The Value of Consumer Data in Online Advertising

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-289
Author(s):  
Marc Bourreau ◽  
Bernard Caillaud ◽  
Romain de Nijs
Keyword(s):  
Information Disclosure ◽  
Value Of Information ◽  
Online Advertising ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Incremental Value ◽  
Imperfectly Competitive ◽  
Social Returns ◽  
Consumer Data ◽  
The Cost

Abstract In this paper we propose a model where consumer personal data have multidimensional characteristics, and are used by platforms to offer ad slots with better targeting possibilities to a market of differentiated advertisers through real-time auctions. A platform controls the amount of information about consumers that it discloses to advertisers, thereby affecting the dispersion of advertisers’ valuations for the slot. We first show by way of simulations that the amount of consumer-specific information that is optimally revealed to advertisers increases with the degree of competition on the advertising market and decreases with the cost of information disclosure for a monopolistic platform, competing platforms or a welfare-maximizing platform, provided the advertising market is not highly concentrated. Second, we exhibit different properties between the welfare-maximizing situation and the imperfectly competitive market situations with respect to how the incremental value of information varies: there are decreasing social returns to consumers’ data, while private returns may be increasing or decreasing locally.

Understanding the disclosure of personal data online

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather J. Parker ◽  
Stephen Flowerday
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Information Disclosure ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Privacy Violation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Insight Into

Purpose Social media has created a new level of interconnected communication. However, the use of online platforms brings about various ways in which a user’s personal data can be put at risk. This study aims to investigate what drives the disclosure of personal information online and whether an increase in awareness of the value of personal information motivates users to safeguard their information. Design/methodology/approach Fourteen university students participated in a mixed-methods experiment, where responses to Likert-type scale items were combined with responses to interview questions to provide insight into the cost–benefit analysis users conduct when disclosing information online. Findings Overall, the findings indicate that users are able to disregard their concerns due to a resigned and apathetic attitude towards privacy. Furthermore, subjective norms enhanced by fear of missing out (FOMO) further allows users to overlook potential risks to their information in order to avoid social isolation and sanction. Alternatively, an increased awareness of the personal value of information and having experienced a previous privacy violation encourage the protection of information and limited disclosure. Originality/value This study provides insight into privacy and information disclosure on social media in South Africa. To the knowledge of the researchers, this is the first study to include a combination of the theory of planned behaviour and the privacy calculus model, together with the antecedent factors of personal valuation of information, trust in the social media provider, FOMO.

scholarly journals Risk Disclosure and Cost of Equity: A Bayesian Approach

Revista CEA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 25-43
Author(s):  
Jose Miguel Tirado-Beltrán ◽  
José David Cabedo ◽  
Dennis Esther Muñoz-Ramírez
Keyword(s):  
Information Disclosure ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Risk Information ◽  
Financial Risks ◽  
Risk Disclosure ◽  
Cost Of Equity ◽  
Global View ◽  
Bayesian Linear Regression ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

This paper aims to analyze the relationship between risk information disclosure and the cost of equity of companies in the Spanish capital market. This study uses a set of 71 firms listed on Madrid stock exchange between 2010 and 2015; all of them are non-financial listed companies for which profit forecasts existed. The problem was analyzed using a Bayesian linear regression approach. The results show that cost of equity and disclosed risk information are not related if a global view of the latter is adopted. However, a positive relationship between financial risks and the cost of equity occurs when risk information is divided into financial and non-financial risks.

scholarly journals Social Welfare Analysis under Different Levels of Consumers’ Privacy Regulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 2943-2964
Author(s):  
Xudong Lin ◽  
Xiaoli Huang ◽  
Shuilin Liu ◽  
Yulin Li ◽  
Hanyang Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Information Sharing ◽  
Privacy Protection ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Privacy Regulation ◽  
Privacy Preference ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

With the rapid development of information technology, digital platforms can collect, utilize, and share large amounts of specific information of consumers. However, these behaviors may endanger information security, thus causing privacy concerns among consumers. Considering the information sharing among firms, this paper constructs a two-period duopoly price competition Hotelling model, and gives insight into the impact of three different levels of privacy regulations on industry profit, consumer surplus, and social welfare. The results show that strong privacy protection does not necessarily make consumers better off, and weak privacy protection does not necessarily hurt consumers. Information sharing among firms will lead to strong competitive effects, which will prompt firms to lower the price for new customers, thus damaging the profits of firms, and making consumers’ surplus higher. The level of social welfare under different privacy regulations depends on consumers’ product-privacy preference, and the cost of information coordination among firms. With the cost of information coordination among firms increasing, it is only in areas where consumers have greater privacy preferences that social welfare may be optimal under the weak regulation.

