scholarly journals Effects of antioxidant vitamins (A, D, E) and trace elements (Cu, Mn, Se, Zn) on some metabolic and reproductive profiles in dairy cows during transition period

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 697-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Omur ◽  
A. Kirbas ◽  
E. Aksu ◽  
F. Kandemir ◽  
E. Dorman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Total Bilirubin ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Isotonic Saline ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Antioxidant Vitamins ◽  
Periparturient Period ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effects of some antioxidant vitamins and trace elements on some metabolic and postpartum reproductive profiles in dairy cows during transition period. In the study, altogether 20 clinically healthy Brown Swiss dairy cows (aged 4-5 years-old) under the same management and feeding conditions in periparturient period were used. The animals were divided into two equal groups: control (C) and treatment (T) group (n=10 for each group). Vitamins (A, D, E) and trace elements (Cu, Mn, Se, Zn) were administered intramuscularly into the cows of the T group, while isotonic saline, as placebo, was injected subcutaneously into those in the C group. Blood samples were collected by venipuncture of the jugular vein at the beginning of transition period, parturition and 3-weeks after the parturition. The metabolic and reproductive parameters were determined. In the C group, statistically significant changes were observed in the levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), total protein (TP) (p<0.05), glucose (GLU), progesterone (P4) (p<0.01), total cholesterol (T.CHOL), triglycerides (TG), UREA, creatinine (CRSC) and total bilirubin (TBIL) (p<0.001). In the T group, significant changes in the levels of NEFA, TBIL (p<0.05), T.CHOL, HDL, LDL (p<0.01), TG, GLU, P4, TAC and TOC (p<0.001) were observed. It was concluded that the administration of various vitamins and trace elements could be effective to improve some metabolic and reproductive profiles in dairy cows during the transition period.

scholarly journals The Physiological Roles of Vitamin E and Hypovitaminosis E in the Transition Period of High-Yielding Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1088
Author(s):  
Satoshi Haga ◽  
Hiroshi Ishizaki ◽  
Sanggun Roh
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Alpha Tocopherol ◽  
Transition Dairy Cows

Levels of alpha-tocopherol (α-Toc) decline gradually in blood throughout prepartum, reaching lowest levels (hypovitaminosis E) around calving. Despite numerous reports about the disease risk in hypovitaminosis E and the effect of α-Toc supplementation on the health of transition dairy cows, its risk and supplemental effects are controversial. Here, we present some novel data about the disease risk of hypovitaminosis E and the effects of α-Toc supplementation in transition dairy cows. These data strongly demonstrate that hypovitaminosis E is a risk factor for the occurrence of peripartum disease. Furthermore, a study on the effectiveness of using serum vitamin levels as biomarkers to predict disease in dairy cows was reported, and a rapid field test for measuring vitamin levels was developed. By contrast, evidence for how hypovitaminosis E occurred during the transition period was scarce until the 2010s. Pioneering studies conducted with humans and rodents have identified and characterised some α-Toc-related proteins, molecular players involved in α-Toc regulation followed by a study in ruminants from the 2010s. Based on recent literature, the six physiological factors: (1) the decline in α-Toc intake from the close-up period; (2) changes in the digestive and absorptive functions of α-Toc; (3) the decline in plasma high-density lipoprotein as an α-Toc carrier; (4) increasing oxidative stress and consumption of α-Toc; (5) decreasing hepatic α-Toc transfer to circulation; and (6) increasing mammary α-Toc transfer from blood to colostrum, may be involved in α-Toc deficiency during the transition period. However, the mechanisms and pathways are poorly understood, and further studies are needed to understand the physiological role of α-Toc-related molecules in cattle. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying hypovitaminosis E will contribute to the prevention of peripartum disease and high performance in dairy cows.

