The Islamization of Economies and Knowledge

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 22-45
Author(s):  
Habib Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Economics ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
New Institutional Economics ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
The Status ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Islamic Economic ◽  
Over Time

Using ideas from New Institutional Economics (NIE), this paper examines the Islamization of economies and links it to the Islamization of knowledge. NIE uses a multi-disciplinary approach to explain how economic structures evolve and change over time. These structures are studied at four levels: cultural, institutional, organizational, and transactional. While culture embodies a given society’s body of knowledge, the nature and growth of that knowledge determine the type and evolution of an economy’s institutions, organizations, and transactions. This paper contends that the Islamization of economies failed mainly due to a lack of the Islamic knowledge needed to produce the appropriate institutions and organizations. After examining the status of knowledge in the Muslim world, examples of legal institutions are presented to illustrate how dormant Islamic scholarship led to economic structures that lack an Islamic ethos. Establishing an Islamic economic structure would require reorienting an Islamic society’s culture via the creation of new Islamic knowledge that can build appropriate institutions, organizations, and transactions.

The Islamization of Economies and Knowledge

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 22-45
Author(s):  
Habib Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Economics ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
New Institutional Economics ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
The Status ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Islamic Economic ◽  
Over Time

Using ideas from New Institutional Economics (NIE), this paper examines the Islamization of economies and links it to the Islamization of knowledge. NIE uses a multi-disciplinary approach to explain how economic structures evolve and change over time. These structures are studied at four levels: cultural, institutional, organizational, and transactional. While culture embodies a given society’s body of knowledge, the nature and growth of that knowledge determine the type and evolution of an economy’s institutions, organizations, and transactions. This paper contends that the Islamization of economies failed mainly due to a lack of the Islamic knowledge needed to produce the appropriate institutions and organizations. After examining the status of knowledge in the Muslim world, examples of legal institutions are presented to illustrate how dormant Islamic scholarship led to economic structures that lack an Islamic ethos. Establishing an Islamic economic structure would require reorienting an Islamic society’s culture via the creation of new Islamic knowledge that can build appropriate institutions, organizations, and transactions.

scholarly journals Kultura korporacji w perspektywie nowej ekonomii instytucjonalnej

1970 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 133-145
Author(s):  
Bożena Klimczak
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Corporate Culture ◽  
Institutional Economics ◽  
New Institutional Economics ◽  
Traditional Religion ◽  
Economic Culture ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Corporate Social

The aim of this article is to approach the roots of the corporate culture in the light of New Institutional Economics. The basis of analysis is the concept of four levels of the institutions by O.E. Williamson. The corporate governance is embedded in tradition (level 1) and in formal institutions (level 2). In European civilization tradition means especially – religion, so the American and European corporations culture is connected with religious Christian values. In the first part of the article the traditional, religion embeddedness of economic culture (level 1) is discussed. In the second part of the article two institutional theories of corporate governance (level 3) are discussed: agency theory and transactions costs theory. The connection between level 3 and level 1 as the roots of corporate governance is the transactions cost theory. In the summary the integration between corporate governance and corporate social responsibility is shown.

Blood, Sweat, and Tears: The Rise and Decline of the East German Economy, 1949–1988 / Blut, Schweiß, Tränen: Aufstieg und Niedergang der ostdeutschen Wirtschaft, 1949–1988

2000 ◽  
Vol 220 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Blum ◽  
Leonard Dudley
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Institutional Economics ◽  
Foreign Capital ◽  
German Economy ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
New Institutional Economics ◽  
Neoclassical Economics ◽  
Economic Decline ◽  
East German

SummaryThe rise of the East-German economy in the 1950s and 1960s and its decline in the 1970s and 1980s is difficult to explain by neoclassical economics. However; the observed life cycle may be explained by the inclusion of concepts from old and new institutional economics and from functional economics. Three distinct periods may be identified. During the “blood” period of forced development and autocratic rule, the information system and the system of property rights were roughly compatible with the economic structure. Then, in the “sweat” period, an attempt to overtake the capitalistic societies failed. Finally, in the “tears” period, economic decline could only be disguised by unsustainable inflows of foreign capital. This institutional explanation of the East-German collapse is tested with data for the period 1949-1988 and cannot be rejected.

Alfarabi on the Prudence of Founders

1998 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Colmo
Keyword(s):  
Political Order ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
The Status ◽  
Over Time

Two striking features of Alfarabi's Book of Religion remind us of Machiavelli's Prince. Alfarabi is very much concerned with what Machiavelli would call a new prince, the founder of a political order. Like Machiavelli, Alfarabi emphasizes the extent to which the founder needs prudence, understood as the faculty by which political men make sound determinations about particular circumstances. The status of prudence is enhanced by the pervasiveness of change over time as Alfarabi sees it. The pervasiveness of change entails that any political founding will require repeated, and prudent, renewal. For Alfarabi, as for Machiavelli, the varying dictates of prudence in response to specific political situations pose a challenge to the universal rules or laws found in religion. Alfarabi differs from Machiavelli in carefully distinguishing prudence from mere cunning or cleverness, depending on whether or not the end sought is morally good.

