Water-swellable elastomers: synthesis, properties and applications

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo M. Polgar ◽  
Francesca Fallani ◽  
Juul Cuijpers ◽  
Patrizio Raffa ◽  
Antonius A. Broekhuis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Hydrophobic Materials ◽  
Academic Researchers ◽  
Synthesis Properties ◽  
Swelling Characteristics ◽  
Patent Literature ◽  
Difficult Challenge ◽  
Water Swelling ◽  
Synthetic Approaches ◽  
New Applications

Abstract Water-swellable elastomers (WSE) constitute a class of rubbery materials that have been widely studied both in academia and industry during the last 25 years. Market pull is the major driver for the exploration of these materials. The need of WSE in several sealing applications has driven the attention of many academic researchers toward the possibility to provide a rubber with water-swelling characteristics. As commercial rubbers are hydrophobic materials, making them swell in water presents an interesting and difficult challenge. This paper reviews the scientific and patent literature on the fundamental aspects of WSE: the various synthetic approaches, the properties of the corresponding polymers (not only the swelling performance but also the mechanical behavior), and some of their applications. Particular attention is paid to the chemical structure/performance relationships of WSE. Finally, the authors speculate on a great future for WSE that can be rationally designed for improved and/or new applications.

scholarly journals Crystalline Structure, Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Potassium Hexatitanate: A Review

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Ponce-Peña ◽  
Martha Poisot ◽  
Alicia Rodríguez-Pulido ◽  
María Azucena González-Lozano
Keyword(s):  
Material Properties ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Tunnel Structure ◽  
Chemical Formula ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Structure Synthesis ◽  
Synthesis Properties ◽  
New Applications ◽  
Potassium Hexatitanate

Potassium hexatitanate (PHT) with chemical formula K2Ti6O13 has a tunnel structure formed by TiO2 octahedra sharing edges or corners and with the potassium atoms located in the tunnels. This material has attracted great interest in the areas of photocatalysis, reinforcement of materials, biomaterials, etc. This work summarizes a large number of studies about methods to prepare PHT since particle size can be modified from millimeter to nanometric scale according to the applied method. Likewise, the synthesis method has influenced the material properties as band-gap and the final mechanical performance of composites when the reinforcement is PHT. The knowing of synthesis, properties and applications of PHT is worthwhile for the design of new materials and for the development of new applications taking advantage of their inherent properties.

scholarly journals Synthesis, Properties of Biodegradable Poly(Butylene Succinate-co-Butylene 2-Methylsuccinate) and Application for Sustainable Release

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiarui Han ◽  
Jiaxin Shi ◽  
Zhining Xie ◽  
Jun Xu ◽  
Baohua Guo
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Burst Release ◽  
Agricultural Field ◽  
Biodegradation Rate ◽  
Release Process ◽  
Butylene Succinate ◽  
Synthesis Properties ◽  
Biodegradable Poly ◽  
Methylsuccinic Acid

A novel biobased and biodegradable polyester, i.e., poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene 2-methylsuccinate) (P(BS-BMS)) was synthesized by succinic acid (SA), 2-methylsuccinic acid (MSA), and 1,4-butanediol (BDO) via a typically two-step esterification and polycondensation procedure. The chemical structure and macromolecular weight of obtained copolymers were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and GPC. The melting temperature and degree of crystallinity were also studied by DSC, and it was found that the values were gradually decreased with increasing of MSA content, while the thermal stability remained almost unchanged which was tested by TGA. In addition, the biodegradation rate of the P(BS-BMS) copolymers could be controlled by adjusting the ratio of SA and MSA, and such biodegradability could make P(BS-BMS) copolymers avoid microplastic pollution which may be brought to the environment for applications in agricultural field. When we applied P(BS-BMS) copolymers as pesticide carriers which were prepared by premix membrane emulsification (PME) method for controlling Avermectin delivery, an improvement of dispersion and utilization of active ingredient was obviously witnessed. It showed a burst release process first followed by a sustained release of Avermectin for a long period, which had a great potential to be an effective and environmental friendly pesticide-release vehicle.

scholarly journals Enzyme-Mediated Synthesis of Sesquiterpenes

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1501000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Serra
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Engineering ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Chemical Transformations ◽  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
Patent Literature ◽  
Synthetic Approaches

This review article focuses mainly on the scientific developments concerning the enzyme-mediated synthesis of sesquiterpenes which have been reported in the academic and patent literature during the last twenty years. Nevertheless, this is not a comprehensive description of every single biotransformation involving sesquiterpenes. Only synthetic approaches that have represented a new and innovative perspective from a scientific standpoint are reported. More specifically, the review describes in depth how the use of metabolic engineering of the microbial biotransformations and of the isolated enzymes were exploited in order to perform chemo- and stereoselective chemical transformations of interest for sesquiterpenes synthesis.

Multifaceted Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Polyurethanes and its Composites

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shivang K. Desai ◽  
Smritilekha Bera ◽  
Dhananjoy Mondal
Keyword(s):  
Special Group ◽  
Synthesis Properties ◽  
Synthetic Approaches

The primary aim of this article is to update many important synthetic pathways, properties and applications of the polyurethanes and its composites. Polyurethanes (PUs) are a special group of versatile materials with a great potential for different use in the development of modern, healthy and clean society, including its multifaceted use in the fields of construction and building related work, transportation, furniture and bedding, appliances, packaging, textiles, fibres, apparel, machinery and foundry, electronics, footwear, medical and so forth. Over the last 8-9 decades, several synthetic strategies of the diverse polyurethanes (PUs) are maturely designed and actively executed using various sustainable and non-sustainable methods for miscellaneous applications in different areas. The major advantages of the modern PUs are to impose desired properties in the materials pertinent to the field of work during their preparation by changing a different kind of monomers and additives. Briefly, this review summarizes the overall accounts, importance, synthetic approaches, properties, and miscellaneous applications in the desired scenario in details.

