Finalidade e domínio: a forma verbal nas orações finais introduzidas por para

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Vesterinen
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Additional Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Subjunctive Mood ◽  
European Portuguese ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Purpose Clauses ◽  
General Explanation

AbstractThe present paper deals with the occurrence of different verb forms in European Portuguese purpose clauses. A quantitative analysis is conducted in order to detect general tendencies in the use of the infinitive, the inflected infinitive and the subjunctive mood in this grammatical context. From a Cognitive Grammar perspective of linguistic analysis, it is argued that the occurrence of different verb forms can be explained by the concept of dominion. An additional analysis of the subjunctive mood and infinitival verb forms in other grammatical contexts suggests that the notion of dominion can offer a general explanation for the meaning of the subjunctive mood.

Mood choice in complements of Spanish comprender and Portuguese compreender (‘understand’) – distribution and meaning

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-302
Author(s):  
Rainer Vesterinen
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Subjunctive Mood ◽  
European Portuguese ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Mood Choice

Abstract The present paper analyzes the occurrence of indicative and subjunctive complements of the verbs comprender (Spanish) and compreender (Portuguese) in European Spanish and European Portuguese. A quantitative analysis based on 400 occurrences of the complements randomly selected from the newspaper genre shows that the indicative mood occurs more frequently than the subjunctive mood in both languages, although the subjunctive mood is more frequent in the Portuguese corpus than in the Spanish one. The analysis also shows that the occurrence of the subjunctive complement is highly restricted to contexts in which the subject of the main clause verb is either 1st person or 3rd person singular. From the theoretical perspective of Cognitive Grammar, the mood alternation is explained by the concept of dominion, i.e. the indicative complement designates an event that is located within the conceptualizer’s epistemic dominion, whereas the subjunctive complement designates an event that is located outside the conceptualizer’s dominion of effective control.

Control and dominion: Factivity and mood choice in Spanish

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Vesterinen
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Additional Analysis ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Subjunctive Mood ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control ◽  
Initial Classification ◽  
Mood Choice

AbstractThe present paper analyses the meaning of Spanish mood in factive contexts from a Cognitive Grammar perspective. It is argued that terms like assertion and presupposition do not explain the semantics of the subjunctive. Rather, they constitute an initial classification for finding a conceptually grounded explanation of it. The hypothesis is put forward that mood choice in factive contexts can be explained by the elaboration of Maldonado's (1995) notions of dominion and control. On the one hand, the conceptualizer has a low degree of effective control over the described event in presupposed contexts where the subjunctive mood occurs. On the other hand, presupposed contexts with the verb in the indicative mood equates with epistemic control over the described event. Thus, it is argued that the meaning of the subjunctive mood is related to the conceptualizer's epistemic dominion, and to the dominion of effective control. An additional analysis of the subjunctive mood in volitional, causative and perceptual contexts corroborates the initial claim.

O modo verbal em expressões impessoais com o verbo ser

Revue Romane ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Vesterinen
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Subjunctive Mood

The subjunctive mood has frequently been explained in terms of unreality, presupposition, non-assertion and the distinction between new and old information. Although these explanations offer a partial account of the semantics of this mood, it is shown that many occurrences of the subjunctive mood remain unexplained. This being so, the present paper aims at explaining the indicative and subjunctive mood in impersonal expressions with the verb ser from a Cognitive Grammar perspective of linguistic analysis. The analysis shows that the variation between the indicative and subjunctive mood in this grammatical context can be explained in terms of dominion and control. An extension of the analysis further shows that it may account for the occurrence of the subjunctive mood in other grammatical contexts.

Factividade e modo verbal

Revue Romane ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Vesterinen
Keyword(s):  
Active Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Additional Analysis ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Subjunctive Mood ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Mood Variation

The traditional way of explaining the subjunctive mood in Portuguese is utterly related to the distinction made between reality and non-reality. That is, while the indicative mood has been explained in terms of reality, the subjunctive has been the mood of non-reality. Although this explanation covers many occurrences of the subjunctive mood, it is also recognized that it fails to explain the use of the subjunctive mood in factive contexts. This being so, the present study aims at explaining the variation between the indicative and subjunctive mood in factive contexts from a Cognitive Grammar perspective. The hypothesis put forward is that the mood variation can be explained in terms of dominion and control. Thus, it is claimed that the subjunctive mood in factive contexts can be explained by a reduced degree of active control, this being consistent with an event that is located outside the conceptualizer’s dominion of effective control. On the other hand, the indicative mood occurs in contexts of epistemic control that are located inside the conceptualizer’s epistemic dominion. An additional analysis of the subjunctive mood in other grammatical contexts corroborates the initial claim.

Null se constructions in Brazilian and European Portuguese: morphosyntactic deletion or emergence of new constructions?

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Augusto Soares da Silva ◽  
Susana Afonso ◽  
Dafne Palú ◽  
Karlien Franco
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Methods ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Important Predictor ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Methods ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Passive Construction ◽  
European Portuguese ◽  
Change Of State ◽  
The Moment

Abstract Se constructions designate a set of polysemous constructions along a transitivity continuum marked by the clitic se that perform various functions: reflexive/reciprocal, middle, anticausative, passive, and impersonal. A counterpart of these constructions without the clitic – the null se construction – is also attested. Based on an extensive usage-feature and profile-based analysis, and using multivariate statistical methods, we analyze, considering Cognitive Grammar, the conceptual, structural, and lectal factors that determine the choice between overt and null se constructions. The results of the study show that the null constructions are far more frequent in Brazilian (BP) than in European Portuguese (EP). In BP, the focus on the moment of change is a crucial factor for the overt/null variation in reflexive/reciprocal, middle, anticausative, and impersonal constructions. If the moment of the change of state is profiled, the overt se construction is usually produced. If the moment of change is not profiled, the null se construction is preferred. External factors also play a role in the variation. Register is an important predictor for the observed variation of the anticausative construction, and the only predictor for the overt/null variation in the case of the passive construction. In EP, the null se variant is mainly limited to anticausative constructions. In all cases of null constructions, there is a shift to an absolute construal, which has an impact on the way that the transitivity continuum is conceptualized.

