Bodily Dasein and Chinese Script Components

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwan Tze-wan
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chinese Script ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Constitutive Principle ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractIn the Shuowen, one of the earliest comprehensive character dictionaries of ancient China, when discussing where the Chinese characters derive their structural components, Xu Shen proposed the dual constitutive principle of “adopting proximally from the human body, and distally from things around.” This dual emphasis of “body” and “things around” corresponds largely to the phenomenological issues of body or corporeality on the one hand, and lifeworld on the other. If we borrow Heidegger’s definition of Dasein as Being-in-the world, we can easily arrive at a reformulation of Xu Shen’s constitutive principle of the Chinese script as one that concerns “bodily Dasein.” By looking into various examples of script tokens we can further elaborate on how the Chinese make use not only of the body in general but various body parts, and how they differentiate their life world into material nature, living things, and a multifaceted world of equipment in forming a core basis of Chinese characters/components, upon which further symbolic manipulation such as “indication”, “phonetic borrowing”, semantic combination, and “annotative derivation”, etc. can be based. Finally, examples will be cited to show how in the Chinese scripts the human body (and its parts) might interact with other’s bodies (and their parts) or with “things around” (whether nature, living creatures, or artifacts) in various ways to cover the social, environmental, ritual, technical, economical, and even intellectual aspects of human experience. Bodily Dasein, so to speak, provides us with a new perspective of understanding and appreciating the entire scope of the Chinese script.

scholarly journals DIALEKTIKA TAFSIR DAN KEMAJUAN PENGETAHUAN DALAM TRANSPLANTASI ORGAN BABI PADA MANUSIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ihsan Nurmansyah
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Organ Transplants ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Differences Of Opinion ◽  
The One ◽  
Religious Problems

The advancement of knowledge and technology presents its own challenges to Muslims’ socio-religious life. One of them is the progress in the medical field regarding organ transplants of animals to humans. Religious problems arise when animals used in transplantation are those that are deemed unlawful (haram) by Islamic texts. On the one hand, organ transplants provide benefits for humanity, but on the other, donors of transplants are unlawful animals. This paper examines the lawfulness of using the body parts of pigs, whose unlawfulness is stated in many verses of the Qur'an. This study uses a contextual interpretation introduced by Abdullah Saeed. Based on contextual considerations, this study concludes that QS. al-Baqarah: 173, QS. al-Maidah: 3, QS. al-Anam: 145 and QS. an-Nahl: 115 prohibit pork for consumption. The commentators of the Qur’an have differences of opinion concerning the uses of pigs beyond consumption. This paper suggests that using the body parts of pigs is legitimate. This is reinforced by QS. al-Baqarah: 173 which explains an emergency context. Pigs do not belong to the category of najis ‘aini, which allows it to be transplanted into the human body. However, some conditions need to be fulfilled for transplantation. The transplantation permitted if  these is not rise risk of further to harm and a recommendation from the doctor about the patient's condition. 

scholarly journals BIOLOGICAL AGE AS A METHOD FOR ESTIMATING HEALTH LEVEL UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS (LITERATURE REVIEW)

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
pp. 761-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. I. Prokhorov ◽  
V. I. Dontsov ◽  
Vyacheslav N. Krutko ◽  
T. M. Khodykina
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biological Age ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Biomarkers Of Aging ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Definition Of

The widespread formation of unfavorable environmental, the swiftness of modern life with large information and psycho-emotional loads and extremely natural and climatic cataclysms, as well as harmful addictions and wrong way of life of modern human, lead to the development of stress and disruption of the mechanisms of adaptation of the human body and its accelerated wear. This stimulates the development of research on the creation of new methods of integrated assessment of health and quantitative assessment of the aging processes of the body systems and the whole body, as well as the possibilities of new methods of risk assessment of climatic and environmentally related pathological and age-related diseases. The aim of the work was to consider the methodology of quantitative assessment of individual health and the rate of aging of the human body on the basis of the system index of Biological age (BA); description of its essence and structure, requirements for tests - biomarkers of aging used as the index of BA, definition of possibilities and scope of application of the BA method in modern practice of Biomedicine. The use of modern methods of scientific analysis - a systematic approach to the analysis of the processes of human aging and determine its quantitative side - the value of BA, allows a reasonable approach to the choice of the number of BM, to take into account their information content and precision, and the cost of diagnostics and availability for different users, to take into account the specific objectives of the researcher. The use of the index-partial BA allows individual approaching the choice of biomarkers and create personalized panels for the definition of BA programs for the prevention of aging in personalized preventive medicine. The complexity of the content and calculation of indices of BA requires automation and the use of methods of modern computer science and computer calculations and programs. For this purpose, we have created special computer software for diagnosing aging by calculating the BA indices with the possibility of choosing BM and automatic calculation of indicators and conclusions.