scholarly journals A Financial Model for Economic Analysis of Cement Factory

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-72
Author(s):  
Bijan Bidabad ◽  
Mahshid Sherafati ◽  
Rohollah Mohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Financial Model ◽  
Software Application ◽  
Cement Factory ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
The Cost

In this paper, a method is presented to combine financial data and financial statements for economic analysis, which consequently introduces a software application for determining the economic structure of a cement factory. This software converts nearly 300 items of raw data of a cement factory to almost 4 times more economic-analytic information. The software analyzes the quantity and quality of production activities in addition to the cost structure of the concerned cement factory. It provides more than 80 descriptive figures, which have been defined previously and are applied to illustrate the economic structure of the cement factory. The calculated tables and figures are able to guide decision makers of the cement factory with regard to inefficiencies, obstacles, and various problems in the factory. In the end, a set of policies for increasing production efficiency and reducing costs are expressed briefly, which can be considered as the primary plans to operationalize the analytical information of the software. It is worth to mention that the presented structure of the software has been designed for Abyek Cement Factory. However, it can be employed as a guiding project for other cement factories as well. In other words, the software can be rebuilt with consideration of their specific information by revising and adjusting the software structure to cover their specific features.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF ACCOUNTING AND TAXATION OF BUSINESS CARDS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliia Kostyshyn ◽  
Yulia Kovalchuk
Keyword(s):  
Economic Effect ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Business World ◽  
Society Business ◽  
Customer Base ◽  
Business Partners ◽  
Business Goals ◽  
Primary Documents ◽  
The Cost

The article considers modern aspects of the use, accounting and taxation of business cards, which are currently an integral part of communication and exchange of contacts in the business world. In particular, the essence of the concept of “business card” is studied, which is a carrier of information not only about the person-owner, but usually also contains information about the activities of the enterprise where its owner works. The classification of business cards into personal, business and corporate depending on their application and the information presented on them is systematized. Particular attention is paid to business cards, which are also a tool for advertising, as well as corporate, because, when they are distributed is the primary information to society, business partners about the company (company) and its activities. The authors substantiate why business cards are not an “additional benefit”, because they are issued to employees not for his personal purposes, but to achieve business goals of the employer: expanding customer base, increasing sales, making a profit, etc., in addition, companies do not give them in the property, but only oblige employees to use such cards during contacts with various participants in economic activity. Accordingly, the influence of such a decision on the process of taxation of the manufacture of this type of business cards is shown. The peculiarities of displaying information on the movement of business cards in the account, which requires their identification as “assets”, or rather – “stocks”, because they fully meet the criteria for defining these terms, presented in the legislation of Ukraine. Business cards are a controlled material resource of the enterprise, in which in the past certain funds or other stocks are invested, and in the future it is expected to receive from their distribution economic effect – benefit, it is an asset of the enterprise. Analytical accounts are offered to detail information on the cost of self-made or purchased business cards, which will facilitate the formation of clear management reports, will provide specific information for internal analysis. The sequence of reflection in the accounting of expenses at the time of transfer (write-off from the balance) of business cards depending on the center of responsibility with the use of certain primary documents is given.

Deposit Supply and Bank Transparency

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liangliang Jiang ◽  
Ross Levine ◽  
Chen Lin ◽  
Wensi Xie
Keyword(s):  
Voluntary Disclosure ◽  
Information Disclosure ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Technological Innovations ◽  
External Funding ◽  
Earnings Guidance ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Bank Deposits ◽  
Bank Managers ◽  
The Cost

Does a bank’s dependence on different external funding sources shape its voluntary disclosure of information? We evaluate whether economic shocks that increase the supply of bank deposits alter the cost–benefit calculations of bank managers concerning voluntary information disclosure. We measure information disclosure using 10-K filings, 8-K filings, and earnings guidance. As for the funding shock, we use unanticipated technological innovations that triggered shale development and booms in bank deposits. Further analyses suggest that greater exposure to shale development reduced information disclosure by relaxing the incentives for managers to disclose information to attract funds from external capital markets. This paper was accepted by Kay Giesecke, finance.

scholarly journals Carbon Information Disclosure, Marketization, and Cost of Equity Financing

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Li ◽  
Quanqi Liu ◽  
Jun Wang ◽  
Xuefei Hong
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Information Disclosure ◽  
Cost Of Equity ◽  
Equity Financing ◽  
Heavy Pollution ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

