An overview of conventional and alternative technologies for the production of ultra-low-sulfur fuels

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 669-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prerana Sikarwar ◽  
Vijayalakshmi Gosu ◽  
Verraboina Subbaramaiah
Keyword(s):  
Operating Cost ◽  
Oxidative Desulfurization ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Alternative Technologies ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Deep Desulfurization ◽  
Low Sulfur Content ◽  
Low Sulfur ◽  
Alternative Processes

Abstract Environmental concerns have given a great deal of attention for the production of ultra-low-sulfur fuels. The conventional hydrodesulfurization (HDS) process has high operating cost and also encounters difficulty in removing sulfur compound with steric hindrance. Consequently, various research efforts have been made to overcome the limitation of conventional HDS process and exploring the alternative technologies for deep desulfurization. The alternative processes being explored for the production of ultra-low-sulfur content fuel are adsorptive desulfurization (ADS), biodesulfurization (BDS), oxidative desulfurization (ODS), and extractive desulfurization (EDS). The present article provided the comprehensive information on the basic principle, reaction mechanism, workability, advantages, and disadvantages of conventional and alternative technologies. This review article aims to provide valuable insight into the recent advances made in conventional HDS process and alternative techniques. For deep desulfurization of liquid fuels, integration of conventional HDS with an alternative technique is also proposed.

Advances in Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Deep Adsorptive Desulfurization

2020 ◽  
pp. 63-91
Author(s):  
Saddam A. AL Hammadi
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Carbon Nanomaterials ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Adsorptive Desulfurization ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
Light Cycle Oil ◽  
Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel ◽  
Cycle Oil ◽  
Low Sulfur Content ◽  
Low Sulfur

The ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) is required to comply with stricter government policy on low sulfur content of transportation fuels. Better knowledge of the different factors that concern deep desulfurization of fuels is necessary to achieve ultra-low sulfur content and cheaper way of producing ULSD. Both the capital and operating cost of the adsorptive desulfurization process is cheaper compare to the conventional hydroprocessing. In the future, the need to produce more volume of fuels with very low sulphur content from low-grade feedstocks like heavy oil and light cycle oil in order to meet up with the global demand for sulphur-free fuels is pertinent. Several on-going researches are pointing to the use of adsorbents for removal of sulfur compounds from hydrocarbon refining stream. In this chapter, varieties of carbon nanomaterials suitable for adsorptive desulfurization are discussed. If the active lifetime, where the capacity of the adsorbents are adequate, the approach is practically feasible for commercial application.

Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Desulfurization

2016 ◽  
pp. 154-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tawfik A. Saleh ◽  
Taye Damola Shuaib ◽  
Gaddafi Ibrahim Danmaliki ◽  
Mohammed A. Al-Daous
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Carbon Nanomaterials ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Adsorptive Desulfurization ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel ◽  
Commercial Applications ◽  
Cycle Oil ◽  
Low Sulfur Content ◽  
Low Sulfur

The special interest in ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) is informed by the need to comply with the strict government policy on low sulfur content of transportation fuels. Better knowledge of different factors that concern deep desulfurization of fuels is important to achieve ultra-low sulfur fuels and cheaper way of producing ULSD. Both the capital and operating cost of the adsorptive desulfurization process is cheaper compare to the conventional hydroprocessing. The need to produce more volume of fuel such as diesel with very low sulfur content from low grade feed stocks like heavy oil and light cycle oil (LCO) in order to meet up with the global demand for sulfur-free fuels is pertinent. Several on-going researches are pointing to the use of adsorbents for removal of sulfur compounds from the hydrocarbon refining stream. In this chapter, varieties of carbon nanomaterials suitable for adsorptive desulfurization are discussed. The approach is feasible for commercial applications with any adsorbent of an adequate lifetime of activity as well as high capacity.

Photocatalytic oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene by C/TiO2@MCM-41 nanoparticles under visible light and mild conditions

RSC Advances ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (44) ◽  
pp. 34652-34662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahshid Zarrabi ◽  
Mohammad H. Entezari ◽  
Elaheh K. Goharshadi
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Oxidative Desulfurization ◽  
Environmental Pressures ◽  
Mild Conditions ◽  
Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel ◽  
Deep Desulfurization ◽  
Desulfurization Process ◽  
Petroleum Refineries ◽  
Low Sulfur ◽  
Mcm 41

Today, due to the environmental pressures on the sulfur content of gasoline and fuel cell applications, petroleum refineries need a very deep desulfurization process to reach the ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD, 1 ppm).