Development, Informal Institutions and Agency Analyzed through the Lens of New Institutional Anthropology: A Modification of Ensminger’s Framework on Institutional Change

2017 ◽  
Vol 137 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 69-91
Author(s):  
Johanna Friederike Goetter
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Change ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Institutional Economics ◽  
Informal Institutions ◽  
New Institutional Economics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Status ◽  
Specific Outcome ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

In development research, much effort has gone into analyzing the impact of economic and political institutions and their adequate design. However, unforeseen factors such as the impact of the cumulative behavior of individuals as shaped by informal institutions – especially social norms and moral values – may also determine the pace and path of development. Thus, positive economic, social or political triggers may only then translate into development if the relevant actors adapt their strategies and actions appropriately. Similarly, while negative triggers may induce a deterioration of the socioeconomic situation if no adaptation or a mal-adaptation takes place, in another real-world setting with a different set of institutions and actors it may in turn be possible to preserve the status quo. Sound analytical frameworks are needed to gain a deeper understanding of the complex and dynamic interaction of factors leading to a case-specific outcome and history of change. These frameworks have to be specific enough to allow the interpretation of complex changes and dynamics and at the same time general enough to fully cover a broad range of diverse settings and all important but possibly unforeseen aspects. In this paper, I present a modified version of the Framework for Modeling Institutional Change developed by Jean Ensminger (1992). Accounting for the relationships and dynamics of incentives, formal and informal institutions, bargaining power and the constellation of actors, Ensminger’s framework, which is rooted in the theoretical approach of New Institutional Anthropology, merges important aspects from New Institutional Economics and anthropology. However, it fails to leave room for agency which, as the paper illustrates, has been shown to play an often important role in development. The modified version of Ensminger’s framework incorporates agency as a main factor. For the purpose of demonstration, it is applied to a case study on informal constraints to cope with cattle rustling in Madagascar. The paper illustrates the modified framework’s analytical strength for a meticulous investigation of a wide range of empirical cases and discusses to which development-related cases and research interests it fits best. JEL Codes: B52, O1, N57, Z13

The Status of the Extension of estar in Cuban Spanish

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela G. Alfaraz
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Time Study ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Cuban Spanish ◽  
Variationist Sociolinguistics ◽  
The Status ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Significant Factors

AbstractThis paper presents variationist sociolinguistics research on the copula estar with predicate adjectives in Cuban Spanish, a variety in which it appears to have gone largely uninvestigated. To examine its social and linguistic distribution, a real-time study with data from the 1960s and 1990s was coupled with an apparent-time study with data from the 1990s. Findings showed that generation and adjective type were significant factors constraining the variation. The comparison of different generations in real and apparent time suggested that the frequency of estar had increased significantly in the younger generation compared to older ones, and it had remained stable for the two age cohorts studied in real time. Results for following adjective showed that the extension of estar was favored in two of eight adjective classes. These findings suggest that Cuban Spanish has experienced a change over time in the frequency and distribution of innovative estar with predicate adjectives.

scholarly journals Сохранность и изменяемость поэтико-стилевых слагаемых в разновременных записях песни «Шара Гюргю» эпоса «Джангар»

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-566
Author(s):  
Bayrta B. Mandzhieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Audio Recording ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Heroic Epic ◽  
The Status ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Plot Structure ◽  
Over Time

Introduction. In the system of artistic and visual means, the epithet occupies one of the important places. To create a heroic image, the narrator uses epithets that characterize the status of the hero, age and heroic merits of the heroes. Goal and tasks. The purpose of the article is to study artistic-identifying combinations - epithets in the recordings of the song “Shara Gyurgyu” at different times, to identify their preservation and change over time. To achieve the goal, the following tasks were solved: epithets were identified in three different-temporal texts of the song “Shara Gyurgyu” (1862, 1970, 1971), a comparative analysis of artistic-identifying combinations in the texts of different dzhangarchi was carried out. Method. To study the poetical and stylistic texture, we applied the comparative method. The material of the research was records of different times: 1) “The Song about how the famous Ulan Shovshur of the mangas khan of the Ferocious Shara Gyurgyu reproached the Maloderbet cycle of 1862; 2) an audio recording of “Songs about the duel of a lion [-the hero] Ulan Khongor the Beautiful with the Ferocious Shara Gyurgyu” by Jangarchi Telty Lidzhiev 1970; 3) audio recording of “Song of Shara Gyurgyu” by jangarchi Mikhail Mandzhiev 1971. Results. The study of epithets in recordings of the song “Shara Gyurgyu” at different times showed that over more than a century that has passed since the first recording, the epic text in its artistic embodiment has undergone changes. The song “Shara Gyurgyu” of the Maloderbet cycle of 1862 is distinguished by an abundance of epithets, while in the recordings of the late tradition of the epic, there is a transformation of the artistic level of the text. Storytellers Teltya Lidzhiev and Mikhail Mandzhiev adhere to the main plot structure in the process of performance, without sharpening attention to poetic tropes. Observations of the texts of different storytellers at different times show that Dzhangarchi, having a wider epic knowledge, performs the song in accordance with the criteria of fidelity of reproduction, following the tradition of the epic school to which he belonged. A comparative analysis of recordings of the song “Shara Gyurgyu” at different times allowed us to identify constant units at the level of textual embodiment, which accumulate the poetical and stylistic basis of the epic narrative and mark the key links of the epic narration of the Kalmyk heroic epic “Dzhangar”.

The New Institutional Economics: Taking Stock, Looking Ahead

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 595-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver E Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Economics ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
New Institutional Economics ◽  
Social Analysis ◽  
Unfinished Business ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
The Past ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Human Actors

This paper examines the progressive development of the new institutional economics over the past quarter century. It begins by distinguishing four levels of social analysis, with special emphasis on the institutional environment and the institutions of governance. It then turns to some of the good ideas out of which the NIE works: the description of human actors, feasibility, firms as governance structures, and operationalization. Applications, including privatization, are briefly discussed. Its empirical successes, public policy applications, and other accomplishments notwithstanding, there is a vast amount of unfinished business.

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