Weak hand holds in two sign languages and two genres

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Sáfár ◽  
Vadim Kimmelman
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Sign Language ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Genre Analysis ◽  
Sign Languages ◽  
Modality Effects ◽  
Corpus Data

In this paper, we provide a quantitative analysis of weak hand holds based on corpus data. We include both a cross-linguistic analysis of these holds in narrative data from Russian Sign Language (RSL) and Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT), and a language-internal, cross-genre analysis comparing NGT narrative and conversational data. We classified the functions of all holds found in two corpora of RSL and NGT, and analyzed their formal characteristics. We found that holds in RSL and NGT have similar functions. However, holds are significantly more frequent in RSL than in NGT. In addition, we found that the distribution of holds across different functions varies between different genres in NGT. The similarities between RSL and NGT in the domain of holds may be attributed to modality effects. The differences in frequency of holds ask for a language-specific explanation, and we discuss several possible scenarios.

Translating a Poem, from a Linguistic Perspective

Target ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Tabakowska
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Mass Nouns ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Linguistic Conventions ◽  
Literature And Language

Abstract To bridge the unfortunate gap between "literature" and "language", literary critics, including critics of translation, should make use of what linguists have to say about language. Out of modern linguistic theories, Cognitive Linguistics seems particularly promising. On the basis of Robert Frost's poem "Nothing Gold Can Stay " and one of its Polish translations, the author demonstrates how intuitive interpretations and assessments are corroborated by a strictly linguistic analysis, which is carried out in the cognitivist vein. In particular, the interplay of two grammatical oppositions—between perfective and imperfective verb forms and between countable and mass nouns—is shown to be a means of direct symbolisation of meaning. Translation losses are then discussed—some unavoidable in view of systematic discrepancies between linguistic conventions, others a compromise imposed by the demands of versification.

scholarly journals On The Implicit Negation via Subjunctive Mood

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Azganush Mnatsyan
Keyword(s):  
Functional Traits ◽  
Formal Description ◽  
Subjunctive Mood ◽  
Close Interaction ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Semantic Value

Extensive research on negation in linguistics has not only led to new theories but also dictated a range of ideas.In the frame of this article an effort is made to reveal semantic-functional traits of verb forms from a modal perspective. The basis of the study is mood-negation correlation. The formal description of the categories allows us to see the immediate differences of negation and changeability of form and meaning in different mood forms.The corpus at our data shows that the semantic value of implicit negative constructions is context-driven as a result of the close interaction of negation with modal categories. In the paradigm of the subjunctive form some affirmative constructions come into use as negatively charged linguistic items. Moreover, mood categories conflate under the rubric of  realis - irrealis. 

scholarly journals Dimensions of empathy in relation to language

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilona Herlin ◽  
Laura Visapää
Keyword(s):  
Conversation Analysis ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Affective Dimensions

This article approaches the relationship between empathy and language, describing the ways in which different dimensions of empathy can be attested in naturally occurring interactional data. The authors adopt the definition of empathy as a multidimensional phenomenon: emotional contagion, as well as the cognitive and affective dimensions of empathy, are all understood to be central to the empathetic process. The article promotes the view that studying the relationship between empathy and language should be grounded in the analysis of real-life interactions. Language evolves in social interaction both phylogenetically and ontogenetically, and is not only an important product but also a means of human sociality. The authors suggest that the best approach for analyzing the empathy–language interface combines the theoretical insights of cognitive grammar with the method of conversation analysis. The paper shows that when empathy is analyzed in natural conversation, we can do sequential and linguistic analysis of the ways in which affect is shown, and through a careful analysis of grammatical devices, offer an explanation of whether the displays of affect are derived from the other person's situation. By analyzing the complex ways in which the interactants orient to the different dimensions of empathy, the paper shows how linguistic analysis can give us concrete tools for forming a deeper understanding of how empathy takes place in real-life encounters.

Negation in complement clauses of fear-verbs

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Nina Dobrushina
Keyword(s):  
Verb Forms ◽  
Complement Clauses ◽  
Purpose Clauses ◽  
Different Origin

Abstract Complement clauses of verbs of fear often contain expletive negation, which is negative marking without negative meaning. Expletive negation in fear-complements regularly co-occurs with non-indicative moods, such as subjunctive, conjunctive, or conditional. The aim of this paper is to provide a diachronic explanation for the phenomenon of expletive negation in complement clauses of fear-verbs. Based on data from various languages, I will show that cases of expletive negation after verbs of fear can be divided into several groups, each with a different origin. Fear complement clauses can derive from embedded polar questions, paratactic constructions expressing a wish, or from negative purpose clauses. Complement clauses with polar questions usually contain an indicative verb form, while clauses based on the expression of a wish often have non-indicative verb forms. The paper also discusses cases in which expletive negation is lost.

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