Effect of the periparturient period on serum lipid and cholesterol lipoprotein concentrations in goats (Capra hircus)

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Skotnicka ◽  
Zbigniew Muszczyński ◽  
Maria Suska
Keyword(s):  
Serum Lipid ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Capra Hircus ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Periparturient Period

Blood samples were taken from 12 goats during the periparturient period (4 and 1 weeks before and 2, 10 and 30 days after delivery), and from 10 nonpregnant goats. The following variables were determined: total lipids (TL), triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TCH) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol fractions. One week before delivery TL (2.32 ± 0.12 g/l, P ≤ 0.05), TG (0.32 ± 0.16 mmol/l, P ≤ 0.001) and TCH concentrations (1.65 ± 0.42 mmol/l, P ≤ 0.05) were significantly increased as compared to non-pregnant goats (2.08 ± 0.28 g/l, 0.15 ± 0.05 mmol/l, 1.38 ± 0.19 mmol/l, respectively). After delivery, the concentrations of TL, TG, TCH and HDL decreased significantly. The lowest TG concentration was observed 2 days after delivery (0.18 ± 0.02 mmol/l), while TL (1.73 ± 0.21 g/l), TCH (0.95 ± 0.21 mmol/l) and HDL (0.74 ± 0.16 mmol/l) reached the lowest level 10 days after delivery. Two days after delivery a significant increase of LDL concentration was observed (0.38 ± 0.04 mmol/l); however, ten days after delivery a threefold decrease was shown in the LDL concentration (0.12 ± 0.04 mmol/l). A month after delivery all the variables studied reached levels similar to those measured in non-pregnant goats.

scholarly journals Alterations of pancreatic functions and lipid profiles in dairy cows with left displacement of the abomasum

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 204-208
Author(s):  
Z Ismail ◽  
AM Al-Majali ◽  
O Al-Rawashdeh ◽  
M Daradka ◽  
M Mohaffel
Keyword(s):  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
High Density ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Reactive Protein

The objectives of this study were to determine the serum activities of the pancreatic enzymes amylase, lipase, trypsinogen 1 and trypsinogen 2, serum concentrations of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides and serum inflammatory indicators, namely C-reactive protein and procalcitonin, in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows with left displacement of the abomasum (LDA). A total of 60 cows (30 LDA-affected and 30 healthy) were included in the study. Laboratory analyses were performed using commercially available ELISA kits and chemical reagents according to the manufacturers’ recommendations. There was a significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) in the activities of lipase, trypsinogen 1 and trypsinogen 2 in LDA-affected cows compared to healthy cows. Amylase concentrations, however, remained unchanged. The serum concentrations of total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased in LDA-affected cows while the concentrations of low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased compared to healthy cows. Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein concentrations were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased in LDA-affected cows compared to healthy cows. This study indicates that displacement of the abomasum may be associated with significant pathological effects in the pancreas that may affect cows in the post-operative period.

Changes in low-density lipoprotein electronegativity and oxidizability after aerobic exercise are related to the increase in associated non-esterified fatty acids

2002 ◽  
Vol 160 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Benı́tez ◽  
José Luis Sánchez-Quesada ◽  
Liliana Lucero ◽  
Rosa Arcelus ◽  
Vicent Ribas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids

scholarly journals Increasing serotonin concentrations alter calcium and energy metabolism in dairy cows

2015 ◽  
Vol 226 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimena Laporta ◽  
Spencer A E Moore ◽  
Samantha R Weaver ◽  
Callyssa M Cronick ◽  
Megan Olsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Post Infusion ◽  
Defecation Frequency ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate ◽  
Calcium Secretion

