A Comparison of Three Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kits

2001 ◽  
Vol 56 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 810-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paxton Loke ◽  
Tiow-Suan Sim

Abstract In this comparative study, three different mutagenesis kits, namely the MutaGene phagemid in vitro mutagenesis kit (Bio-Rad), the Transformerä Site-Directed mutagenesis kit (Clontech) and the Quik-change site-directed mutagenesis kit (Stratagene) were used for the mutagenesis of IPNS genes. However, a large difference in mutation efficiencies among these kits was encountered. Furthermore, these kits employ different strategies with its own individual strengths and weaknesses. Thus, a comparison among these three kits to evaluate their usefulness and improvements on the strategy adopted by the Quik-change site-directed mutagenesis kit, which was the kit of choice for our work, are presented for the benefit of research work.

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (20) ◽  
pp. 6549-6559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Wemhoff ◽  
Roland Klassen ◽  
Friedhelm Meinhardt

ABSTRACTZymocin is aKluyveromyces lactisprotein toxin composed of αβγ subunits encoded by the cytoplasmic virus-like element k1 and functions by αβ-assisted delivery of the anticodon nuclease (ACNase) γ into target cells. The toxin binds to cells' chitin and exhibits chitinase activityin vitrothat might be important during γ import.Saccharomyces cerevisiaestrains carrying k1-derived hybrid elements deficient in either αβ (k1ORF2) or γ (k1ORF4) were generated. Loss of either gene abrogates toxicity, and unexpectedly, Orf2 secretion depends on Orf4 cosecretion. Functional zymocin assembly can be restored by nuclear expression of k1ORF2 or k1ORF4, providing an opportunity to conduct site-directed mutagenesis of holozymocin. Complementation required active site residues of α's chitinase domain and the sole cysteine residue of β (Cys250). Since βγ are reportedly disulfide linked, the requirement for the conserved γ C231 was probed. Toxicity of intracellularly expressed γ C231A indicated no major defect in ACNase activity, while complementation of k1ΔORF4 by γ C231A was lost, consistent with a role of β C250 and γ C231 in zymocin assembly. To test the capability of αβ to carry alternative cargos, the heterologous ACNase fromPichia acaciae(P. acaciaeOrf2 [PaOrf2]) was expressed, along with its immunity gene, in k1ΔORF4. While efficient secretion of PaOrf2 was detected, suppression of the k1ΔORF4-derived k1Orf2 secretion defect was not observed. Thus, the dependency of k1Orf2 on k1Orf4 cosecretion needs to be overcome prior to studying αβ's capability to deliver other cargo proteins into target cells.


2017 ◽  
Vol 399 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika B. Dolinska ◽  
Yuri V. Sergeev

AbstractTyrosinase, a melanosomal glycoenzyme, catalyzes initial steps of the melanin biosynthesis. While glycosylation was previously studiedin vivo, we present three recombinant mutant variants of human tyrosinase, which were obtained using multiple site-directed mutagenesis, expressed in insect larvae, purified and characterized biochemically. The mutagenesis demonstrated the reduced protein expression and enzymatic activity due to possible loss of protein stability and protein degradation. However, the complete deglycosylation of asparagine residuesin vitro, including the residue in position 371, interrupts tyrosinase function, which is consistent with a melanin loss in oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1) patients.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Madeleine Huber

