Greener chemistry opportunities in consumer products rinse added fabric softener

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip G. Sliva
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Products ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Fabric Softener ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Fabric Softeners ◽  
Chemical Materials

Abstract Opportunities for greener chemistry seem endless. Consumer products, which represent very large users of chemical materials, are no exception. Even products such as fabric softeners that have existed for decades need continual enhancement. Many improvements have been implemented in the chemistry used in these products; however, more is warranted. Key challenges include formula stability, raw material sourcing based on animal fats, and inability to produce concentrated, lower dose products.

Rate Coefficients and Mechanisms of Atmospheric Oxidation of the Esters

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Calvert ◽  
Abdelwahid Mellouki ◽  
John Orlando ◽  
Michael Pilling ◽  
Timothy Wallington
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Atmospheric Oxidation ◽  
Rate Coefficients ◽  
Oh Radicals ◽  
Loss Mechanism ◽  
Animal Fats

Esters are emitted directly into the atmosphere from both natural and anthropogenic sources and are produced during the atmospheric oxidation of ethers. Methyl acetate and ethyl acetate have found widespread use as solvents. Vegetable oils and animal fats are esters. Transesterification of vegetable oils and animal fats with methanol gives fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) which are used in biodiesel. Many esters have pleasant odors and are present in essential oils, fruits, and pheromones, and are often added to fragrances and consumer products to provide a pleasant odor. Table VII-A-1 provides a list of common esters and their odors. It is surprising to note that despite their ubiquitous nature, volatility, and fragrance, it is only very recently that quantitative measurements of esters in ambient air have been reported (Niedojadlo et al., 2007; Legreid et al., 2007). The atmospheric oxidation of saturated esters is largely initiated by OH radical attack. Reaction with O3 and NO3 radicals contributes to the atmospheric oxidation of unsaturated esters. As discussed in chapter IX, UV absorption by esters is only important for wavelengths below approximately 240 nm and, hence, photolysis is not a significant tropospheric loss mechanism. When compared to the ethers from which they can be derived, the esters are substantially less reactive towards OH radicals. The ester functionality —C(O)O— in R1C(O)OR2 deactivates the alkyl groups to which it is attached with the deactivation being most pronounced for the R1 group attached to the carbonyl group. The atmospheric oxidation mechanisms of the esters are reviewed in the present chapter. The reaction of OH with methyl formate has been studied by Wallington et al. (1988b) and Le Calvé et al. (1997a) over the temperature range 233–372 K. Data are summarized in table VII-B-1 and are plotted in figure VII-B-1. The room temperature determination of k(OH + CH3OCHO) by Wallington et al. is in agreement with that by Le Calvé et al. (1997) within the experimental uncertainties. Significant curvature is evident in the Arrhenius plot in figure VII-B-1.

Current scenario of catalysts for biodiesel production: a critical review

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farrukh Jamil ◽  
Lamya Al-Haj ◽  
Ala’a H. Al-Muhtaseb ◽  
Mohab A. Al-Hinai ◽  
Mahad Baawain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Bifunctional Catalyst ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Homogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Short Chain Alcohol

AbstractDue to increasing concerns about global warming and dwindling oil supplies, the world’s attention is turning to green processes that use sustainable and environmentally friendly feedstock to produce renewable energy such as biofuels. Among them, biodiesel, which is made from nontoxic, biodegradable, renewable sources such as refined and used vegetable oils and animal fats, is a renewable substitute fuel for petroleum diesel fuel. Biodiesel is produced by transesterification in which oil or fat is reacted with short chain alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. The process of transesterification is affected by the mode of reaction, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, type of alcohol, nature and amount of catalysts, reaction time, and temperature. Various studies have been carried out using different oils as the raw material; different alcohols (methanol, ethanol, butanol); different catalysts; notably homogeneous catalysts such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, and supercritical fluids; or, in some cases, enzymes such as lipases. This article focuses on the application of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production because of their environmental and economic advantages. This review contains a detailed discussion on the advantages and feasibility of catalysts for biodiesel production, which are both environmentally and economically viable as compared to conventional homogeneous catalysts. The classification of catalysts into different categories based on a catalyst’s activity, feasibility, and lifetime is also briefly discussed. Furthermore, recommendations have been made for the most suitable catalyst (bifunctional catalyst) for low-cost oils to valuable biodiesel and the challenges faced by the biodiesel industry with some possible solutions.

