Chemical Defense and Antifouling Activity of Three Mediterranean Sponges of the Genus Ircinia

2002 ◽  
Vol 57 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 161-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Tsoukatou ◽  
Claire Hellio ◽  
Constantinos Vagias ◽  
Catherine Harvala ◽  
Vassilios Roussis
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Marine Bacteria ◽  
Marine Fungi ◽  
Generalist Predator ◽  
Antifeedant Activity ◽  
Antifouling Activity ◽  
Variable Level ◽  
Organic Extracts ◽  
Ircinia Oros ◽  
Fouling Organisms

The defense roles and the antifouling activity of the organic extracts and the major metabolites of the sponges Ircinia oros, I. variabilis and I. spinosula were investigated. The antifeedant activity was tested in experimental aquaria on the generalist predator fish Thalassoma pavo as well as in coastal ecosystems rich in fishes. Some of the major metabolites exhibited high levels of antifeedant activity. The antifouling activity was tested in laboratory assays, against representatives of the major groups of fouling organisms (marine bacteria, marine fungi, diatoms, macroalgae and mussels). All extracts showed promising levels of activity. As was expected, no single extract was active in all tests and some fractions that were effective against one organism showed little or no activity against the others. The high but variable level of antifouling activity in combination with the absence of toxicity (tested on the development of oyster and sea urchin larvae) shows the potential of these metabolites to become ingredients in environmentally friendly antifouling preparations.

scholarly journals Low Densities of Epiphytic Bacteria from the Marine Alga Ulva australis Inhibit Settlement of Fouling Organisms

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (24) ◽  
pp. 7844-7852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhana Rao ◽  
Jeremy S. Webb ◽  
Carola Holmström ◽  
Rebecca Case ◽  
Adrian Low ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Bacteria ◽  
Marine Fungi ◽  
Inhibitory Compounds ◽  
Ulva Australis ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
Cell Densities ◽  
Fouling Organisms ◽  
Invertebrate Larvae ◽  
Algal Spores

ABSTRACT Bacteria that produce inhibitory compounds on the surface of marine algae are thought to contribute to the defense of the host plant against colonization of fouling organisms. However, the number of bacterial cells necessary to defend against fouling on the plant surface is not known. Pseudoalteromonas tunicata and Phaeobacter sp. strain 2.10 (formerly Roseobacter gallaeciensis) are marine bacteria often found in association with the alga Ulva australis and produce a range of extracellular inhibitory compounds against common fouling organisms. P. tunicata and Phaeobacter sp. strain 2.10 biofilms with cell densities ranging from 102 to 108 cells cm−2 were established on polystyrene petri dishes. Attachment and settlement assays were performed with marine fungi (uncharacterized isolates from U. australis), marine bacteria (Pseudoalteromonas gracilis, Alteromonas sp., and Cellulophaga fucicola), invertebrate larvae (Bugula neritina), and algal spores (Polysiphonia sp.) and gametes (U. australis). Remarkably low cell densities (102 to 103 cells cm−2) of P. tunicata were effective in preventing settlement of algal spores and marine fungi in petri dishes. P. tunicata also prevented settlement of invertebrate larvae at densities of 104 to 105 cells cm−2. Similarly, low cell densities (103 to 104cells cm−2) of Phaeobacter sp. strain 2.10 had antilarval and antibacterial activity. Previously, it has been shown that abundance of P. tunicata on marine eukaryotic hosts is low (<1 × 103 cells cm−2) (T. L. Skovhus et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:2373-2382, 2004). Despite such low numbers of P. tunicata on U. australis in situ, our data suggest that P. tunicata and Phaeobacter sp. strain 2.10 are present in sufficient quantities on the plant to inhibit fouling organisms. This strongly supports the hypothesis that P. tunicata and Phaeobacter sp. strain 2.10 can play a role in defense against fouling on U. australis at cell densities that commonly occur in situ.

scholarly journals ECOLOGÍA QUÍMICA DE LAS ESPONJAS EXCAVADORAS CLIONA APRICA, C. CARIBBAEA, C. DELITRIX Y C. TENUIS

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andia Chaves Fonnegra ◽  
Mateo López Victoria ◽  
Fernando Parra Velandia ◽  
Sven Zea
Keyword(s):  
Larval Settlement ◽  
Coral Tissue ◽  
Live Coral ◽  
Stegastes Partitus ◽  
Excavating Sponges ◽  
Natural Concentration ◽  
Experimental Media ◽  
Organic Extracts ◽  
Fouling Organisms ◽  
San Andres

