass was defined and the cadmium concentration was determined in aerial parts and roots. The phytoremediation potential of grasses was evaluated using biomass of grasses, bioaccumulation factor (BF) and translocation factor (TF). All three tested species of grasses had TF < 1 and BF-root > 1. It indicates their suitability for phytostabilisation and makes them unsuitable for phytoextraction of Cd from the soil. Comparing the usefulness of the tested grasses for phytoremediation has shown that the phytostabilisation potential of P. pratensis was lower than that of L. perenne and F. rubra. P. pratensis was distinguished by higher TF, smaller root biomass and lower tolerance for Cd excess in the soil in comparison with the two other test grasses. At the same time, L. perenne was characterised by the smallest decrease in biomass and the largest Cd accumulation in roots at the lowest dose of Cd. It indicates good usefulness for phytostabilisation of soils characterised by a relatively small pollution by cadmium.

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The resistance of Lolium perenne L. × hybridum, Poa pratensis, Festuca rubra, F. arundinacea, Phleum pratense and Dactylis glomerata to soil pollution by diesel oil and petroleum

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/42/2019-pse ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 65 (No. 6) ◽

pp. 307-312 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jadwiga Wyszkowska ◽

Agata Borowik ◽

Jan Kucharski

Keyword(s):

Soil Pollution ◽

Lolium Perenne ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Dactylis Glomerata ◽

Diesel Oil ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Grass Species ◽

Festuca Rubra ◽

Lolium Perenne L ◽

Phleum Pratense L

Resistance of common European grasses to diesel oil and petroleum pollution is not well-known. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the level of resistance of selected grasses to pollution by diesel and petroleum using the pot experiment. The achieved results were compared with those determined for grasses grown on the non-polluted soil. Soil pollution with the tested products was found to significantly decrease the yield of all grasses, with the decrease being lower upon soil pollution with petroleum than with diesel oil. The most resistant to the pollution with diesel oil and petroleum were Phleum pratense L., Lolium perenne L. and Lolium × hybridum Hausskn. The degradation of particular groups of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) depended on their chemical properties, on the type of pollutant and grass species. The greatest degradation was determined in the case of BTEX, C6–C12 benzines as well as 2- and 3-ring hydrocarbons, whereas the lowest in the case of 5-and 6-ring hydrocarbons and C12–C25 oils. The most useful species in the remediation of soils polluted with diesel oil and petroleum turned out to be: Lolium perenne L., Lolium × hybridum Hausskn and Phleum pratense L., whereas the least useful appeared to be: Festuca rubra, Dactylis glomerata L. and Poa pratensis L.

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Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron Has Minimum Toxicological Risk on the Germination and Early Growth of Two Grass Species with Potential for Phytostabilization

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano10081537 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1537

Author(s):

Manuel Teodoro ◽

Rafael Clemente ◽

Ermengol Ferrer-Bustins ◽

Domingo Martínez-Fernández ◽

Maria Pilar Bernal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Translocation Factor ◽

Zero Valent Iron ◽

Grass Species ◽

Festuca Rubra ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Toxicological Effects ◽

Hydroponic Experiment ◽

Engineered Nanomaterial ◽

Nanoscale Zero Valent Iron ◽

High Concentrations

Two Poaceae species, Agrostis capillaris and Festuca rubra, were selected for their potential as phytostabilizing plants in multicontaminated soils. These species are resistant to contamination and maintain high concentrations of contaminants at the root level. Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) is an engineered nanomaterial with the ability to stabilize metal(loid)s in soils; its potential toxicological effects in the selected species were studied in a germination test using: (i) control variant without soil; (ii) soil contaminated with Pb and Zn; and (iii) contaminated soil amended with 1% nZVI, as well as in an hydroponic experiment with the addition of nZVI 0, 25, 50 and 100 mg L−1. nZVI had no negative effects on seed germination or seedling growth, but was associated with an increase in shoot growth and reduction of the elongation inhibition rate (root-dependent) of F. rubra seedlings. However, applications of nZVI in the hydroponic solution had no effects on F. rubra but A. capillaris developed longer roots and more biomass. Increasing nZVI concentrations in the growing solution increased Mg and Fe uptake and reduced the Fe translocation factor. Our results indicate that nZVI has few toxic effects on the studied species.

