Lending by credit cooperatives, savings banks and other banks during the Covid-19 pandemic in Germany

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 192-209
Author(s):  
Matthias Wrede
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Savings Banks ◽  
Credit Cooperatives ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Short Time

Abstract We examine long-term lending in the course of the Covid-19 pandemic in Germany. We show that the pandemic is associated with increased lending by credit cooperatives and savings banks. The restrictions imposed by governments on social and economic life and the economic impact thereof, measured in terms of planned short-time work, show a significant correlation with the level of lending by all banks.

scholarly journals Short-Time Work and Unemployment in and after the Great Recession

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Kopp ◽  
Michael Siegenthaler
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Administrative Data ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Unemployment Benefits ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Short Time

Abstract We study whether the Swiss short-time work (STW) program reduced unemployment in and after the Great Recession using quarterly establishment-level panel data linking administrative data sources. We compare changes in layoffs into unemployment, employment, and establishment survival between establishments that applied successfully and establishments that applied unsuccessfully for STW at cantonal employment agencies. The unsuccessful establishments provide a valid counterfactual for the successful ones because cantonal approval practices are partly idiosyncratic. We find that STW increases establishment survival and prevents rather than postpones dismissals. The 7,857 establishments treated in 2009 would have dismissed 20,600 additional workers into unemployment (0.47% of the labor force) until 2012. Most workers would have been dismissed in the quarters immediately following the application, and more than a third would have become long-term unemployed. The savings on unemployment benefits may have compensated for the spending on STW benefits.

scholarly journals Is the Recession a ‘Shecession’? Gender Inequality in the Employment Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Germany

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja Moehring ◽  
Maximiliane Reifenscheid ◽  
Andreas Weiland
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Job Loss ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Growth Curve Modelling ◽  
Short Time

This paper evaluates gender inequality in employment risks during the first and the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. We use individual-level panel data collected weekly between 20 March and 9 July 2020, and again in January 2021, to examine the risks of short-time work, job loss and unpaid furlough, as well as having to work on-site by means of growth curve modelling. The results reveal gender inequality in employment risks and gendered use of governmental support schemes. During the early phase of the pandemic, women had a higher probability of being temporarily exempted from work, but a lower probability of being in short-time work and receiving the associated state benefits. Compared to men, women also continuously had a higher probability of working on-site rather that from home. Consequently, women’s employment during the pandemic is more polarized between job loss or working on-site with the associated infection risk. Gender inequalities are rooted in the long-term gendered dualization of the German labour market with the low-wage sector and marginal employment being female dominated. The results call for close monitoring of long-term gendered effects of the pandemic recession and an adjustment of governmental crisis measures to the requirements of the female workforce.

Arbeitsmarkt vor alten und neuen Herausforderungen: Die Covid-19-Pandemie und was danach kommt?

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 749-770
Author(s):  
Ulrich Walwei
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Climate Protection ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Theoretical Considerations

Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag beleuchtet die Herausforderungen der sich gerade vollziehenden „transformativen Rezession“ für den Arbeitsmarkt. Nach Jahren eines scheinbar unaufhaltsamen Aufschwungs hat die Corona-Krise den Arbeitsmarkt schwer getroffen. Erwerbstätigkeit und sozialversicherungspflichtige Beschäftigung bewegten sich erstmals seit Jahren wieder nach unten und die Arbeitslosigkeit schnellte nach oben. Zusätzlich erreichte die Nutzung der Kurzarbeit ein immenses Allzeithoch. Gleichzeitig vollzieht sich eine Transformation der Volkswirtschaft. Es zeichnete sich schon seit längerem ab, dass Demographie, Digitalisierung, Klimaschutz und Verschiebungen in der internationalen Arbeitsteilung größere Veränderungen für die Wirtschaft und den Arbeitsmarkt nach sich ziehen werden. Theoretisch-konzeptionelle Überlegungen zeigen, dass aus heutiger Sicht Wirtschaft und Arbeitsmarkt noch längere Zeit benötigen, bis wieder Vorkrisenstände erreicht werden können. Dabei liegt der Schlüssel für die Erholung nicht wie sonst üblich vorwiegend im Spielfeld der Wirtschafts- und Finanzpolitik, sondern auch und gerade im Bereich des Gesundheitsschutzes. Die Pandemie wird zudem dafür sorgen, dass sich die Transformation der Wirtschaft teilweise beschleunigt. Dies gilt insbesondere für die Digitalisierung, deren wirtschaftliche Vorteile während der Krise besonders zum Vorschein kamen. Andere dringliche Aufgaben wie etwa der Klimaschutz bestehen unabhängig von der Pandemie weiter fort. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird es aus arbeitsmarktpolitischer Sicht in der nahen Zukunft darauf ankommen, sowohl die Krise als auch die wirtschaftliche Transformation zu adressieren, am besten durch eine möglichst geschickte Kombination aus einer gleichermaßen konjunkturorientierten und investiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik. Abstract: The Labour Market Facing Old and New Challenges: The Covid-19-Pandemic, what’s Next? The paper discusses the challenges of the current “transformative recession” for the labour market. After years of an almost unstoppable upswing, the corona-crisis smashed the labour market. Employment went down significantly and unemployment increased. In addition, short-time work reached an all-time-peak. At the same time, the economy is confronted with a process of continuous transformation. In recent years, it became clearly apparent that demography, digitization, climate protection and changes in the international division of labour cause fundamental changes for the economy as well as the labour market. Conceptual and theoretical considerations show, that both, economy and the labour market, will take a long time to reach pre-crisis levels. However, the key for the recovery is not mainly located in the playing field of economic and fiscal policy but in the area of health protection. In addition, the pandemic will accelerate the economic transformation. This is obvious regarding digitization, which reveals its economic advantages during the pandemic. Other urgent challenges such as climate protection will definitely remain. Against this background, it will be decisive for labour market policies to address the crisis and the transformation at the same time, preferably by an intelligent combination of measures oriented at short-time impacts and long-term investment.

