Weaponry of the Przeworsk Culture in the light of metallographic examinations. The case of the cemetery in Raczkowice

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 454-498
Author(s):  
Kalina Skóra ◽  
Grzegorz Żabiński ◽  
Ewelina Miśta-Jakubowska
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Ferrous Metal ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Funeral Rites ◽  
Przeworsk Culture

AbstractThis paper discusses seven finds of weaponry (one sword and six spearheads) from the Roman Period Przeworsk Culture cremation cemetery in Raczkowice, Częstochowa Distr., PL. This assemblage can generally be dated to Phases B2–C1. All the discussed artefacts went through the funeral pyre and two underwent additional treatment as part of funeral rites: the sword and one of the spearheads were bent. Metallographic examinations demonstrated that all these weapons were forged from single pieces of ferrous metal. However, in some of these the carbon content was high enough to allow for heat-treatment, thus making these artefacts potentially high-quality weapons. Regrettably, the cremation ceremony removed all possible traces of heat-treatment and it may have also caused partial decarburising of metal. On the basis of typological and technological traits it can be supposed that all the discussed weapons were of local Przeworsk Culture provenance.

„Luźne” znaleziska żelaznych grotów oszczepów kultury przeworskiej z Wyżyny Sandomierskiej i jej obrzeża

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 165-170
Author(s):  
Marek Florek ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Roman Period ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Metal Detectors ◽  
Przeworsk Culture ◽  
The One

The subject of the research are 5 spearheads from the villages: Leszczków, Rytwiany, Szczeka and Lubienia, in the Świętokrzyskie voivodeship. The artefacts, apart from the one from Szczeka, were found by accident, probably in the course of illegal searches with the use of metal detectors. The spearheads should be dated to the younger Pre-Roman period and the Roman period. They probably come from the destroyed cremation graves from the unknown so far cemeteries of the Przeworsk culture.

Badania nad technologią wybranych zabytków żelaznych

2020 ◽  
pp. 135-144
Author(s):  
Mateusz Biborski ◽  
Marcin Biborski ◽  
Janusz Stępiński
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Thermal Processing ◽  
Microscopic Observation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Metal Structures ◽  
High Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Iron ◽  
Przeworsk Culture ◽  
Metal Hardness ◽  
Rule Out

The extensive programme of research on artefacts recovered from the Przeworsk culture cemetery in Żelazna Nowa, Comm. Magnuszew, included performing a series of metallographic analyses. Only three objects were subjected to the analyses due to their good preservation: two knives and a shield grip fragment. The aim was to determine the technology of manufacture of particular objects and to identify the raw materials from which they were forged. Microstructure was examined using a Leica DMLM metallurgical microscope, and the observed metal structures were photographed. In addition, metal hardness was measured using the Vickers method, with a load of 10 kG (98N). Carbon content of steel was determined based on microscopic observation. As demonstrated by the analyses, the artefacts were made from metal obtained through the bloomery process from bog iron with a significant admixture of phosphorus. The technology used for manufacture of the analysed artefacts was not particularly sophisticated. They were forged from single pieces of bloomery iron. The only exception is a knife (inv. no. CCLII/15), which was forged from two different pieces of metal welded together, namely from a piece of high phosphorus iron and a piece of soft steel. This made the knife more flexible, while rendering its blade sufficiently hard and more resistant to abrasion. One cannot rule out that the blades of both knives were originally hardened by local carburisation, in connection with later thermal processing (quenching). The results of metallographic research seem to support our assumptions. The two knives and the shield grip were manufactured in local Przeworsk culture workshops, perhaps from iron originating from the centre of metallurgy in the Mazowsze (Mazovia) region.

scholarly journals Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Stainless/Carbon Steel Bimetal Plate

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Li ◽  
Liyuan Zhang ◽  
Boyang Zhang ◽  
Qingdong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Carbon Diffusion ◽  
Annealing Process ◽  
Stainless Steel Surface ◽  
Surface Corrosion ◽  
Annealing Conditions

In order to research the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of stainless/carbon steel bimetal plate, the annealing process at 700°C with different times was carried out for stainless/carbon steel bimetal plate. Because the carbon content of carbon steel was higher than that of stainless steel, the carbon would diffuse from carbon steel to stainless steel in the bimetal plate during the annealing process. The carbon diffusion would cause the thickness of the decarburized layer in carbon steel and the carbon content of stainless steel to increase. The carbon diffusion would be ongoing with the annealing process until the carbon content of stainless steel reached 0.08%. The higher carbon content could help in the formation of more chromium-depleted regions in the stainless steel surface, causing the stainless steel in the bimetal plate to have a poorer surface corrosion resistance than that of stainless steel under the same annealing conditions.

