Design of locally sourced activated charcoal filter from maize cob for wastewater decontamination: an approach to fight waste with waste

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence Olusegun Ajala ◽  
Ewa Ezeali Ali ◽  
Emmanuel Okewe Nnachi ◽  
Valentine Ifenna Onwukeme
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Activation Time ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Preparation Conditions ◽  
Impregnation Time ◽  
Activating Agent ◽  
Impregnation Temperature ◽  
Maize Cob

Abstract This research studied decontamination of laboratory wastewater with an activated carbon derived from maize cob, an agricultural waste to ascertaining its adsorption effectiveness for water treatment. The preparation conditions such as the concentration of the activating agent, impregnation ratio, impregnation temperature, impregnation time, activation temperature and activation time were optimized. The adsorbent’s porous properties revealed its adsorption potency was correlated with the iodine value. The test adsorbent showed significant contaminants adsorption in the laboratory wastewater; the results obtained were within the standards for drinking water set by the regulatory agencies. This agricultural waste could be considered for the preparation of activated carbon which would ultimately serve as an alternative method of decontaminating laboratory wastewater.

scholarly journals Preparation and characterization of groundnut shell-based activated charcoal

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 2139-2146
Author(s):  
L.O. Ajala ◽  
E.E. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Activated Charcoal ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Impregnation Time ◽  
Activating Agent ◽  
Impregnation Temperature ◽  
Groundnut Shell

Groundnut shell, an agricultural waste was used as a precursor for the preparation of activated charcoal using zinc chloride as a chemical activating agent. The results of the optimization studies showed that the activated charcoal had best iodine adsorption capacity at 1.0 mol dm-3 activator’s concentration, 2:1 impregnation ratio, 70 ℃ impregnation temperature, 12 hr impregnation time, 500 ℃ activation temperature, and 2hr activationtime. The surface chemistry of the adsorbent was studied by Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The activated charcoal was found to contain porous structures with adsorption capacities significantly correlated with iodine value, porosity, and surface area. The surface morphology of the activated charcoal was altered as compared with the un-activated product, signifying that the adsorbent had been chemically modified. The disappearance of some functional groups and shift in some absorption bands were further indication that surface structural modification took place during activation and carbonization.This research has revealed that groundnut shell could be employed for the production of an alternative adsorbent which can be utilize for filtration and detoxification of impure water, treatment of effluent and wastewater, adsorption of pesticides, heavy metals and dyes from aqueous media.

Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon Fibers from Jute Fibers by Phosphoric Acid Activation

2012 ◽  
Vol 184-185 ◽  
pp. 1110-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Fen He ◽  
Qi Xia Liu ◽  
Tao Ji ◽  
Qiang Gao
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Carbon Fibers ◽  
Activated Carbon Fibers ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Activation Time ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Jute Fibers ◽  
Activating Agent

Various jute-based activated carbon fibers were prepared by using jute fibers as raw materials and phosphoric acid as activating agent. The effects of three main factors such as concentration of activating agent, activation temperature and activation time on the yield and adsorptive properties of active carbon fibers were investigated via orthogonal experiments. The surface physical morphology of jute-based activated carbon fiber was also observed by using Scanning Electron Microscope. Results showed that the optimum conditions were phosphoric acid concentration of 4 mol/L, activation temperature of 600 °C and activation time of 1h. The yield, iodine number and amount of methylene blue adsorption of the active carbon fiber prepared under optimum conditions were 37.99 %, 1208.87 mg/g and 374.65 mg/g, respectively.

Preparation of Activated Carbon from Tea Seed Shell by Zinc Chloride Activation

2012 ◽  
Vol 550-553 ◽  
pp. 1099-1102
Author(s):  
Zhu Li ◽  
Lin Xia Gao ◽  
Ke Wu Pi ◽  
Duan Ji Wan ◽  
Si Xiang
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Zinc Chloride ◽  
Orthogonal Experiment ◽  
Activation Time ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Impregnation Ratio ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Impregnation Time ◽  
Blue Solution

The aims of this work were to utilize tea seed shell, biomass waste, for the preparation of activated carbon by zinc chloride activation. The effects of the preparation parameters, which were concentration of Zncl2, impregnation ratio, impregnation time and activation time, on the yield and adsorption capacity of methylene blue solution were analyzed in order to optimize these operation conditions by Orthogonal experiment. The experimental results show that the optimum activated carbon from tea seed shell was obtained by these conditions as follows: impregnation ratio of 50% ZnCl2/shell of 1:1.5, 2.5 hours impregnation time and 1.5 hours activation time in 500°C activation temperature.