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Repatriation of lost old grass varieties to the germplasm collection of the Czech Republic

Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding ◽

10.17221/1518-cjgpb ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 46 (Special Issue) ◽

pp. S37-S39

Author(s):

M. Ševčíková

Keyword(s):

Poa Pratensis ◽

Germplasm Collection ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Grass Species ◽

Festuca Rubra ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Grass Breeding ◽

Arrhenatherum Elatius ◽

Crop Research

In former Czechoslovakia, grass breeding was located in the three distinct regions of Southern Bohemia and Northern Moravia during the 1920’s; and later in Slovakia in the 1940’s. This resulted in the development of 45 cultivars of 17 grass species which originated from local ecotypes and were named after the place of their breeding (e.g. Táborský, Větrovský, Rožnovský, and Levočský). Most of these historical cultivars were not preserved in any national germplasm collection, and the number of missing accessions amounted to 27 of the 34 deleted varieties. Using the findings about unpreserved materials of Czechoslovak origin in the European Central Crop Databases, as well as the EURISCO web catalogue, it was possible to repatriate 7 historical cultivars (Arrhenatherum elatius Větrovský, Festuca pratensis Větrovská, Festuca rubra Rožnovská, Lolium perenne Táborský, Phleum pratense Větrovský, Poa nemoralis Rožnovská, and Poa pratensis Levočská) from the gene banks of the neighbouring European countries. The accessions were regenerated, and their seed has been stored ex situ in the Gene Bank of the Crop Research Institute in Prague.

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The effect of some herbicides on seed yield of six grass species – Short Communication

Plant Protection Science ◽

10.17221/4817-pps ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 38 (No. 1) ◽

pp. 23-28

Author(s):

J. Macháč ◽

B. Cagaš ◽

R. Macháč

Keyword(s):

Seed Yield ◽

Short Communication ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Dactylis Glomerata ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

The Other ◽

Grass Species ◽

Festuca Rubra ◽

Festuca Pratensis ◽

Arrhenatherum Elatius

The tolerance to or phytotoxicity of selected herbicides and their impact on seed yield was investigated in six grasses grown for seed: Phleum pratense cv. Sobol (a), Festuca rubra cv. Táborská (b), Festuca pratensis cv. Otava (c), Poa pratensis cv. Slezanka (d), Arrhenatherum elatius cv. Medián (e) and Dactylis glomerata cv. Zora (f). All species were tolerant to Grodyl 75 WG (amidosulfuron 75%), (a) and (f) were tolerant to Grodyl plus (amidosulfuron 15 g/kg + isoproturon 600 g/kg) which was phytotoxic to the other grass species; all species were tolerant to Stomp 330 E (pendimethalin 330 g/l); Lintur 70 WG (triasulfuron 4.1% + dicamba 65.9%) was phytotoxic only to (c) while the other species were tolerant to it.

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Phytophagous arthropods and silvertop levels associated with post-harvest residue treatments in three turfgrass species grown for seed

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/p03-144 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 85 (1) ◽

pp. 213-224 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. J. Soroka ◽

B. D. Gossen

Keyword(s):

Seed Production ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Residue Management ◽

Grass Species ◽

Festuca Rubra ◽

Agrostis Palustris ◽

Red Fescue ◽

The Impact

Silvertop, which is characterized by whitish, completely sterile seed heads produced on green tillers, is a common symptom in many perennial grasses. A 3-yr study of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) and creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra subsp. rubra) grown for seed production was conducted at Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, to investigate the cause(s) of silvertop, the impact of residue management strategies on silvertop incidence, and the impact of silvertop on seed yield. Three residue management practices were applied in the fall of the first harvest year and again the next fall, as follows: (i) burned after harvest; (ii) clipped to 1–2 cm in height and the residue removed; or (iii) mowed to 20 cm and the residue retained. Arthropods in each plot were collected weekly from May until July by sweep sampling, counted, and identified to family level or lower, and the incidence of seed heads with and without silvertop were assessed. The majority of arthropods were thrips, leafhoppers, plant bugs, mites, or grass-dwelling flies. Grass species and residue treatment strongly affected the number of reproductive tillers and levels of silvertop. Levels of silvertop were lowest in creeping bentgrass in all 3 yr of the study, while they were similar for Kentucky bluegrass and creeping red fescue. Mown plots had fewer reproductive tillers, fewer heathy seed heads, and higher levels of silvertop than burned or clipped plots. However, arthropod species composition was generally similar across grass species and residue treatments. This indicates that a specific arthropod taxon may not be a critical factor in silvertop expression. The relationship between the number and composition of arthropods found and incidence of silvertop is discussed. Key words: Festuca rubra subsp. rubra, Poa pratensis, Agrostis palustris, seed production, arthropods, silvertop

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Studies on the sensitivity of some species and cultivars of lawn grasses on salinity with sodium chloride during the seed germination and first year of growth