Agriculture, water and the environment: future challenges

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 51-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Oron
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Arid Zones ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Future Challenges

Various countries in the Mediterranean Basin and other arid and semi-arid regions are facing a gap between water supply and demand. This gap is closely linked with agricultural production and environmental issues. It is probably due to small amounts of precipitation and low availability of natural water sources. Special ventures have to be undertaken in order to supply water at adequate quality for all requirements. These can be accomplished by development of additional water sources that currently are considered marginal. The additional sources include saline ground water, treated wastewater and runoff water and are usually required to augment the limited supply from the regional conventional high quality local sources. The paper presented options for development of the marginal water sources in arid zones in conjunction with minimizing the dependence on high quality water. Domestic secondary effluent is a valuable water source for reclamation however, additional treatment is required to use it for unrestricted purposes. It can be achieved primarily by implementation of the membrane technology, namely ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) stages.

Quasicrystalline phase formation in Al62Cu22.5Fe12.5 and Al55Cu22.5Fe12.5Be7 alloys

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1535-1540 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Lee ◽  
B. H. Kim ◽  
D. H. Kim ◽  
W. T. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Icosahedral Phase ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Quasicrystalline Phase ◽  
Icosahedral Structure ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Icosahedral Quasicrystalline Phase ◽  
Face Centered ◽  
Icosahedral Quasicrystalline ◽  
Conventionally Cast

Formation of the icosahedral quasicrystalline phase in conventionally cast Al62Cu25.5Fe12.5 and Al55Cu25.5Fe12.5Be7 alloys were investigated. The icosahedral phase (I-phase) forming ability was greatly improved by partial replacement of Al by 7 at.% Be. The as-cast Al55Cu25.5Fe12.5Be7 alloy consisted of dendritic primary I-phase and interdendritic τ-phase, whereas that of an as-cast Al62Cu25.5Fe12.5 alloy consisted of various phases such as the β-, I-, and τ-phases, together with a small amount of the λ- and η-phases. The kinetic barrier for transformation into single I-phase by heat treatment was greatly reduced in an Al55Cu25.5Fe12.5Be7 alloy. The I-phase in an Al55Cu25.5Fe12.5Be7 alloy has the same face centered icosahedral structure as that in an Al62Cu25.5Fe12.5 alloy and is of high quality without phason strain.

scholarly journals Carbon Co-Deposition During Gas Reduction of Water-Atomized Fe-Cr-Mo Powder

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 1119-1124
Author(s):  
B. Ali ◽  
S.H. Choi ◽  
S.J. Seo ◽  
D.Y. Maeng ◽  
C.G. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Oxide Layer ◽  
Iron Powder ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Gas Flow Rate ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Exponential Relationship ◽  
Water Atomization ◽  
Ar Gas

AbstractThe water atomization of iron powder with a composition of Fe-3Cr-0.5Mo (wt.%) at 1600°C and 150 bar creates an oxide layer, which in this study was reduced using a mixture of methane (CH4) and argon (Ar) gas. The lowest oxygen content was achieved with a 100 cc/min flow rate of CH4, but this also resulted in a co-deposition of carbon due to the cracking of CH4. This carbon can be used directly to create high-quality, sinter hardenable steel, thereby eliminating the need for an additional mixing step prior to sintering. An exponential relationship was found to exist between the CH4gas flow rate and carbon content of the powder, meaning that its composition can be easily controlled to suit a variety of different applications.

Research on the Construction of "Metal Materials and Heat Treatment" Network Course to Higher Vocational Colleges under the Background of Big Data

2016 ◽  
Vol 851 ◽  
pp. 615-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Ling Wang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Lifelong Learning ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
The Internet ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Open Platform ◽  
Treatment Network ◽  
Metal Materials ◽  
Vocational Colleges

With the development of social information in the background of big data, this paper gives the practical problems in the construction of network course of "metal materials and heat treatment". The aim of the study established on the basis of the Internet will provide us more comprehensive supports and services, and more friendly practical systems in teaching. Our research will build a public open platform for the cultivation of high-quality talents and the promotion of lifelong learning process. This paper has focused on the theoretical value of the network course construction, construction objectives, the content and advantages of the construction. The results of this paper are helpful to improve the teaching effects of the course of "metal materials and heat treatment" in vocational colleges.

355-nm UV Light Generation in High-Quality CsB3O5Fabricated by Post-Growth Heat Treatment

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (No. 14) ◽  
pp. L422-L424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Saji ◽  
Masashi Yoshimura ◽  
Naoto Hisaminato ◽  
Yusuke Mori ◽  
Takatomo Sasaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Light Generation
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