Operons wurden zuerst im Jahre 1961 beschrieben. Bis heute ist bekannt, dass die prokaryotischen Domänen Bacteria und Archaea Gene sowohl in monocistronischen als auch in bi- oder polycistronischen Transkripten exprimieren können. Häufig überlappen Gene sogar in ihren Sequenzen. Diese überlappenden Genpaare stehen nicht in Korrelation mit der Kompaktheit ihres Genoms. Das führt zu der Annahme, dass eine Art der Regulation vorliegt, welche weitere Proteine oder Gene nicht benötigt. Diese könnte eine gekoppelte Translation sein. Das bedeutet die Translation des stromabwärts-liegenden Gens ist abhängig von der Translation eines stromaufwärts-liegenden Gens. Diese Abhängigkeit kann zum Beispiel durch lang reichende Sekundärstrukturen entstehen, bei welchen Ribosomenbindestellen (RBS) des stromabwärts-liegenden Gens blockiert sind. Die de novo-Initiation am stromabwärts-liegenden Gen kann nur stattfinden, wenn das erste Gen translatiert wird und dabei die Sekundärstruktur an der RBS aufgeschmolzen wird. Für Genpaare in E. coli ist dieser Mechanismus gut untersucht. Ein anderes Beispiel für die Translationskopplung ist die Termination-Reinitiation, bei welcher ein Ribosom das erste Gen translatiert bis zum Stop-Codon, dort terminiert und direkt am stromabwärts-liegenden Start-Codon reinitiiert. Der Mechanismus via Termination-Reinitiation ist bis jetzt nur für eukaryontische Viren beschrieben worden. Im Gegensatz zu einer Kopplung über Sekundärstrukturen kommt es bei der Termination-Reinitiation am stromabwärts-liegenden Gen nicht zu einer de novo-Initiation sondern eine Reinitiation des Ribosoms findet statt. Diese Arbeit analysiert jene Art der Translationskopplung an Genen polycistronischer mRNAs in jeweils einem Modellorganismus als Vertreter der Archaea (Haloferax volcanii) und Bacteria (Escherichia coli). Hierfür wurden Reportergenvektoren erstellt, welche die überlappenden Genpaare an Reportergene fusionierten. Für diese Reportergene ist es möglich die Transkriptmenge zu quantifizieren sowie für die exprimierten Proteine Enzymassays durchgeführt werden können. Aus beiden Werten können Translationseffizienzen berechnet werden indem jeweils die Enzymaktivität pro Transkriptmenge ermittelt wird. Durch ein prämatures Stop-Codon in diesen Konstrukten ist es möglich zu unterscheiden ob es für die Translation des zweiten Gens essentiell ist, dass das Ribosom den Überlapp erreicht. Hiermit konnte für neun Genpaare in H. volcanii und vier Genpaare in E. coli gezeigt werden, dass eine Art der Kopplung stattfindet bei der es sich um eine Termination-Reinitiation handelt. Des Weiteren wurde analysiert, welche Auswirkungen intragene Shine-Dalgarno Sequenzen bei dem Event der Translationskopplung besitzen. Durch die Mutation solcher Motive und dem Vergleich der Translationseffizienzen der Konstrukte, mit und ohne einer SD Sequenz, wird für alle analysierten Genpaare beider Modellorganismen gezeigt, dass die SD Sequenz einen Einfluss auf diese Art der Kopplung hat. Zwischen den Genpaaren ist dieser Einfluss jedoch stark variabel. Weiterhin wurde der maximale Abstand zwischen zwei bicistronischen Genen untersucht, für welchen Translationskopplung via Termination-Reinitiation noch stattfinden kann. Hierfür wird durch site-directed mutagenesis jeweils ein prämatures Stop-Codon im stromaufwärts-liegenden Gen eingebracht, welches den intergenen Abstand zwischen den Genen in den jeweiligen Konstrukten vergrößert. Der Vergleich aller Konstrukte eines Genpaars zeigt in beiden Modellorganismen, dass die Termination-Reinitiation vom intergenen Abstand abhängig ist und die Translationseffizienz des stromabwärts-liegenden Reporters bereits ab 15 Nukleotiden Abstand abnimmt. Eine weitere Fragestellung dieser Arbeit war es, den genauen Mechanismus der Termination-Reinitiation zu analysieren. Für Ribosomen gibt es an der mRNA nach der Termination der Translation zwei Möglichkeiten: Entweder als 70S Ribosom bestehen zu bleiben und ein weiteres Start-Codon auf der mRNA zu suchen oder in seine beiden Untereinheiten zu dissoziieren, während die 50S Untereinheit die mRNA verlässt und die 30S Untereinheit über Wechselwirkungen an der mRNA verbleiben kann. Um diesen Mechanismus auf molekularer Ebene zu untersuchen, wird ein Versuchsablauf vorgestellt. Dieser ermöglicht das Event bei der Termination-Reinitiation in vitro zu analysieren. Eine Unterscheidung von 30S oder 70S Ribosomen bei der Reinitiation der Translation des stromabwärts-liegenden Gens wird ermöglicht. Die Idee dabei basiert auf einem ribosome display, bei welchem Translationskomplexe am Ende der Translation nicht in ihre Bestandteile zerfallen können, da die eingesetzte mRNA kein Stop-Codon enthält Der genaue Versuchsablauf, die benötigten Bestandteile sowie proof-of-principal Versuche sind in der Arbeit dargestellt und mögliche Optimierungen werden diskutiert.


2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 2928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winfried Roseboom ◽  
Madhvi Nazir ◽  
Nils Meiresonne ◽  
Tamimount Mohammadi ◽  
Jolanda Verheul ◽  
...  

Cell division in bacteria is initiated by the polymerization of FtsZ at midcell in a ring-like structure called the Z-ring. ZapA and other proteins assist Z-ring formation and ZapA binds ZapB, which senses the presence of the nucleoids. The FtsZ–ZapA binding interface was analyzed by chemical cross-linking mass spectrometry (CXMS) under in vitro FtsZ-polymerizing conditions in the presence of GTP. Amino acids residue K42 from ZapA was cross-linked to amino acid residues K51 and K66 from FtsZ, close to the interphase between FtsZ molecules in protofilaments. Five different cross-links confirmed the tetrameric structure of ZapA. A number of FtsZ cross-links suggests that its C-terminal domain of 55 residues, thought to be largely disordered, has a limited freedom to move in space. Site-directed mutagenesis of ZapA reveals an interaction site in the globular head of the protein close to K42. Using the information on the cross-links and the mutants that lost the ability to interact with FtsZ, a model of the FtsZ protofilament–ZapA tetramer complex was obtained by information-driven docking with the HADDOCK2.2 webserver.


Stroke ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario F Callejo ◽  
Jeffrey Colin ◽  
Sophie Desmeules ◽  
Chi Sum ◽  
Tao Wang ◽  
...  