Preparation of Pruning Mulberry Shoot-Based Activated Carbon by ZnCl2 Activation

2011 ◽  
Vol 282-283 ◽  
pp. 407-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Wang ◽  
Ning Qiu ◽  
Huan Wu ◽  
Fu An Wu
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Preparation Process ◽  
Activation Time ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Impregnation Ratio ◽  
New Type ◽  
Biomass Materials ◽  
Activating Agent ◽  
Mb Adsorption

This paper reports the preparation of activated carbon from a new type of agricultural biomass materials, pruning mulberry shoot, by ZnCl2activation. The experiments in this study vary the parameters of ZnCl2activation procedures, such as concentration and impregnation ratio of the activating agent, temperature and time of chemical activation. The experimental results indicated that with a ZnCl2concentration of 50%, an impregnation ratio of 2:1, an activation temperature of 850 °C, and an activation time of 90 min, the activated carbon with better iodine and MB adsorption capacity were 1422.40 mg/g and 163.54mg/g, respectively. Therefore, the optimal preparation process of activated carbon from pruning mulberry shoot was successfully achieved by using single-factor method in this study, which can be used as adsorbents for various environmental applications.

Preparation of Activated Carbon from Medical Waste

2011 ◽  
Vol 399-401 ◽  
pp. 2091-2096
Author(s):  
Xiu Yun Sun ◽  
Hong Xia Bian ◽  
Meng Zhang ◽  
Wei Qing Han ◽  
Jin You Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Heating Rate ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Medical Waste ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Activation Time ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Adsorption Performance ◽  
Preparation Conditions ◽  
Adsorption Capacities

The chemically activated method has been applied to prepare activated carbon from the incinerated medical waste. The preparation process of activated carbon was investigated under various conditions set by several factors, including the type of active agent used, the ratio of active agent and carbonized product, the activation temperature, the dwell time and heating rate. The results demonstrated KOH had shown the best performance as the active agent. The optimal preparation conditions could be described as follows: ratio of KOH and carbonized product 3:1, heating rate 5 °C/min, activation temperature 800 °C with activation time 1 hour. The activated carbon prepared under the optimal preparation conditions showed good adsorption performance. The adsorption capacities for methylene blue and iodine were 24~28 ml/0.1g and 965~1150 mg/g, respectively. BET surface area of activated carbon obtained was as high as 985.1634~1387.4586 m2/g. The activated carbon prepared from medical waste exhibited excellent characteristics of sorbent.

scholarly journals Pore Structure Regulation and Electrochemical Performance Characterization of Activated Carbon for Supercapacitors

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shijie Li ◽  
Tao Xing ◽  
Yilin Wang ◽  
Pengwei Lu ◽  
Weixue Kong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Pore Structure ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Pore Volume ◽  
Activation Time ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Specific Pore Volume ◽  
Impregnation Time

In order to achieve the purpose of regulating the pore structure characteristics of activated carbon by adjusting the experimental parameters, the effects of carbonization temperature, carbonization time, pre-activation temperature, pre-activation time and impregnation time on the pore structure of sargassum-based activated carbon (SAC) are studied by orthogonal experiment. The gravimetric capacitance of SAC and the relationship between the gravimetric capacitance and specific surface area are also studied. The results show that the SACs prepared at all experimental conditions have developed pore structure and huge specific surface area, reaching 3,122 m2/g. The pore size of SAC is almost all within 6 nm, in which the micropores are mainly concentrated in 0.4–0.8 nm, the mesopores are mainly concentrated in 2–4 nm, and the number of micropores is significantly higher than that of mesopores. During the preparation of SAC, the effect of carbonization temperature on the specific surface area and specific pore volume of SAC is very significant. The effect of carbonization time on the specific surface area of SAC is significant, but the effect on specific pore volume can be ignored. The effects of pre-activation temperature, pre-activation time, and impregnation time on specific surface area and specific pore volume of SAC can be ignored. In addition, SACs show good gravimetric capacitance performance as electrode material for supercapacitors, which can significantly increase the capacitance of supercapacitors and thus broaden their applications. The gravimetric capacitance and specific surface area of SACs show a good linear relationship when the activated carbons have similar material properties and pore size distribution.

