Agreement and interpretation of partitive constructions in Spanish: The dual nature of nominal features

Probus ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Pérez-Jiménez ◽  
Violeta Demonte
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Analysis ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
Empirical Basis ◽  
Distributive Reading ◽  
Verbal Predicate ◽  
Valuation Process ◽  
Maximization Principle

AbstractThis paper analyzes the role of the interaction between syntax and semantics in determining the mixed agreement patterns shown by Spanish partitive constructions when they appear as subjects. These patterns follow straightforwardly from the dual nature of nominal features (concord and index features organized in bundles) and from the assumption that Agree is a feature-valuation process in which the unvalued features of a Probe seek matching parallel valued features of a Goal under locality constraints and a maximization principle. After discussing previous approaches and justifying our syntactic analysis, we demonstrate that interaction for agreement between syntax and semantics is articulated via the nominal index features of the head nouns in the partitive structure, so singular and plural agreement, linked to the valuation/non-valuation of the number index feature, correlates with a group/atomic entity vs. a plurality/distributive reading, respectively, the meaning of the verbal predicate also being relevant. The empirical basis for this analysis is provided by a corpus search whose results are carefully described in the paper.

Does a Ribosome Really Read? On the Cognitive Roots and Heuristic Value of Linguistic Metaphors in Molecular Genetics. Part 2

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-62
Author(s):  
Suren T. Zolyan
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Formal Organization ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
The Core ◽  
Genetic Information Processing ◽  
Cognitive Frame ◽  
Effective Instrument

We discuss the role of linguistic metaphors as a cognitive frame for the understanding of genetic information processing. The essential similarity between language and genetic information processing has been recognized since the very beginning, and many prominent scholars have noted the possibility of considering genes and genomes as texts or languages. Most of the core terms in molecular biology are based on linguistic metaphors. The processing of genetic information is understood as some operations on text – writing, reading and editing and their specification (encoding/decoding, proofreading, transcription, translation, reading frame). The concept of gene reading can be traced from the archaic idea of the equation of Life and Nature with the Book. Thus, the genetics itself can be metaphorically represented as some operations on text (deciphering, understanding, code-breaking, transcribing, editing, etc.), which are performed by scientists. At the same time linguistic metaphors portrayed gene entities also as having the ability of reading. In the case of such “bio-reading” some essential features similar to the processes of human reading can be revealed: this is an ability to identify the biochemical sequences based on their function in an abstract system and distinguish between type and its contextual tokens of the same type. Metaphors seem to be an effective instrument for representation, as they make possible a two-dimensional description: biochemical by its experimental empirical results and textual based on the cognitive models of comprehension. In addition to their heuristic value, linguistic metaphors are based on the essential characteristics of genetic information derived from its dual nature: biochemical by its substance, textual (or quasi-textual) by its formal organization. It can be concluded that linguistic metaphors denoting biochemical objects and processes seem to be a method of description and explanation of these heterogeneous properties.

Prediction and integration in native and second-language processing of elliptical structures

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
EDITH KAAN ◽  
JOSEPH KIRKHAM ◽  
FRANK WIJNEN
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Syntactic Analysis ◽  
Second Language Processing ◽  
L2 Learners ◽  
Frontal Negativity ◽  
Related Potentials

According to recent views of L2-sentence processing, L2-speakers do not predict upcoming information to the same extent as do native speakers. To investigate L2-speakers’ predictive use and integration of syntactic information across clauses, we recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) from advanced L2-learners and native speakers while they read sentences in which the syntactic context did or did not allow noun-ellipsis (Lau, E., Stroud, C., Plesch, S., & Phillips, C. (2006). The role of structural prediction in rapid syntactic analysis. Brain and Language, 98, 74–88.) Both native and L2-speakers were sensitive to the context when integrating words after the potential ellipsis-site. However, native, but not L2-speakers, anticipated the ellipsis, as suggested by an ERP difference between elliptical and non-elliptical contexts preceding the potential ellipsis-site. In addition, L2-learners displayed a late frontal negativity for ungrammaticalities, suggesting differences in repair strategies or resources compared with native speakers.

scholarly journals The family social status role in formation of competitive orientation and competitiveness of high school students