Introduction: Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is a platelet thrombin receptor and a novel target for ischemic stroke treatment. Recent reports suggested a subtle racial difference in platelet responses to submaximal concentrations of PAR4 agonist peptide (PAR4-AP). One of the PAR4 variants, A120T, is more common in African American than white (63% vs. 19%, Edelstein et al., Blood 2014). It was suggested that this variant contributes to the difference in response to PAR4-AP and impacts the in vitro response to YD-3, a PAR4 antagonist. In this study, site-directed mutagenesis was used to evaluate the effect of the A120T variant on PAR4 function and response to a newly discovered potent and selective PAR4 antagonist, UDM-001651. Unlike YD-3, UDM-001651 inhibited thrombin-induced platelet aggregation and prevented thrombosis in a monkey model and thus served as a relevant PAR4 pharmacology tool. Methods: Human PAR4 cDNAs expressing A120 and T120 variants were stably expressed in HEK293 cells. Cell surface expression of PAR4 was analyzed by FACS. Functional responses of cells were evaluated by monitoring calcium mobilization induced by BMS PAR4-AP, which was optimized based on AYPGKF. The potency of UDM-001651 was derived from an 11-point concentration response curve in the calcium assay using PAR4-AP at the EC80 concentration. Transient transfection studies were also performed to confirm the results. Results: Comparable levels of expression and functional responses were observed between A120 and T120 expressing cells. Results from side-by-side comparison between the two cell lines demonstrated no detectable difference in the mean EC50 values (0.42±0.054 versus 0.46±0.051 uM standard error, n=9) in calcium responses to PAR4-AP stimulation. Similarly, the potency of UDM-001651 in the same assay were similar between these two cell lines. Moreover, preliminary clinical results did not show differences in PAR4-mediated platelet response between African-American and white subjects. Conclusion: In contrast to the previous report, the results reported herein from site directed mutagenesis studies indicate that the A120T variant of PAR4 has no apparent impact on calcium signaling in response to agonist stimulation or response to a PAR4 antagonist.


1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 7836-7849
Author(s):  
P Russo ◽  
W Z Li ◽  
Z Guo ◽  
F Sherman

The cyc1-512 mutant was previously shown to contain a 38-bp deletion, 8 nucleotides upstream from the major wild-type poly(A) site, in the CYC1 gene, which encodes iso-1-cytochrome c of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This 38-bp deletion caused a 90% reduction in the CYC1 transcripts, which were heterogeneous in size, aberrantly long, and presumably labile (K. S. Zaret and F. Sherman, Cell 28:563-573, 1982). Site-directed mutagenesis in and adjacent to the 38-bp region was used to identify signals involved in the formation and positioning of CYC1 mRNA 3' ends. In addition, combinations of various putative 3' end-forming signals were introduced by in vitro mutagenesis into the 3' region of the cyc1-512 mutant. The combined results from both studies suggest that 3' end formation in yeast cells involves signals having the following three distinct but integrated elements acting in concert: (i) the upstream element, including sequences TATATA, TAG ... TATGTA, and TTTTTATA, which function by enhancing the efficiency of downstream elements; (ii) downstream elements, such as TTAAGAAC and AAGAA, which position the poly(A) site; and (iii) the actual site of polyadenylation, which often occurs after cytidine residues that are 3' to the so-called downstream element. While the upstream element is required for efficient 3' end formation, alterations of the downstream element and poly(A) sites generally do not affect the efficiency of 3' end formation but appear to alter the positions of poly(A) sites. In addition, we have better defined the upstream elements by examining various derivatives of TATATA and TAG ... TATGTA, and we have examined the spatial requirements of the three elements by systematically introducing or deleting upstream and downstream elements and cytidine poly(A) sites.


Pteridines ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 123-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Ping Zhang ◽  
Nan Yang ◽  
Wilfred L. F. Armarego

Summary A general procedure for in vitro site-directed mutagenesis of the wild-type dihydropteridine reductase gene has been used successfully to make eight mutant proteins. Five mutations were at the active site, viz Tyrl50His, Tyrl50Ser, Tyrl50Phe, Tyr150Glu and Tyrl50Lys. The proteins were expressed as glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins from which the unconjugated reductases were obtained by thrombin cleavage. The kinetic parameters of the conjugated and unconjugated reductases were measured using natural quinonoid R-7,8(6H)-dihydrobiopterin and non-natural quinonoid RS-6-methyl-7,8(6H)-dihydropterin and NADH. The kcat (maximum velocity at saturating concentrations of substrates) and kcatl Km (first order rate constant at low concentration of substrates) values show that the phenolic OH of Tyr 150 was the most likely proton source to complete the hydride reduction of the quinonoid pterin cofactor. However in the absence of a proton source at residue 150, measurable enzyme activities were observed indicating that a proton was relayed via a water molecule(s) from some neighbouring acidic amino acid residue. Three mutant dihydropteridine reductases, which were found in defective children, have been similarly attempted, viz GlylSlSer, Gly23Asp and a threonine insertion at position 123. The enzyme activities of the first two mutant reductases were consistent with the severity of the disease. The unconjugated reductase from the third mutation could not be obtained due to proteolysis but the fusion protein was enzymically active.


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