A 4×4 Latin square design in which varied doses (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/kg) of 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan (5-HTP, a serotonin precursor) were intravenously infused into late-lactation, non-pregnant Holstein dairy cows was used to determine the effects of serotonin on calcium and energy metabolism. Infusion periods lasted 4 days, with a 5-day washout between periods. Cows were infused at a constant rate for 1 h each day. Blood was collected pre- and 5, 10, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min post-infusion, urine was collected pre- and post-infusion, and milk was collected daily. All of the 5-HTP doses increased systemic serotonin as compared to the 0 mg/kg dose, and the 1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg doses increased circulating glucose and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and decreased beta-hydroxybutyrate (βHBA) concentrations. Treatment of cows with either 1.0 or 1.5 mg/kg 5-HTP doses decreased urine calcium elimination, and the 1.5 mg/kg dose increased milk calcium concentrations. No differences were detected in the heart rates, respiration rates, or body temperatures of the cows; however, manure scores and defecation frequency were affected. Indeed, cows that received 5-HTP defecated more, and the consistency of their manure was softer. Treatment of late-lactation dairy cows with 5-HTP improved energy metabolism, decreased loss of calcium into urine, and increased calcium secretion into milk. Further research should target the effects of increasing serotonin during the transition period to determine any benefits for post-parturient calcium and glucose metabolism.

scholarly journals The role of high-density lipoprotein and lipid-soluble antioxidant vitamins in inhibiting low-density lipoprotein oxidation

1993 ◽  
Vol 294 (3) ◽  
pp. 829-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
M I Mackness ◽  
C Abbott ◽  
S Arrol ◽  
P N Durrington
Keyword(s):  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipid Peroxide ◽  
Lipid Peroxides ◽  
Antioxidant Vitamins ◽  
Ldl Oxidation ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Conjugated Diene ◽  
Peroxide Formation

1. The oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is believed to play a central role in atherogenesis. We have compared the effect of antioxidant vitamins and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) on the Cu(2+)-catalysed oxidation of LDL. 2. Antioxidant vitamin supplementation significantly reduced conjugated diene formation but did not affect the formation of lipid peroxides. 3. Conversely, HDL did not affect conjugated diene formation but inhibited the formation of lipid peroxides by up to 90%. 4. The inhibition by HDL of lipid peroxide formation in oxidized LDL was dependent on the concentration of HDL and was not due to HDL chelating Cu2+. 5. Large interindividual variations in the inhibition of lipid peroxide formation by autologous HDL were evident, which were related to the rate of lipid peroxide generation in the LDL. 6. We conclude that HDL is a powerful antioxidant or more probably inhibitor of LDL oxidation in vitro and may play an important role in vivo in preventing atherosclerosis by inhibiting LDL oxidation in the artery wall.

scholarly journals Desafíos para la salud de las vacas durante el periodo de transición. Uso de monensina

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 7-16
Author(s):  
Estefanía Alcázar ◽  
Silvia Martínez ◽  
Josefa Madrid ◽  
Pablo Larrosa ◽  
Fuensanta Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Nutrient Balance ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Consequent Improvement ◽  
Positive Effect

El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una revisión de los efectos derivados del uso de monensina como alternativa para afrontar con mayor éxito el periodo de transición en vacas lecheras. En las vacas de leche, la transición de la preñez al inicio de la lactación es un periodo crítico que se caracteriza por presentar una mayor incidencia de enfermedades. En este periodo, el riesgo de que se presenten trastornos metabólicos y enfermedades está relacionado con el balance energético negativo en el que se encuentra la vaca, hecho que conlleva una movilización de nutrientes desde las reservas tisulares. Una de las posibles soluciones para mejorar el balance de nutrientes durante el período de transición consiste en administrar ionóforos como la monensina que actúan modificando la población microbiana del rumen. Los efectos beneficiosos de la monensina se han asociado a la producción de precursores gluconeogénicos a nivel ruminal, lo que originaría mayor disponibilidad de glucosa y la consiguiente mejora del estatus energético. Con el uso de monensina, a nivel sanguíneo se ha observado un descenso de β-hidroxibutirato, y ácidos grasos no esterificados. También han sido atribuidos efectos beneficiosos sobre la funcionalidad hepática, la absorción de ciertos minerales, la función inmune y la excreción de metano. En definitiva, el efecto positivo de la MON sobre el balance energético y la utilización de nutrientes reduciría la movilización de reservas tisulares, minimizando el riesgo de desórdenes metabólicos, mejorando la salud y por tanto el rendimiento de la vaca lechera. The aim of this research was to carry out a review of the use of monensin in dairy cows as a choice to approach more successfully the transition period. In dairy cows, the transition for the pregnancy to the beginning of lactation is a critical period which is characterized by display a higher incidence of diseases. The risk of metabolic disorders and other diseases during this time is allied to the state of negative energy balance in which the cow is, fact that involves a mobilization of nutrients from the tissue reserves. One of the possible solutions to improve the nutrient balance during the transition period is based on dispense ionophores such as monensin who modify the microbial population of the rumen. The beneficial effects of monensin have been associated with the production of gluconeogenic precursors at the ruminal level which would lead to greater availability of glucose and the consequent improvement of the energetic status. At the blood level it has been noted a decrease of β-hydroxybutyrate and non-esterified fatty acids. Beneficial effects have also been attributed to liver function, absorption of certain minerals and immune function.In brief, the positive effect of monensin on the energy balance and the use of nutrients would reduce the mobilization of tissue reserves, playing down the risk of metabolic disorders, improving the health and therefore the performance of the dairy cow.