Folia Horticulturae ◽

10.2478/fhort-2013-0108 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 81-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Edward Borowski

Keyword(s):

Sodium Chloride ◽

Lolium Perenne ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Grass Species ◽

First Year ◽

Festuca Rubra ◽

Agrostis Capillaris ◽

River Sand ◽

Nacl Salinity

Abstract In the years 2005 - 2006 studies were conducted in a growth chamber and a vegetation hall which compared tolerance to NaCl salinity of seeds and plants of some lawn grasses. The effect of sodium chloride salinity on the germination of 4 species of grasses i.e. Lolium perenne cv. ‘Info’, Festuca rubra cv. ‘Audio’, Agrostis capillaris cv. ‘Niwa’, Poa pratensis cv. ‘Alicja’ and 4 cultivars of Lolium prenne - ‘Nira’, ‘Stadion’, ‘Ronija’, ‘Darius’ was studied. The grass seeds germinated in Petri dishes, in darkness, at the temperature of 24°C. Besides the control, 3 levels of salinity were used in the studies: 100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl. The obtained results demonstrated that the growing level of salinity in the environment significantly decreased the germinating speed, the number of the produced roots, the length of the longest root, and the length of the coleoptile in the seedlings of all studied grass species. Lolium perenne seeds tolerated salinity the best, and next - in a diminishing sequence - those were the seeds of Festuca rubra, Agrostis capillaris and Poa pratensis. However, the obtained data showed that tolerance to salinity of the analyzed cultivars of Lolium prenne decreased in the following sequence ‘Ronija’ > ‘Stadion’ > ‘Nira’ > ‘Darius’. In a vegetation hall tolerance to NaCl salinity of these 4 cultivars of Lolium perenne in the first year growth was compared. The plants grew in pots of 2 dm3 filled with a mixture of universal earth and river sand (3:1 / v:v) with the soil moisture of 70% and 3 levels of salinity: 0, 50, and 100 mM NaCl. The obtained results demonstrated that in all studied cultivars the increase of the salinity level caused a significant decrease of the yield of the leaf dry weight from the successive grass crops, and an increase of the content of sodium, chloride and free proline in them. The greatest tolerance to NaCl salinity in the group of the studied cultivars was shown by ‘Ronija’, medium tolerance - by ‘Darius’ and ‘Stadion’, and the lowest one - by ‘Nira’. This resulted from the degree of accumulation of Na+ and Cl- ions and proline in those conditions. The cultivars with higher tolerance accumulated fewer osmotically active compounds in the leaves.

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Autumn terms of sowing of turf grasses and legumes and their initial development

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis ◽

10.11118/actaun201159060009 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 59 (6) ◽

pp. 9-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Josef Ambruz ◽

Stanislav Hejduk

Keyword(s):

Lolium Perenne ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Grass Species ◽

Festuca Rubra ◽

Initial Development ◽

Medicago Lupulina ◽

Turfgrass Establishment

The most frequent way to establish turfgrass in the climatic conditions of the Czech Republic is sowing during spring period. The seedlings are endangered by lack of soil moisture and by high temperatures if irrigation is no available. One of the possibilities how to increase probability of successful turfgrass establishment in warm areas which suffer by low amount of precipitation is autumn term of sowing.Eight grass species and subspecies and two legumes were sown in three autumn terms (September, October and November) during 2009 and 2010. The shortest time for seedling emergence was found in average of all terms atMedicago lupulinaandTrifolium repens(9 days).Lolium perenne(14)and Festuca arundinacea(17) were the fastest emerged grasses. On the other hand the longest emergence time was realised atPoa pratensis(23),Festuca rubra ssp. trichophyla(22)andFestuca ovina(21). Plants sown in September emerged in 10 days, in October 12 and in November in 29 days. September term was suitable for all used species but November term underwent most successfullyFestuca rubrassp.commutata(23% soil cover in April next year)andLolium perenne(19%). November term was not acceptable for legumes.