Catalysts in Production of Biodiesel: A Review

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Narasimharao ◽  
Adam Lee ◽  
Karen Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Supercritical Fluids ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Monohydric Alcohol ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Oil Type

Biodiesel is a renewable substitute fuel for petroleum diesel fuel which is made from nontoxic, biodegradable, renewable sources such as refined and used vegetable oils and animal fats. Biodiesel is produced by transesterification in which oil or fat is reacted with a monohydric alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. The process of transesterification is affected by the mode of reaction, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, type of alcohol, nature and amount of catalysts, reaction time, and temperature. Various studies have been carried out using different oils as the raw material and different alcohols (methanol, ethanol, butanol), as well as different catalysts, notably homogeneous ones such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, and supercritical fluids or enzymes such as lipases. Recent research has focused on the application of heterogeneous catalysts to produce biodiesel, because of their environmental and economic advantages. This paper reviews the literature regarding both catalytic and noncatalytic production of biodiesel. Advantages and disadvantages of different methods and catalysts used are discussed. We also discuss the importance of developing a single catalyst for both esterification and transesterification reactions.

scholarly journals From Tale to Tail: Unwinding the Twisted Life Story of PIG 05049

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Maarten Vanden Eynde
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Life Story ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Single Source ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Everyday Objects ◽  
The Many

Pig 05049 is a book and research project by Dutch designer Christien Meindertsma that chronicles the many consumer products that were made from a pig called 05049. The book offers an insightful look into how this one animal, a single source, provides raw material for a vast number of everyday objects. Meindertsma’s clinical presentation of each laboriously researched object, page by page, organised by body part, follows the progress of the dissection of Pig 05049 and the subsequent use of each part. Some products, she found, are expected and familiar, whilst other diverge dramatically: ammunition, medicine, photo paper, cigarettes, conditioner, and bio diesel. PIG 05049 is currently in its 5th edition. The book won the Dutch Design Award in 2008 and the Index award in 2009 in the category Play. The article is a lightly edited transcript of a conversation between Commodity Frontiers editor, Maarten Vanden Eynde and Christien Meinderstma in September 2021.

TEKNOLOGI PENGOLAHAN DAN PEMANFAATAN KARBON AKTIF UNTUK INDUSTRI

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Effendi Arsad
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sugar Industry ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Shrimp Farming ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Petroleum Chemical ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Chemical Materials

The  activated carbon is very important  for has  processed product activated carbon.   In south Kalimantan has a big prospects due to the big potential of the raw material provided by the nature and industrial waste. There are a lot of raw materials that can be used for the manufacture of activated carbon such as  agricultural waste, sugarcane waste, waste of sawn timber, lives stock waste and coal  processing waste.Manufacture of activated carbon can be done in  ways: chemical  and physical processes. Activation  is very important in the manufacture of activated carbon in addition to the raw materials used. Activated carbon is charcoal that has undergone changes in chemical properties  and physical properties due to be activated with the activator chemical materials or can by heating at high temperatures, so that absorption , surface area, and the ability to absorb become as very good. Activated carbon is used as an absorbent to absorb heavy metals, in medicine and food, on liquor, petroleum chemical, shrimp farming, the sugar industry of gas purification, catalyst and fertilizer processing.Key wood :  technology  processed, activated carbon

Developing the essential food ingredients for the future

2015 ◽  
pp. 204-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denbigh R.J. Lloyd ◽  
Michael A. Radeloff
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Food Ingredient ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Material Supply ◽  
Supply Environment ◽  
Development Service ◽  
Essential Food

The food ingredient industries in the 21st century continue to face new dynamics of operation. This article looks at some of the challenges that have been met over recent years and the ways in which companies have adapted their business models to succeed in these environments. Across a range of ingredient manufacturers from dairy, flavours and colours, starch and sugar the approaches have developed to refocus their offerings in terms of lateral product range development, service enhancement and reaching out to new and different markets. The demands for ever more sophisticated consumer products combined with a changing regulatory and raw material supply environment, have ensured that flexibility of response is the key tool to be used here. Going forward the industry will use the benefit of this diversity of experience to succeed.

scholarly journals Effects of Chemical Structure of Silicone Polyethers Used as Fabric Softener Additives on Selected Utility Properties of Cotton Fabric

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Zięba ◽  
Anna Małysa ◽  
Tomasz Wasilewski ◽  
Marta Ogorzałek
Keyword(s):  
Functional Properties ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Quality Characteristic ◽  
Fabric Softener ◽  
Product Group ◽  
Fabric Softeners ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Block Structured