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-155
Author(s):  
L. V. Gulyayeva ◽  
M. Y. Semenov
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Family Income ◽  
School Students ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Impact

The family is one of the key factors influencing values, attitudes to work, professional self-determination and life plans of high school students. The article is devoted to the consideration of family social status role of modern high school students in formation of their competitive orientation and competitiveness.The article analyzes results of theoretical works of Russian and foreign researchers devoted to the analysis of family social capital influence to the educational strategies of adolescents. The methodological basis of the study was a questionnaire survey of high school students conducted in the cities of Tyumen, Tobolsk, Ishim and rural areas of the Tyumen region. IBM SPSS Statistics 23 was used to analyze the data.Considering family social status as the basis of young people “social start” in adulthood, authors note the dual nature of the role of this characteristic in the process of social adaptation of the younger generation. Based on the analysis of the data of questionnaire survey of high school students, the authors conclude differences of opinion on the importance of competitiveness as a necessary quality of personality.According to the results of the study it is shown that in addition to the level of family income, significant characteristics in their social status that affect the competitive orientation and competitiveness of high school students are also the level of parent’s education and their composition (full or single-parent families). It was confirmed that there is a correlation between the respondents’ assessment of personal competitive potential and the socio-professional status of the family.As possible directions for further research can be considered the study of the impact of the level of regional development on competitiveness formation process of high school students, as well as the role of teachers in this process.

scholarly journals On some formation features of the historical memory of the new generations

2020 ◽  
pp. 82-87
Author(s):  
Nikolay L. Myslivets
Keyword(s):  
Historical Memory ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Empirical Basis ◽  
Decisive Influence ◽  
Great Patriotic War

The article considers the issues relating to the formation and preservation of the memory of the Great Patriotic War in the minds of younger generations. The results of two studies conducted in 2010 and 2018 were used as the empirical basis. The trends in the historical memory of the war are described, the sources of information, the role of social institutions that have a decisive influence on its formation and functioning are analyzed.

Ordo-Liberalism as Tradition, Ideology, and Model of Citizenship: Memorializing, Reinventing, Forgetting

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-128
Author(s):  
Kenneth Dyson
Keyword(s):  
Family Resemblance ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
Academic Power ◽  
Liberal Tradition ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Invented Tradition ◽  
Canonical Texts ◽  
Core Characteristics

This chapter examines the complex processes of memorialization, reinvention, and forgetting that have characterized the Ordo-liberal tradition; the role of the Freiburg School; the selection of certain aspects of political economy and of certain thinkers and texts; and the distinctive focusing illusions that have followed. It also looks at how its identity has been shaped by its ideological makeup and its model of citizenship. The picture that emerges is of a tradition whose core characteristics can be defined but whose boundaries are difficult to fix. Part of the problem is its ideological hybridity as both conservative and liberal. The chapter looks at the dual nature of the Ordo-liberal tradition as explicit and formalized knowledge and as tacit and common-sense knowledge (William Sorley). In the first sense it is characterized by academic power structures, notably in economics and law, and canonical texts, and by the effects of generational change on these structures. In the second sense, Ordo-liberalism is bound up with administrative cultures and the extent to which they are rule-bound and receptive. The chapter then considers two other aspects of the Ordo-liberal tradition: as ideal type (Eucken) and more loosely as family resemblance (Ludwig Wittgenstein); and as authentic and invented tradition (Eric Hobsbawm), distinguishing Freiburg 1, 2, and 3. Finally, the chapter identifies the Ordo-liberal model of citizenship as based on safeguarding the morally responsible individual: the wise consumer, the thrifty saver, and the responsible creditor. It condemns feckless and profligate behaviour, notably of debtors. This model is subjected to critique.