scholarly journals Nanocatalysts for Oxidative Desulfurization of Liquid Fuel: Modern Solutions and the Perspectives of Application in Hybrid Chemical-Biocatalytic Processes

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1131
Author(s):  
Olga Maslova ◽  
Olga Senko ◽  
Argam Akopyan ◽  
Sergey Lysenko ◽  
Alexander Anisimov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Oxidative Desulfurization ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
4S Pathway ◽  
Oil Fractions ◽  
Hybrid Technologies ◽  
Sulfur Containing ◽  
Sulfur Containing Compounds

In this paper, the current advantages and disadvantages of using metal-containing nanocatalysts (NCs) for deep chemical oxidative desulfurization (ODS) of liquid fuels are reviewed. A similar analysis is performed for the oxidative biodesulfurization of oil along the 4S-pathway, catalyzed by various aerobic bacterial cells of microorganisms. The preferences of using NCs for the oxidation of organic sulfur-containing compounds in various oil fractions seem obvious. The text discusses the development of new chemical and biocatalytic approaches to ODS, including the use of both heterogeneous NCs and anaerobic microbial biocatalysts that catalyze the reduction of chemically oxidized sulfur-containing compounds in the framework of methanogenesis. The addition of anaerobic biocatalytic stages to the ODS of liquid fuel based on NCs leads to the emergence of hybrid technologies that improve both the environmental characteristics and the economic efficiency of the overall process. The bioconversion of sulfur-containing extracts from fuels with accompanying hydrocarbon residues into biogas containing valuable components for the implementation of C-1 green chemistry processes, such as CH4, CO2, or H2, looks attractive for the implementation of such a hybrid process.

Advances in Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Deep Adsorptive Desulfurization

2021 ◽  
pp. 1809-1831
Author(s):  
Saddam A. AL Hammadi
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Carbon Nanomaterials ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Adsorptive Desulfurization ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
Light Cycle Oil ◽  
Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel ◽  
Cycle Oil ◽  
Low Sulfur Content ◽  
Low Sulfur

The ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) is required to comply with stricter government policy on low sulfur content of transportation fuels. Better knowledge of the different factors that concern deep desulfurization of fuels is necessary to achieve ultra-low sulfur content and cheaper way of producing ULSD. Both the capital and operating cost of the adsorptive desulfurization process is cheaper compare to the conventional hydroprocessing. In the future, the need to produce more volume of fuels with very low sulphur content from low-grade feedstocks like heavy oil and light cycle oil in order to meet up with the global demand for sulphur-free fuels is pertinent. Several on-going researches are pointing to the use of adsorbents for removal of sulfur compounds from hydrocarbon refining stream. In this chapter, varieties of carbon nanomaterials suitable for adsorptive desulfurization are discussed. If the active lifetime, where the capacity of the adsorbents are adequate, the approach is practically feasible for commercial application.

scholarly journals Carbon-Based Materials for Oxidative Desulfurization and Denitrogenation of Fuels: A Review

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1239
Author(s):  
Fernanda F. Roman ◽  
Jose L. Díaz de Tuesta ◽  
Adrián M. T. Silva ◽  
Joaquim L. Faria ◽  
Helder T. Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Special Section ◽  
Oxidative Desulfurization ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Traditional Treatment ◽  
Low Sulfur ◽  
Hybrid Forms ◽  
Carbon Based

Sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) are elements naturally found in petroleum-based fuels. S- and N-based compounds in liquid fuels are associated with a series of health and environmental issues. Thus, legislation has become stricter worldwide regarding their content and related emissions. Traditional treatment systems (namely hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation) fail to achieve the desired levels of S and N contents in fuels without compromising combustion parameters. Thus, oxidative treatments (oxidative desulfurization–ODS, and oxidative denitrogenation-ODN) are emerging as alternatives to producing ultra-low-sulfur and nitrogen fuels. This paper presents a thorough review of ODS and ODN processes applying carbon-based materials, either in hybrid forms or as catalysts on their own. Focus is brought to the role of the carbonaceous structure in oxidative treatments. Furthermore, a special section related to the use of amphiphilic carbon-based catalysts, which have some advantages related to a closer interaction with the oily and aqueous phases, is discussed.