Markets, Technological Change and Economic Growth (The Quaid-i-Azam Lecture)

1994 ◽  
Vol 33 (4I) ◽  
pp. 327-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard G. Lipsey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
The United States ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Canadian Institute ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Short Time

I am honoured to be invited to give this lecture before so distinguished an audience of development economists. For the last 21/2 years I have been director of a project financed by the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research and composed of a group of scholars from Canada, the United States, and Israel.I Our brief is to study the determinants of long term economic growth. Although our primary focus is on advanced industrial countries such as my own, some of us have come to the conclusion that there is more common ground between developed and developing countries than we might have first thought. I am, however, no expert on development economics so I must let you decide how much of what I say is applicable to economies such as your own. Today, I will discuss some of the grand themes that have arisen in my studies with our group. In the short time available, I can only allude to how these themes are rooted in our more detailed studies. In doing this, I must hasten to add that I speak for myself alone; our group has no corporate view other than the sum of our individual, and very individualistic, views.

Adult outcome after treatment of pediatric posterior fossa ependymoma: long-term follow-up of a single consecutive institutional series of 22 patients with more than 5 years of survival

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tryggve Lundar ◽  
Bernt Johan Due-Tønnessen ◽  
Radek Frič ◽  
Petter Brandal ◽  
Paulina Due-Tønnessen
Keyword(s):  
Proton Beam ◽  
Posterior Fossa ◽  
Adjuvant Treatment ◽  
Tumor Control ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
Long Term Survivors

OBJECTIVEEpendymoma is the third most common posterior fossa tumor in children; however, there is a lack of long-term follow-up data on outcomes after surgical treatment of posterior fossa ependymoma (PFE) in pediatric patients. Therefore, the authors sought to investigate the long-term outcomes of children treated for PFE at their institution.METHODSThe authors performed a retrospective analysis of outcome data from children who underwent treatment for PFE and survived for at least 5 years.RESULTSThe authors identified 22 children (median age at the time of surgery 3 years, range 0–18 years) who underwent primary tumor resection of PFE during the period from 1945 to 2014 and who had at least 5 years of observed survival. None of these 22 patients were lost to follow-up, and they represent the long-term survivors (38%) from a total of 58 pediatric PFE patients treated. Nine (26%) of the 34 children treated during the pre-MRI era (1945–1986) were long-term survivors, while the observed 5-year survival rate in the children treated during the MRI era (1987–2014) was 13 (54%) of 24 patients. The majority of patients (n = 16) received adjuvant radiotherapy, and 4 of these received proton-beam irradiation. Six children had either no adjuvant treatment (n = 3) or only chemotherapy as adjuvant treatment (n = 3). Fourteen patients were alive at the time of this report. According to MRI findings, all of these patients were tumor free except 1 patient (age 78 years) with a known residual tumor after 65 years of event-free survival.Repeat resections for residual or recurrent tumor were performed in 9 patients, mostly for local residual disease with progressive clinical symptoms; 4 patients underwent only 1 repeated resection, whereas 5 patients each had 3 or more resections within 15 years after their initial surgery. At further follow-up, 5 of the patients who underwent a second surgery were found to be dead from the disease with or without undergoing additional resections, which were performed from 6 to 13 years after the second procedure. The other 4 patients, however, were tumor free on the latest follow-up MRI, performed from 6 to 27 years after the last resection. Hence, repeated surgery appears to increase the chance of tumor control in some patients, along with modern (proton-beam) radiotherapy. Six of 8 patients with more than 20 years of survival are in a good clinical condition, 5 of them in full-time work and 1 in part-time work.CONCLUSIONSPediatric PFE occurs mostly in young children, and there is marked risk for local recurrence among 5-year survivors even after gross-total resection and postoperative radiotherapy. Repeated resections are therefore an important part of treatment and may lead to persistent tumor control. Even though the majority of children with PFE die from their tumor disease, some patients survive for more than 50 years with excellent functional outcome and working capacity.