scholarly journals Effects of replacing soybean meal with slow-release urea on milk production of Holstein dairy cows

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Hallajian ◽  
J. Fakhraei ◽  
H.M. Yarahamdi ◽  
K.J. Khorshidi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Plant Protein ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Slow Release Urea

The study investigated the effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with slow-release urea (SRU) on milk production, milk composition, and rumen fermentation of Holstein dairy cows. Sixteen Holstein cows weighing between 550 and 680 kg in mid lactation were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments in a 12-week study. The treatments consisted of T1: a diet containing 16.7% crude protein (CP), T2: T1 with 0.5% SRU replacing plant protein, T3: T1 with 0.75% SRU replacing plant protein, and T4: T1 with 1.00% SRU replacing plant protein. Animals were fed three times a day with feed being offered ad libitum. Dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) were not affected by the level of SRU. Feeding SRU did not affect milk production and milk composition significantly, but milk fat and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) levels were increased. Significant differences were observed in ruminal volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration. Feeding SRU increased butyrate concentration with no significant effects on concentrations of acetate or propionate. Significant differences were observed in cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations, but glucose, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) levels were not affected significantly by the treatments. Thus, feeding SRU altered the release rate of ammonia and provided more ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) for microbial protein synthesis in the rumen.

scholarly journals Plasma metabolite changes in anestrous dairy cows with negative energy balance identified using 1H NMR technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 929-937
Author(s):  
F. Zhang ◽  
Z. Wang ◽  
C. Zhao ◽  
Y. Bai ◽  
D. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Hormone Synthesis

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to investigate the different plasma metabolites between anestrus and estrus postpartum dairy cows and to provide a theoretical basis for prevention of anestrus in dairy farm cows. In the experiment, one hundred and sixty-seven Holstein dairy cows were selected with similar age and parity. According to the concentration of β-hydroxybutyric acid, non-esterified fatty acids and glucose in plasma during 14 to 21 days in milk, all dairy cows were determined as having a status of energy balance. According to the results of clinical symptom, rectal and B ultrasound examination at 60 to 90 days postpartum, these cows were divided into twenty estrus and twenty-four anestrus group, other dairy cows were removed. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance technology was utilized to detect the plasma metabolites changes and screen different plasma metabolites between anestrus and estrus cows. Ten different metabolites including alanine, glutamic acid, asparagine, creatine, choline, phosphocholine, glycerophosphocholine, low-density lipoprotein, and very-low-density lipoprotein were significantly decreased in anestrous cows compared with estrous cows. Metabolic pathway analyses indicated that differential metabolites were primarily involved in amino acid and glycerophospholipid metabolism. These metabolites and their enrichment pathways indicate that reduced steroid hormone synthesis precursors result in lower levels of estradiol and progesterone and cause anestrus in negative energy balance. These data provide a better understanding of the changes that may affect estrus of postpartum dairy cows at NEB status and lay the ground for further research.

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