scholarly journals El Cuerpo como Fábrica y el Cirujano como su Arquitecto / The Body as a Factory and the Surgeon as its Architect

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristóbal Pera
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Body ◽  
Human Body ◽  
El Paso ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Expiration Date ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Way

ABSTRACTIf the human body is really a fabric, should surgeons be considered architects, as some surgeons describe themselves today? The author raises and analyzes this question, and he concludes that vsurgeons cannot be considered as such: the architect is the creator of his work —fabric or building—, but the surgeon is not the creator of this complex biological fabric —vulnerable and subject to deterioration and with an expiration date— which is the human body. This body is the object upon which his hands and instruments operate. The surgeon cures and heals wounds, immobilizes and aligns fractured bones in order to facilitate their good and timely repair, and cuts open the body’s surface in order to reach its internal organs. He also explores the body with his hands or instruments, destroys and reconstructs its ailing parts, substitutes vital organs taken from a donor’s foreign body, designs devices or prostheses, and replaces body parts, such as arteries and joints, that are damaged or worn out. In today’s culture, dominated by the desire to perfect the body, other surgeons keep retouching its aging façade, looking for an iconic and timeless beauty. This longing can drive, sometimes, to surgical madness. The surgeon is not capable of putting into motion, from scratch, a biological fabric such as the human body. Thus, he can’t create the subject of his work in the way that an architect can create a building. In contrast, the surgeon restores the body’s deteriorated or damaged parts and modifies the appearance of the body’s façade.RESUMEN¿Si el cuerpo humano fuera realmente una fábrica, podría el cirujano ser considerado su arquitecto, como algunos se pregonan en estos tiempos? Esta es la cuestión planteada por el autor y, a tenor de lo discurrido, su respuesta es negativa: porque así como el arquitecto es el artífice de su obra —fábrica o edificio— el cirujano no es el artífice de la complejísima fábrica biológica —vulnerable, deteriorable y caducable— que es el cuerpo humano, la cual le es dada como objeto de las acciones de sus manos y de sus instrumentos. El cirujano cura y restaña sus heridas, alinea e inmoviliza sus huesos fracturados para que su reparación llegue a buen término, penetra por sus orificios naturales o dibuja sobre la superficie corporal incisiones que le permitan llegar a sus entrañas, las explora con sus manos o mediante instrumentos, destruye y reconstruye sus partes enfermas, sustituye órganos vitales que no le ayudan a vivir por los extraídos de cuerpos donantes, y concibe, diseña y hace fabricar artefactos o prótesis, como recambio fragmentos corporales deteriorados o desgastados, como arterias o articulaciones. Otros cirujanos, en la predominante cultura de la modificación del cuerpo, retocan una y otra vez su fachada envejecida ineludiblemente por el paso del tiempo, empeñados en la búsqueda incesante de una belleza icónica y mediática e intemporal, una pretensión que puede conducir, y a veces conduce, al desvarío quirúrgico. En definitiva, el cirujano es incapaz de poner de pie, ex novo, una fábrica biológica como la del cuerpo humano y, por lo tanto, no puede ser su artífice, como lo es el arquitecto de su edificio. A lo sumo, es el restaurador de sus entrañas deterioradas y el modificador de su fachada, de su apariencia.

Factor Structure of the Italian Version of the Body Satisfaction Scale: A Multisample Analysis

1998 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 1083-1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Riva ◽  
Enrico Molinari
Keyword(s):  
Body Satisfaction ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
The Body ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Factorial Structure ◽  
Italian Version ◽  
Satisfaction Scale ◽  
The One

The paper describes the factorial structure of the Italian version of the Body Satisfaction Scale, a simple self-report questionnaire designed to assess satisfaction with 16 body parts. The results suggest that the structure of the questionnaire can be adequately represented by three different factors. Even if this solution is different from the one obtained in the original English samples, this interpretation was confirmed by a cross-validation on 806 subjects, a clinical sample and two normal samples. This result may be useful for the screening of subjects at risk for eating-disorders because it makes possible prediction of targeted areas of dissatisfaction which is not generally possible with other inventories. The analysis of the factor loadings also suggested that three items should be removed (teeth, eyes, and ears) from the Italian version

scholarly journals Genes and Spleens: Property, Contract, or Privacy Rights in the Human Body?