Using listed enterprises in China’s heavy pollution industry from 2009 to 2013, this study tests the relationship between marketization degree, carbon information disclosure, and the cost of equity financing. The results show that, regardless of marketization degree, the overall level of carbon information disclosure of listed enterprises in China’s heavy pollution industry is low. The content of carbon information disclosure is mainly non-financial carbon information, and the financial carbon information disclosure is very low. The cost of equity financing is different in areas with different marketization degrees, specifically speaking, the cost of equity financing is lower in regions with a high marketization degree than that of a low marketization degree. Carbon information disclosure, non-financial carbon information disclosure, and financial carbon information disclosure are negatively correlated with the cost of equity financing. The marketization degree has strengthened the negative correlation between carbon information disclosure, non-financial carbon information disclosure, financial carbon information disclosure, and the cost of equity financing, respectively.

scholarly journals The “Elderly” in Medicine: Ethical Issues Surrounding This Outdated and Discriminatory Term

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 004695801985697
Author(s):  
Javad Hekmat-panah
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Health Care Rationing ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Science And Art ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Surgical Treatments ◽  
The Cost

The objective of this study was to investigate and describe how the use of the term “elderly” contributes to bias and problems within the medical system. A systematic review of the relevant literature and history was conducted. The term “elderly” does not define age accurately and carries bias and prejudice that lead to harm through discriminatory practices, institutional prejudices, and “ageist” policies in society and medicine. Doctors and healthcare providers seldom intentionally try to harm any patient, but might do so through unconscious anti-elderly bias. Studies indicate that medical students already demonstrate anti-elderly bias; researchers may lump patients aged 65 and over together, confounding specific information needed for individualized treatments; and out of unwarranted concern, medical and surgical treatments may be denied, despite minimal increased risk of mortality. When the cost of healthcare rises, it is the elderly against whom rationing is suggested. The term “elderly” has no place in medicine. Anti-elderly health care rationing is as unethical as rationing targeted against any group. It is reverse paternalism to make rules that limit others’ medical care, happiness, and life span without their consent. Medicine is the science and art of individual communication, evaluation and treatment. Once we deny care to any one group, we open the door to denial to others.

scholarly journals Use of Targeted Amplicon Sequencing in Peanut to Generate Allele Information on Allotetraploid Sub-Genomes

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1220
Author(s):  
Roshan Kulkarni ◽  
Ratan Chopra ◽  
Jennifer Chagoya ◽  
Charles E. Simpson ◽  
Michael R. Baring ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Routine Practice ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Illumina Hiseq ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Polymorphic Snps ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
A Genome ◽  
The Cost

The use of molecular markers in plant breeding has become a routine practice, but the cost per accession can be a hindrance to the routine use of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) identification in breeding programs. In this study, we demonstrate the use of targeted re-sequencing as a proof of concept of a cost-effective approach to retrieve highly informative allele information, as well as develop a bioinformatics strategy to capture the genome-specific information of a polyploid species. SNPs were identified from alignment of raw transcriptome reads (2 × 50 bp) to a synthetic tetraploid genome using BWA followed by a GATK pipeline. Regions containing high polymorphic SNPs in both A genome and B genomes were selected as targets for the resequencing study. Targets were amplified using multiplex PCR followed by sequencing on an Illumina HiSeq. Eighty-one percent of the SNP calls in diploids and 68% of the SNP calls in tetraploids were confirmed. These results were also confirmed by KASP validation. Based on this study, we find that targeted resequencing technologies have potential for obtaining maximum allele information in allopolyploids at reduced cost.

scholarly journals Analyst Following, Environmental Disclosure and Cost of Equity: Research Based on Industry Classification

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng Yao ◽  
Haotian Liang
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Information Disclosure ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Environmental Information ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Cost Of Equity ◽  
Environmental Disclosure ◽  
Analyst Following ◽  
Environmental Information Disclosure ◽  
The Cost

Prior studies argue that an analyst is an important mediator between a firm and investors, and has a significant influence on the cost of equity. However, how analyst following influences the cost of equity has not been studied in depth. In the Chinese setting, where environmental information has attracted much attention, we explore the interaction among analyst following, environmental information disclosure, and cost of equity. With two linear regression methods of ordinary least squares (OLS) and two-Stage least squares (2SLS), we establish regressions to verify the relationships among them by using empirical data from 2004 to 2011 in China. The results show that analyst following can improve environmental information disclosure and lower the cost of equity. This interaction is more significant in the heavy-pollution industry and after new environmental policy is issued. We also find that environmental disclosure has a mediating effect, which determines how analyst following influences the cost of equity. The results expand the research on environmental information’s motivations and economic consequences.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document