Effect of preparation conditions and washing of activated carbon from paper mill sewage sludge on its adsorptive properties

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-hong Li ◽  
Qin-yan Yue ◽  
Zuo-hao Ma ◽  
Bao-yu Gao ◽  
Yan-jie Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Carbonization Temperature ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Activation Time ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Preparation Conditions ◽  
Adsorption Capacities

Sludge-based activated carbon (SAC) was prepared from paper mill sewage sludge by physical activation with steam for wastewater treatment in this study. The effects of preparation variables, including carbonization temperature, carbonization time, activation temperature and activation time, on iodine number and yield were investigated through orthogonal experiments. The influences of washing by deionized water and acid on the characteristics and adsorption capacities of SAC for phosphate, methylene blue and reactive red 24 were also studied. The results indicated that the optimal preparation conditions were: carbonization temperature of 350 °C, carbonization time of 40 min, activation temperature of 800 °C and activation time of 20 min. The characteristics and adsorption capacities of SAC were obviously different before and after washing, especially by acid. The surface area was improved and adsorption capacities for dyes increased after washing, while adsorption capacity for phosphate decreased. The maximum adsorption capacities provided strong evidence of the potential of SAC as an alternative adsorbent for wastewater treatment.

Research on the Absorption Characteristics of Activated Carbon Prepared by Biomass

2011 ◽  
Vol 354-355 ◽  
pp. 707-710
Author(s):  
Jiang Wu ◽  
Qian Yan Liu ◽  
Shuai Qi Meng ◽  
Jie He Chen ◽  
Ping He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Penetration Rate ◽  
Activation Time ◽  
Adsorption Experiment ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Activating Agent ◽  
Absorption Characteristics

The biomass carbons were studied with ZnCl2 as activating agent, methylene blue as index and its Hg adsorption experiment was conducted. The adsorption of soybean stem activated carbon for methylene blue was 149.84μg/g, and its adsorption capacity to Hg in flue gas in 4 hours was 14.57μg and penetration rate was 5.30% at the conditions of 600°C activation temperature, 90 min activation time and ZnCl2 concentration 50%, and the mechanism was analyzed.

Preparation of mesoporous activated carbon from palm-date pits: optimization study on removal of bentazon, carbofuran, and 2,4-D using response surface methodology

2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1503-1511 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Salman ◽  
F. M. Abid
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Activation Time ◽  
Carbon Yield ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Variable Parameters ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Date Pits

Palm-date pits were used to prepare activated carbon by physiochemical activation method, which consisted of potassium hydroxide (KOH) treatment and carbon dioxide (CO2) gasification. The effects of variable parameters, activation temperature, activation time and chemical impregnation ratios (KOH: char by weight) on the preparation of activated carbon and for removal of pesticides: bentazon, carbofuran and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were investigated. Based on the central composite design (CCD), two factor interaction (2FI) and quadratic models were respectively employed to correlate the effect of variable parameters on the preparation of activated carbon used for removal of pesticides with carbon yield. From the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the most influential factor on each experimental design response was identified. The optimum conditions for preparing activated carbon from palm-date pits were found to be: activation temperature of 850 °C, activation time of 3 h and chemical impregnation ratio of 3.75, which resulted in an activated carbon yield of 19.5% and bentazon, carbofuran, and 2,4-D removal of 84, 83, and 93%, respectively.

scholarly journals Optimization of Activated Carbons Prepared byH3PO4and Steam Activation of Oil Palm Shells

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daouda Kouotou ◽  
Horace Ngomo Manga ◽  
Abdelaziz Baçaoui ◽  
Abdelrani Yaacoubi ◽  
Joseph Ketcha Mbadcam
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Steam Activation ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Impregnation Ratio ◽  
Preparation Conditions ◽  
Two Factors

In this study, activated carbons were prepared from oil palm shells by physicochemical activation. The methodology of experimental design was used to optimize the preparation conditions. The influences of the impregnation ratio (0.6–3.4) and the activation temperature between 601°C and 799°C on the following three responses: activated carbon yield (R/AC-H3PO4), the iodine adsorption (I2/AC-H3PO4), and the methylene blue adsorption (MB/AC-H3PO4) results were investigated using analysis of variance (ANOVA) to identify the significant parameters. Under the experimental conditions investigated, the activation temperature of 770°C and impregnation ratio of 2/1 leading to the R/AC-H3PO4of 52.10%, theI2/AC-H3PO4of 697.86 mg/g, and the MB/AC-H3PO4of 346.25 mg/g were found to be optimum conditions for producing activated carbon with well compromise of desirability. The two factors had both synergetic and antagonistic effects on the three responses studied. The micrographs of activated carbons examined with scanning electron microscopy revealed that the activated carbons were found to be mainly microporous and mesoporous.

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