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radhika Rao
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Privacy Rights ◽  
Human Genes ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law

The legal status of the human body is hotly contested, yet the law of the body remains in a state of confusion and chaos. Sometimes the body is treated as an object of property, sometimes it is dealt with under the rubric of contract, and sometimes it is not conceived as property at all, but rather as the subject of privacy rights. Which body of law should become the law of the body? This question is even more pressing in the context of current biomedical research, which permits commodification and commercialization of the body by everyone except the person who provides the “raw materials.” The lack of property protection for tangible parts of the human body is in stark contrast to the extensive protection granted to intellectual property in the body in the form of patents upon human genes and cell lines. Moreover, even courts that reject ownership claims on the part of those who supply body parts appear willing to grant property rights to scientists, universities, and others who use those body parts to conduct research and create products.

scholarly journals A Framework for the Collection, Retention and Use of Human Body Parts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Cordelia Mary Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Property Interest ◽  
Bioethical Issues ◽  
And Control

<p>Organ transplantation and biotechnological research depend on the availability of body parts, which necessitates the willing involvement of the public. The rapid development of biotechnology has led to a search for an adequate decision-making framework for the acquisition, retention and utilisation of body parts. It has also lead to disquiet about the commercialisation of research with the source being the only participant who is unable to benefit financially. In developing such a framework it is necessary to conceptualise the nature of the interest that individuals have in their bodies. The principle of autonomy may form a basis for structuring decision-making and weighing conflicting principles. As a society we value autonomy in the sense that a competent adult may make decisions about his or her own health care. The concept is that of an individual separated from others by a wall of rights. This may be of assistance as a basis for formulating competing rights, but this must then be mediated with reference to other principles. In this context this thesis applies the concepts of property interests to the human body. The purpose of this research is to consider selected bioethical issues in an attempt to formulate a principled approach to issues of consent and control over the body and its component parts. It argues that a living person should have a property interest in excised body parts during life. There should also be a property interest in the cadaver that arises at the point of death, which can be passed to the deceased's personal representative, who would be required to deal with the cadaver in accord with the previous instructions of the deceased. However, it does not argue that there are property interests in entire living persons. It does not suggest that property alone is adequate to resolve the issues, but that it should operate alongside existing concepts such as autonomy, informed consent and privacy. It proposes draft legislation to illustrate the operation of the suggested medico-legal framework. It recognises that any framework should be respectful of Maori cultural values, in light of the special position of Maori as tangata whenua, as expressed in the Treaty of Waitangi. It argues that the framework allows Maori the freedom to choose collective or individualistic decision-making, in recognition of the diversity of values within the Maori population. In addition, it considers areas where public policy might determine that the free disposition of this property interest should be restricted to protect vulnerable persons, such as incompetent persons and living organ donors.</p>

scholarly journals A resistome roadmap: from the human body to pristine environments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Maestre-Carballa ◽  
Manuel Martínez-García ◽  
Vicente Navarro-López
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Human Microbiome Project ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
The One

A comprehensive characterization of the human body resistome (sets of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs)) is yet to be done and paramount for addressing the antibiotic microbial resistance threat. Here, we study the resistome of 771 samples from five major body parts (skin, nares, vagina, gut and oral cavity) of healthy subjects from the Human Microbiome Project and addressed the potential dispersion of ARGs in pristine environments. A total of 28,731 ARGs belonging to 344 different ARG types were found in the HMP proteome dataset (n=9.1x107 proteins analyzed). Our study reveals a distinct resistome profile (ARG type and abundance) between body sites and high inter-individual variability. Nares had the highest ARG load (≈5.4 genes/genome) followed by the oral cavity, while the gut showed one of the highest ARG richness (shared with nares) but the lowest abundance (≈1.3 genes/genome). Fluroquinolone resistance genes were the most abundant in the human body, followed by macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS) or tetracycline. Most of the ARGs belonged to common bacterial commensals and multidrug resistance trait was predominant in the nares and vagina. Our data also provide hope, since the spread of common ARG from the human body to pristine environments (n=271 samples; 77 Gb of sequencing data and 2.1x108 proteins analyzed) thus far remains very unlikely (only one case found in an autochthonous bacterium from a pristine environment). These findings broaden our understanding of ARG in the context of the human microbiome and the One-Health Initiative of WHO uniting human host-microbes and environments as a whole.