Abstract The study addressed the effect of the structure of silicone polyethers on selected functional properties of cotton fabric rinsed in conditioners containing the additives under study. Fabric softener formulations containing two comb-structured compounds (PEG/PPG-14/0 Dimethicone and PEG/PPG-20/20 Dimethicone) and one block-structured compound (Bis-PEG/PPG-20/20 Dimethicone) were developed. Cotton fabric rinsed in conditioners containing silicone glycols was not found to be affected by yellowing. However, differences were noted in the softening ability and re-wettability of rinsed fabrics due to diverse structures of the additives used. The most desirable soft hand effect was observed after cotton rinsing in fabric softeners containing the block-structured compound Bis-PEG/PPG-20/20 Dimethicone. In contrast, the highest fabric re-wettability was shown for the conditioner enriched with a comb-structured compound (PEG/PPG-20/20 Dimethicone). The study results demonstrate that the prototypical fabric softeners containing silicone derivatives have a potential to provide quality characteristic required by consumers of this product group.

New Water-Based Anti-Corrosion Chemical Materials in Engineering Repairing

2011 ◽  
Vol 287-290 ◽  
pp. 249-252
Author(s):  
Wei Chen ◽  
Chao Jun Xiao ◽  
Zhi Jian Xu ◽  
Xian Ning Jiang ◽  
Kai Fu Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Concrete Structures ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Structures ◽  
Concrete Members ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Chemical Materials

The environmental protection water-based grafted whole propyl epoxy resin latex(AOW-201) as a basic raw material of the interface penetrant, waterproof pressure and anti-cracking putty, and anti-corrosion coatings and water-based with rust anti-corrosion paint,that are used for reinforced concrete members repair works.Therefore,that is a type of reinforced concrete structures worthy of restoration works to promote the application of new anti-corrosion chemical materials.

Synthesis of Type-A Zeolite in Hydrothermal Condition with Stellerite

2011 ◽  
Vol 194-196 ◽  
pp. 492-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan Chun Chen ◽  
Quan Tang ◽  
Ai Ping Deng ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Xiao Hu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Crystallization Temperature ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Hydrothermal Condition ◽  
Type A ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Crystallization Time ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Type Zeolite ◽  
Chemical Materials

Type-A zeolite was synthesized in hydrothermal condition with stellerite obtained from Guangxi. The influences of raw material modification, crystallization temperature, crystallization time and particles’size of stellerites were discussed on preparing zeolite molecular sieve. It is shown that A-type zeolite was synthesized in crystallization time of 6 hours, crystallization temperature of 90-100 °C according to certain proportion with stellerite modified by hydrochloric acid of 15%. The crystallinity of A-type zeolite is 98%, whiteness 95%, average particle size 3.72 µm and more than 90% particles’size are less than 10μm. These meet the zeolite standards of Q / Chalco A021-2004. Type-A zeolite is widely used in detergent industry, petrochemical industry, chemical industry, environmental protection and development of new functional materials fields as it has many excellent performance, such as good ion exchange, adsorption and catalysis, due to its unique crystal structure[1-4]. Because the synthesis of type-A zeolite based on chemical materials costs too much and is also restricted by chemical materials, which can not meet the needs of zeolite application. Therefore, researchers have become focus on preparing type-A zeolite with cheap mineral- materials[5-8]. In this research, we prepared type-A zeolite through Hydrothermal method with stellerites obtained from Guangxi.

scholarly journals Mathematical model of the supply-demand system for raw materials

2021 ◽  
pp. 76-85
Author(s):  
Alexander Sklyar
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Maximum Utility ◽  
End Products ◽  
Production Output ◽  
Principle Of Maximum

The subject of this research is the processes of price formation for raw materials depending on the demand for end consumer products. The article reviews a mathematical model that is based on the principle of maximum utility. The proposed model is founded on the stage-by-stage determination of the production output and consumption of end products, as well as corresponding prices depending on the prices of used raw materials and semi-finished products. The prices for intermediate products and raw materials are formed depending on the need for end products output with their optimization by demand. The article provides the basic mathematical ration with regards to using principle of maximum utility applicable to the demand-supply model and its implementation in multi-stage production. The acquired results indicate weak dependence of production output and prices for end products on the cost of raw material in terms of advanced refining. With limited production capacity of raw materials, the dynamics of prices is well predicted. The results of modeling, compared to the available statistical data, indicate the adequacy of the proposed model to the unfolding economic processes. It is determined that the accuracy of price prediction for raw products with a significant volume of its subsequent processing is limited.

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