Economic Impact of Lifestyle Behaviour and Quality of Sleep on Long-Term Sickness Absence

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noora Kanerva ◽  
Paulus Torkki ◽  
Ossi Rahkonen ◽  
Johanna Pekkala ◽  
Olli Pietiläinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Sickness Absence ◽  
Quality Of Sleep ◽  
Lifestyle Behaviour

The Spread of Pollutants from Harbour Sludge Depots

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 623-633
Author(s):  
M Loxham ◽  
F Weststrate
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
Molecular Diffusion ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Parameter Analysis ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Dilution Effects ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Harbour Sludge

It is generally agreed that both the landfill option, or the civil techniques option for the final disposal of contaminated harbour sludge involves the isolation of the sludge from the environment. For short time scales, engineered barriers such as a bentonite screen, plastic sheets, pumping strategies etc. can be used. However for long time scales the effectiveness of such measures cannot be counted upon. It is thus necessary to be able to predict the long term environmenttal spread of contaminants from a mature landfill. A model is presented that considers diffusion and adsorption in the landfill site and convection and adsorption in the underlaying aquifer. From a parameter analysis starting form practical values it is shown that the adsorption behaviour and the molecular diffusion coefficient of the sludge, are the key parameters involved in the near field. The dilution effects of the far field migration patterns are also illustrated.

The English People at War in the Age of Henry VIII

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Gunn
Keyword(s):  
Economic Life ◽  
Henry Viii ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
Hundred Years War ◽  
National History ◽  
English Population ◽  
People’S Attitudes ◽  
History Books ◽  
The Way

Henry VIII fought many wars, against the French and Scots, against rebels in England and the Gaelic lords of Ireland, even against his traditional allies in the Low Countries. But how much did they really affect his subjects? And what role did Henry’s reign play in the long-term transformation of England’s military capabilities? This book searches for the answers to these questions in parish and borough account books, wills and memoirs, buildings and paintings, letters from Henry’s captains, and the notes readers wrote in their printed history books. It looks back from Henry’s reign to that of his grandfather, Edward IV, who in 1475 invaded France in the afterglow of the Hundred Years War, and forwards to that of Henry’s daughter Elizabeth, who was trying by the 1570s to shape a trained militia and a powerful navy to defend England in a Europe increasingly polarized by religion. War, it shows, marked Henry’s England at every turn: in the news and prophecies people discussed, in the money towns and villages spent on armour, guns, fortifications, and warning beacons, in the way noblemen used their power. War disturbed economic life, made men buy weapons and learn how to use them, and shaped people’s attitudes to the king and to national history. War mobilized a high proportion of the English population and conditioned their relationships with the French and Scots, the Welsh and the Irish. War should be recognized as one of the defining features of life in the England of Henry VIII.

scholarly journals A 20-Year Follow-Up Study of Objectively Measured Physical Activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 3076
Author(s):  
Anders Raustorp ◽  
Andreas Fröberg
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Short Time Span ◽  
Steps Per Day ◽  
Objectively Measured ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Objectively Measured Physical Activity

Background: The objectives of this study were to explore the effect of time, long-term tracking, and the proportion of objectively measured physical activity (PA) from early adolescence to the mid-thirties. Methods: PA was measured as mean steps per day (SPD) with pedometers during 2000 (T1), 2003 (T2), 2005 (T3), 2010 (T4), 2016 (T5) and 2020 (T6). Data from 64 participants (n = 32 males) were analysed from their early adolescence (T1) to their mid-thirties (T6). Results: SPD decreased in the total sample and among males and females (all, p < 0.001). Males took more mean SPD than females during T1 (p = 0.002), whereas females took more mean SPD during T2 (p = 0.009) and T6 (p = 0.008). Males’ mean SPD tracked between T1 and T2 (p = 0.021), T2 and T3 (p = 0.030), T3 and T4 (p = 0.015) and T4 and T5 (p = 0.003). Females’ mean SPD tracked between T3 and T4 (p = 0.024) and T5 and T6 (p < 0.001). In the total sample, more mean SPD were found on weekdays compared to weekend days at T3 (p = 0.017) and T5 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: SPD decreased between T1 and T6. Mean SPD tracked low-to-moderate in the short time span. From late adolescence to the mid-thirties, more mean SPD was observed during weekdays compared to weekend days.

scholarly journals Autonomes Fahren statt Stop and Go: Vorschläge zur effektiven Gestaltung der deutschen Kurzarbeit

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-260
Author(s):  
Almut Balleer ◽  
Britta Gehrke ◽  
Brigitte Hochmuth ◽  
Christian Merkl
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Business Cycle ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Timely Manner ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Stop And Go ◽  
Time Work ◽  
The Business Cycle ◽  
Short Time

Abstract This article argues that short-time work stabilized employment in Germany substantially during the Great Recession in 2008/09. The labor market instrument acted in timely manner, as it was used in a rule-based fashion. In addition, discretionary extensions were effective due to their interaction with the business cycle. To ensure that short-time work will be effective in the future, this article proposes an automatic facilitation of the access to short-time work in severe recessions. This reduces the likelihood of a too extensive use at the wrong point in time as well as structural instead of cyclical interventions.

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