scholarly journals A Roadmap of The Human Body Resistome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Maestre-Carballa ◽  
Vicente Navarro ◽  
Manuel Martinez-Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Bacterial Genome ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Body Site ◽  
Autochthonous Bacteria

Abstract BackgroundIn response to the global antibiotic resistance crisis, efforts have been focused on gaining a better understanding of resistomes (sets of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs)) and the dispersion of ARGs in nature. A comprehensive metagenomic characterization of the human body resistome is paramount for laying the foundation to develop a better strategy to address this health concern. Here, we study the resistomes of 771 samples from five major body parts of healthy subjects from the Human Microbiome Project (HMP). In line with the One Health concept (WHO), we also investigated the presence of ARGs from the HMP in 272 pristine environments. ResultsOf all the detected HMP genes/proteins (9.17E+07), 40,816 were ARGs showing high interindividual and inter-body-site abundance variability. Nares had the highest ARG abundance (2.18±2.64 ARGs/Mb; ≈5.5 ARG per bacterial genome), while the gut (0.34±0.34 ARGs/Mb; ≈1.3 ARG per bacterial genome), which also showed the highest richness of different ARG types, had the lowest abundance. Fluroquinolone resistance genes were the most abundant antibiotic resistance gene family, followed by MLS or tetracycline resistance genes, depending on the body site. From all the detected ARGs, we found 366 different ARG types, with parC R (fluoroquinolone resistance) being the most abundant in the oral cavity, mprF (peptide antibiotic resistance) in the skin and nares, and tetQ (tetracycline resistance) in the gut and vagina. Most of the ARGs belonged to common bacterial commensals, and many of them were also multidrug resistance genes and were more abundant in the nares and vagina. The total number of ARGs from the HMP data (n=34) detected in pristine environments (266 samples) was negligible, and most of them (73%) were classified as housekeeping genes in autochthonous bacteria having known mutations conferring antibiotic resistance (natural reservoirs). A significant fraction of ARGs (24%) in pristine environments were actually from exogenous contaminants. The detection of identical HMP ARGs in autochthonous bacteria was extremely infrequent (3%). Conclusions Our results comprehensively reveal the resistomes from all body parts and HMP samples that can serve as a baseline for comparison for long-term survey and monitoring of human resistome variations. Finally, our data provide hope, since the spread of common ARGs from the HMP data to pristine environments thus far remains very unlikely.

scholarly journals Design and simulation of microfluidic smart bandage using Comsol Multiphysics

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1650-1662
Author(s):  
Priti Rajput, Et. al.
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Drug Distribution ◽  
Outer Radius ◽  
The Body ◽  
Microfluidic Channels ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Capillary Action ◽  
Micro Channels

Microfluidics is an emerging field finding its applications in biomedical engineering for investigations of cellular micro structures. Human body is composed of 70% of water having thin and fine structure of microfluidic blood channels spread throughout the body. These microchannels supply essential nutrients to each part of the body at right time and in right amount. Microfluidics is the science of controlling and manipulating the fluid in micro channels. Manipulating the flow through the microchannels is useful for developing electronic devices, artificial human body parts, and economical diagnostics tools. Microfluidics also helps in manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and carrying out precise chemical analysis of complex systems. A number of diagnostic devices and artificial human organs like lungs, heart, kidneys, etc. have been simulated using microfluidics for developing easy, economical, non-invasive, and rapid method of drug testing. Recently, its applications have also been investigated in smart bandage design. Further, blend of microfluidics with herbal medicines is expected to enhance the healing along with negligible side effects unlike allopathic treatments. The scope of the present research is to develop a smart bandage capable of sensing the status of the wound and supplying required amount of drugs using microfluidic channels. The flow rate of drugs through microchannels is simulated using the physics of laminar flow, capillary action, and diffusion phenomena for optimizing the size and shape of the constituent components of the bandage like microfluidic channels, mixers, and porous material used for drug distribution with in the active area of the bandage. The analysis of the results shows that the mixer having inner radius as 150 microns and outer radius as 250 microns is sufficient to mix the incoming drugs via inlets of 50 microns’ diameter. Results also show that capillary action dominates the diffusion phenomenon for supplying the drugs to the wound. The investigations of the prototype show that a smart bandage having the provisions of uniform drug distribution, automatic control, on board pH, moisture, O2 measurement, and dc current based healing mechanism is possible to be incorporated with in a comfortable size for fast wound healing.

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