Some Research Challenges for Studies of Virtual Communities Using On-Line Tells

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Chris Kimble
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Communities ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Geographically Distributed ◽  
On Line ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
Research Consortium ◽  
Agency And Structure

This article reports on a study of learning and the coordination of activities in a geographically distributed community (a research consortium) using survey / Social Network Analysis methods combined with interviews. This article comments on and expands some of the important issues that were raised. After outlining the wider context, it highlights two broad themes related to research in the area of Virtual Communities: the nature of the communities themselves and the way in which they are studied. Following this, four areas for future research are outlined: the continuing role of face-to-face communication in Virtual Communities; the significance of the dual nature of such groups; the importance (or otherwise) of the structure of such communities; and the role played by exogenous factors. The article concludes with some comments on where this field relates to the debate among social theorists about the role of agency and structure in human activities.

scholarly journals A therapy programme for pre-school language impaired children

1976 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Narun
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Discrimination Learning ◽  
Syntactic Analysis ◽  
Developmental Sequence ◽  
Language Impaired ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
Impaired Children ◽  
Therapy Programme

This study aimed to establish effective language programmes for pre-school language impaired children based on psycholinguistic principles. Eight language-impaired children 6 males and 2 females between the ages of 3 and 6 years, were the subjects. Language samples were transcribed and subjected to syntactic analysis; semantic aspects were also considered and programmes developed for each subject, based on the information obtained from the language analyses. A developmental sequence was adopted as the basis for therapy A 'slot-method' was used in which language was taught as rule-operated behaviour Principles of discrimination learning were adopted for teaching some aspects of grammar. Auxiliary verbs are reported in detail as this was the most universal error and difficult to teach. The role of imitation in language learning and therapy is discussed.

scholarly journals NF-κB/Rel Transcription Factors in Pancreatic Cancer: Focusing on RelA, c-Rel, and RelB

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derya Kabacaoglu ◽  
Dietrich A. Ruess ◽  
Jiaoyu Ai ◽  
Hana Algül
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Ductal Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
Ability To Act ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Additional Tumor ◽  
Light Chain Enhancer ◽  
Oncogenic Function

Regulation of Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB)/Rel transcription factors (TFs) is extremely cell-type-specific owing to their ability to act disparately in the context of cellular homeostasis driven by cellular fate and the microenvironment. This is also valid for tumor cells in which every single component shows heterogenic effects. Whereas many studies highlighted a per se oncogenic function for NF-κB/Rel TFs across cancers, recent advances in the field revealed their additional tumor-suppressive nature. Specifically, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), as one of the deadliest malignant diseases, shows aberrant canonical-noncanonical NF-κB signaling activity. Although decades of work suggest a prominent oncogenic activity of NF-κB signaling in PDAC, emerging evidence points to the opposite including anti-tumor effects. Considering the dual nature of NF-κB signaling and how it is closely linked to many other cancer related signaling pathways, it is essential to dissect the roles of individual Rel TFs in pancreatic carcinogenesis and tumor persistency and progression. Here, we discuss recent knowledge highlighting the role of Rel TFs RelA, RelB, and c-Rel in PDAC development and maintenance. Next to providing rationales for therapeutically harnessing Rel TF function in PDAC, we compile strategies currently in (pre-)clinical evaluation.

The Segregation Premium: How Gender Shapes the Symbolic Valuation Process of Occupational Prestige Judgments

Social Forces ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-58
Author(s):  
Lauren Valentino
Keyword(s):  
General Social Survey ◽  
Occupational Prestige ◽  
Sociology Of Culture ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Valuation Process ◽  
Predominantly Female ◽  
Occupation Level ◽  
Male Occupations

Abstract Symbolic valuation is an important but overlooked aspect of gendered processes of inequality in the occupation structure. Prior work has largely focused on the material valuation of gendered work, such as how much predominantly-female versus predominantly-male occupations pay. Less research has examined the symbolic valuation of work, such as how prestigious predominantly-female versus predominantly-male occupations are. What research has examined this question has remained inconclusive at best. Drawing on insights into and techniques from the sociology of culture and cognition, this study examines the role of an occupation’s gender composition in how Americans judge the prestige of jobs, testing key predictions from theories of gender and status. Using 2012 General Social Survey and federal occupation-level data, it finds evidence for a segregation premium: people view gender-segregated occupations as the most symbolically valuable jobs. Both men and women reward gender-segregated occupations with symbolic value, although there is evidence of a gendered in-group bias in which women in particular see women’s work as more prestigious, while men see men’s work as more prestigious.

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