Polyoxometalate as an effective catalyst for the oxidative desulfurization of liquid fuels: a critical review

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 831-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid Taghizadeh ◽  
Elaheh Mehrvarz ◽  
Amirhossein Taghipour
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
High Selectivity ◽  
Oxidative Desulfurization ◽  
Sulfur Compounds ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Effective Catalyst ◽  
Organic Sulfur Compounds ◽  
The Past ◽  
Deep Desulfurization

AbstractIn order to meet the stringent environmental and industrial legislation on fuel specifications, sulfur compounds have to be removed efficiently from fuels. The requirement to produce ultralow-sulfur fuels (S < 10 ppm) has stimulated many works in the area of conventional hydro-desulfurization (HDS) method. Oxidative desulfurization (ODS), as an alternative or complementary technology to HDS for deep desulfurization, is conducted with high selectivity and reactivity to sterically hindered S compounds under mild reaction conditions. In the ODS process, using an appropriate oxidant in the presence of a catalyst, organic sulfur compounds can be oxidized selectively to their corresponding sulfoxides and sulfones, which can be easily removed by different separation methods. Having great catalytic characteristics, polyoxometalate materials have been utilized as a vital class of catalysts for deep desulfurization of fuels. In the past few decades, ODS of fuels using polyoxometalate as catalyst has drawn much attention, and various studies have been carried out in this area. Here, we give a critical review for the removal of sulfur compounds from liquid fuels (mostly from diesel and model fuels) by ODS via homogeneous and heterogeneous polyoxometalate catalysts.

Enrichment of polymeric WOx species in WOx@SnO2 catalysts for ultra-deep oxidative desulfurization of liquid fuels

Fuel ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 290 ◽  
pp. 120036
Author(s):  
Antony Rajendran ◽  
Hong-Xia Fan ◽  
Tian-You Cui ◽  
Jie Feng ◽  
Wen-Ying Li
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Desulfurization ◽  
Liquid Fuels

Investigation of the qualities of some promising oils of the Absheron oil and gas region

2021 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
Yu.A. Abdulayeva ◽  
◽  
N.H. Alekperova ◽  
S.B. Logmanova ◽  
N.F. Kafarova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Viscosity Index ◽  
Hydrocarbon Composition ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Group I ◽  
Oil Fractions ◽  
Low Sulfur Content ◽  
Selective Refining ◽  
Low Sulfur

The article presents the characteristics of characteristic oils of the Apsheron oil and gas region, as well as the hydrocarbon composition of light and oil fractions. Oils of the Apsheron oil and gas region in terms of light fractions, sulfur content, and density are comparable to marketing grades of oils. The standards for prices are: graded crude oil WTI, Light Sweet, Brent, and Russian oils Sokol, Urals, Siberian Light are approaching them. We have studied in detail the yields and hydrocarbon composition of light and oil fractions of oils from the Apsheron oil and gas region. To obtain oils with a high viscosity index, studies were carried out to change the structure of oil fractions using hydrogen using the example of oil fractions of Azeri oil. Due to the significant content of aromatic hydrocarbons, schemes for the processing of oil fractions have been developed, including selective purification of distillates, dewaxing (except for Guneshli oil), as well as hydrocatalytic treatment in a severe mode in the presence of industrial Russian catalysts. As a result, it was possible to obtain API group I oils, according to the viscosity classification corresponding to SAE 20 and SAE 30. Thus, a study of the qualities and hydrocarbon composition of oils from the Absheron oil and gas region showed that these oils are characterized by a high content of light fractions, low density, and low sulfur content. According to these indicators, these oils correspond to the marker oils. In order to obtain base oils with a viscosity index of ≥90 and an aromatic hydrocarbon content of ≥10, a traditional refining method was used: selective refining, dewaxing, and severe hydrotreating.

scholarly journals Extractive Deep Desulfurization of Liquid Fuels Using Lewis-Based Ionic Liquids

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swapnil A. Dharaskar ◽  
Kailas L. Wasewar ◽  
Mahesh N. Varma ◽  
Diwakar Z. Shende
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Green Solvents ◽  
Model Liquid ◽  
New Class ◽  
Deep Desulfurization ◽  
Desulfurization Efficiency

A new class of green solvents, known as ionic liquids (ILs), has recently been the subject of intensive research on the extractive desulfurization of liquid fuels because of the limitation of traditional hydrodesulfurization method. In present work, eleven Lewis acid ionic liquids were synthesized and employed as promising extractants for deep desulfurization of the liquid fuel containing dibenzothiophene (DBT) to test the desulfurization efficiency. [Bmim]Cl/FeCl3was the most promising ionic liquid and performed the best among studied ionic liquids under the same operating conditions. It can remove dibenzothiophene from the model liquid fuel in the single-stage extraction process with the maximum desulfurization efficiency of 75.6%. It was also found that [Bmim]Cl/FeCl3may be reused without regeneration with considerable extraction efficiency of 47.3%. Huge saving on energy can be achieved if we make use of this ionic liquids behavior in process design, instead of regenerating ionic liquids after every time of extraction.

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