4.1 Strain-Promoted Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition (SPAAC): Background, Substrate Preparation, and Reactivity

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Harris ◽  
I. V. Alabugin
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Preparation ◽  
Challenging Research ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Synthetic Approaches ◽  
New Applications

AbstractThis chapter discusses the creative synthetic approaches to azides and cycloalkynes, provides the rationale for controlling SPAAC reactivity through tuning cycloalkyne and azide backbone modifications, and highlights research on nitrone cycloadditions with cycloalkynes. This synthetic and knowledge toolset will help in the design of better cycloalkynes and their partners to answer challenging research questions and aid the development of new applications.

scholarly journals Synthetic Approaches to Zetekitoxin AB, a Potent Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Inhibitor

Marine Drugs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Kanna Adachi ◽  
Hayate Ishizuka ◽  
Minami Odagi ◽  
Kazuo Nagasawa
Keyword(s):  
Total Synthesis ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Potent Inhibitor ◽  
Voltage Gated ◽  
Voltage Gated Sodium Channels ◽  
Carbon Carbon Bond ◽  
Biological Tool ◽  
Shellfish Toxin ◽  
Synthetic Approaches

Voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVs) are membrane proteins that are involved in the generation and propagation of action potentials in neurons. Recently, the structure of a complex made of a tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-s) NaV subtype with saxitoxin (STX), a shellfish toxin, was determined. STX potently inhibits TTX-s NaV, and is used as a biological tool to investigate the function of NaVs. More than 50 analogs of STX have been isolated from nature. Among them, zetekitoxin AB (ZTX) has a distinctive chemical structure, and is the most potent inhibitor of NaVs, including tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-r) NaV. Despite intensive synthetic studies, total synthesis of ZTX has not yet been achieved. Here, we review recent efforts directed toward the total synthesis of ZTX, including syntheses of 11-saxitoxinethanoic acid (SEA), which is considered a useful synthetic model for ZTX, since it contains a key carbon–carbon bond at the C11 position.

Elastomeric Block Polymers

1980 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 728-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Dreypuss ◽  
L. J. Fetters ◽  
D. R. Hansen
Keyword(s):  
New Technology ◽  
Thermoplastic Elastomer ◽  
Thermoplastic Elastomers ◽  
Block Polymers ◽  
Difficult Challenge ◽  
New Applications

Abstract Development of new thermoplastic elastomers is a challenge for future years. It is a difficult challenge because existing thermoplastic elastomers offer a wide variety of prices and properties with good performance price ratios. Most advancements will probably be accomplished by blending or compounding or by slight molecular modifications of existing products. However, a new thermoplastic elastomer can not be ruled out if new technology is developed. With new applications yet to be discovered, and as existing markets mature, the growth of new and existing thermoplastic elastomers should be exciting in the years ahead.

scholarly journals Synthesis, Characterization and Swelling Characteristics of Graft Copolymerized Isotactic Polypropylene Film

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teena Sehgal ◽  
Sunita Rattan
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Isotactic Polypropylene ◽  
Monomer Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Polypropylene Film ◽  
Maximum Percentage ◽  
Swelling Characteristics ◽  
Water Swelling ◽  
Isotactic Polypropylene Film

Grafted membranes were prepared through chemical graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto isotactic polypropylene film (IPP). The IPP films were grafted with MMA molecules resulting in IPP-g-MMA grafts using benzoyl peroxide as an initiator in an inert nitrogen atmosphere. Using this method, the degree of grafting and morphology could be controlled through the variation of reaction parameters such as initiator concentration, monomer concentration, reaction time, and the reaction temperature. Optimum conditions pertaining to maximum percentage of grafting (%G) were evaluated as a function of these parameters. Maximum percentage of grafting (50%) was obtained at  M, % V/V, and [Reaction Temperature] = in a [Reaction time] of 120 minutes. IPP-g-MMA films were investigated for their swelling behavior. Water-swelling analysis of IPP-g-MMA was carried out as a function of different percentage of grafting, temperatures, and time. Maximum swelling percentage of IPP-g-MMA (92%) was observed in 8 hours at . The evidence of grafting was carried out by Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after grafting, respectively. The swelling pattern was characterized by two distinct stages, an initial diffusion-controlled fast swelling, followed by a subsequent slower process controlled by the relaxation of polymer fragments. Swelling chrematistics of IPP-g-MMA make it a potentially useful material.

scholarly journals Bimetal CuFe Nanoparticles—Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1978
Author(s):  
Zaneta Swiatkowska-Warkocka
Keyword(s):  
Size Structure ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Synthesis Properties ◽  
Earth Abundant ◽  
Review Reports ◽  
Synthetic Approaches ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Bimetal CuFe (copper-iron) nanoparticles, which are based on the earth-abundant and inexpensive metals, have generated a great deal of interest in recent years. The possible modification of the chemical and physical properties of these nanoparticles by changing their size, structure, and composition has contributed to the development of material science. At the same time, the strong tendency of these elements to oxidize under atmospheric conditions makes the synthesis of pure bimetallic CuFe nanoparticles still a great challenge. This review reports on different synthetic approaches to bimetallic CuFe nanoparticles and bimetallic CuFe nanoparticles supported on various materials (active carbide, carbide nanotubes, silica, graphite, cellulose, mesoporous carbide), their structure, physical, and chemical properties, as well as their utility as catalysts, including electrocatalysis and photocatalysis.

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