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Comparison and Characterization of Oxidation Resistance and Carbohydrate Content in Cd-Tolerant and -Sensitive Kentucky Bluegrass under Cd Stress

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11112358 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 2358

Author(s):

Yong Wang ◽

Ting Cui ◽

Kuiju Niu ◽

Huiling Ma

Keyword(s):

Poa Pratensis ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Antioxidant Response ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Grass Species ◽

Cd Stress ◽

Cd Accumulation ◽

Structural Carbohydrate ◽

Carbohydrate Contents

Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), a turf grass species that is hypertolerant of cadmium (Cd), is a potential phytoremediation material for soil polluted with Cd. However, the mechanism of Cd phytotoxicity in Kentucky bluegrass is unclear. Here, we compared the phenotype, induction of oxidative stress, and structural and non-structural carbohydrate contents between a Cd-tolerant genotype (‘Midnight’, M) and Cd-sensitive genotype (‘Rugby’, R). The results showed that both genotypes accumulated more Cd in the roots, whereas the R genotype distributed more Cd into the leaves compared with the M genotype. In both genotypes, Cd inhibited the length and fresh weight of the leaves and roots; increased the peroxidase (POD) activity but inhibited ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) activity; and increased the superoxide radical (O2−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. However, the M genotype exhibited lower root length inhibition, and the H2O2 and MDA contents confirmed that the M genotype had increased Cd accumulation and resistance, while the R genotype exhibited a better distribution of Cd. Moreover, Cd stress significantly increased the soluble sugar, trehalose, and sucrose contents of both genotypes. Pectin, lignin, and cellulose were significantly increased to prevent the entry of Cd into the roots. The Cd-induced growth inhibition and physiological responses in Kentucky bluegrass were preliminarily explored herein, with the chelation of pectin, lignification, and antioxidant response being possible contributors to Cd detoxification in Kentucky bluegrass. In addition, the Cd-induced increase in trehalose, sucrose, and soluble sugar contents might play a pivotal role in the defense against Cd stress in Kentucky bluegrass.

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Germination of Seeds of Turfgrasses as Affected by Glyphosate and Paraquat

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500065735 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 191-193 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Dayton L. Klingman ◽

J. J. Murray

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Tall Fescue ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Grass Species ◽

Festuca Rubra ◽

Red Fescue ◽

Grass Turf

Effects of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] and paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) on turfgrass seed germination were evaluated in the greenhouse. Glyphosate caused little effect on germination of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), red fescue (Festuca rubra L.), and tall fescue (F. arundinacea Schreb.) when applied to the soil immediately before seeding or when applied directly over the seed on the soil surface. Paraquat sprayed directly over the seed on the soil surface prevented germination of most of the seeds of the three grass species. Covering seeds on the soil surface with clippings from grass turf sprayed with paraquat greatly reduced germination. About half of those that germinated either died later or were severely chlorotic. Covering seeds on the surface of the soil with clippings from turf that had been sprayed with glyphosate did not significantly reduce the number of seedlings established.

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The effect of water extracts from leaves of Festuca rubra, F. ovina and F. Arundinacea on the initial growth and development of other grass species

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.2013.023 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

pp. 61-70

Author(s):

Halina Lipińska ◽

Magdalena Sykut ◽

Wanda Harkot

Keyword(s):

Growth And Development ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Laboratory Research ◽

Grass Species ◽

Test Plant ◽

Allelopathic Effect ◽

Festuca Rubra ◽

Initial Growth ◽

Water Extracts ◽

Effect Of Water

The allelopathic effect of plants is one of the least known factors determining the stability of lawn swards. Leaves are a rich source of allelopathic substances. Washed out by rain or dew drops, or released during biomass decomposition, these substances can impact plants. In practice, cut sward is often left on the lawn surface and can have an allelopathic effect on regrowing plants. The effect of released allelochemicals depends on many factors, including their concentration. Hence, in order to maintain the high functional properties of the lawn, information is needed on the critical concentrations of allelochemicals inhibiting plant growth and development. Laboratory research was thus undertaken (on Petri dishes) to evaluate the effect of various water extracts of leaves of selected lawn grass cultivars. The following cultivars were the donors: 'Areta', 'Nimba', 'Olivia' (Festuca rubra); 'Espro', 'Pintor' (F. ovina),and 'Asterix' (F. arundinacea), while the acceptors were: 'Niwa' (Agrostis capillaris), 'Asterix' (Festuca arundinacea), 'Espro' (F. ovina), 'Areta' (F. rubra), 'Stadion' (Lolium perenne), and 'Bila' (Poa pratensis) – the species frequently sown in lawns. In the control treatments, distilled water was applied to the substrate.The experiment revealed that the effect of water extracts of leaves varied depending on their concentration and donor variety as well as the sensitivity of the acceptor (the test plant). In comparison with the control treatments, the strongest negative impact was caused by the cultivars 'Olivia' (F. rubra)and 'Pintor' (F. ovina), followed by 'Asterix' (F. arundinacea). Among the acceptors, the greatest sensitivity to the presence of allelochemicals was shown by A. capillaris, and the smallest by F. arundinacea..

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