The Caribbean encrusting and excavating sponges Cliona aprica, C. caribbaea, C. delitrix and C. tenuis (Porifera, Hadromerida, Clionaidae), aggresively undermine and displace live coral tissue. At San Andrés island and Islas del Rosario (Colombian Caribbean), in all 145 observed cases of direct contact of the sponges C. aprica, C. caribbaea and C. tenuis with 17 coral species, corals showed unhealthy signs in their tissue. It was also noticed that the surface of these sponges is colonized by few organisms and that they are rarely preyed upon. To establish the possible use of chemical substances by these sponges in competition for space with corals (allelopathy), as inhibitors of larval settlement (antifouling), and as feeding deterrents against generalist fish (antipredatory), the activity of crude organic extracts was experimentally evaluated. Extracts were prepared in methanol and 1:2 metanol:dichloromethane and incorporated in experimental media at the natural concentration within the sponges. Using an unpublished method being developed by J. Pawlik (University of North Caroline at Wilmington) and M. Ilan (Tel Aviv University), PhytagelTM disks with crude extracts of each of the four sponge species, placed on the coral Montastrea cavernosa, produced a greater degree of polyp mortality than control gels without extract. Gels with extracts of the sponges C. aprica and C. caribbaea + C. tenuis, served in Petri dishes and used as substratum in the field, inhibited significantly the settlement of fouling organisms, in comparison to control gels. In laboratory trials, wheat flour pellets with extracts C. delitrix and C. caribbaea + C. tenuis were significantly rejected by the omnivore reef damselfish, Stegastes partitus, whereas pellets with extract of C. aprica did not deter feeding. These results suggest that substances present in the crude organic extracts of these sponges may be responsible in part for their ability to compete for reef substrata and to defend themselves from potential aggressors.

Antifouling activity of commercial biocides vs. natural and natural-derived products assessed by marine bacteria adhesion bioassay

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1032-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes Camps ◽  
Jean-François Briand ◽  
Linda Guentas-Dombrowsky ◽  
Gérald Culioli ◽  
Alexis Bazire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Bacteria ◽  
Antifouling Activity ◽  
Bacteria Adhesion

scholarly journals CAPACIDAD ANTIMITOTICA DE EXTRACTOS DE ESPONJAS MARINAS DEL CARIBE COLOMBIANO

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennyfer Mora Cristancho ◽  
Sven Zea ◽  
Marisol Santos Acevedo ◽  
Federico Newmark Umbreit
Keyword(s):  
Anticancer Activity ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Marine Sponges ◽  
Lytechinus Variegatus ◽  
Inhibiting Activity ◽  
Antimitotic Activity ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
Organic Extracts

The determination of antimitotic activity of organic extracts from marine organisms generates expectations on the isolation of substances with potential anticancer activity. The antimitotic activity of crude organic extracts from 15 marine sponges from the Colombian Caribbean coast were tested in vitro against embryos of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. 80% of the species evaluated (Spirastrella coccinea, Myrmekioderma rea, Iotrochota imminuta, Halichondria sp., Petromica ciocalyptoides, Cinachyrella kuekenthali, Biemna cribaria, Oceanapia peltata, Xestospongia proxima, Oceanapia bartschi, Polymastia tenax y Dragmacidon reticulata) showed significant levels of inhibiting activity on the mitotic divisions at the first cellular phase of fertilized eggs. The extracts from Halichondria sp., P. ciocalyptoides and Xestospongia proxima disintegrate the cellular nuclei instantly. Extracts from Cribrochalina infundibulum showed an intermediate level of activity, while extracts from Desmapsamma anchorata and Myrmekioderma gyroderma showed no activity.

scholarly journals Cold-adapted bacterial extracts as a source of anti-infective and antimicrobial compounds against Staphylococcus aureus

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 1369-1382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Artini ◽  
Rosanna Papa ◽  
Gianluca Vrenna ◽  
Concetta Lauro ◽  
Annarita Ricciardelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Marine Bacteria ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Medical Applications ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Antimicrobial Compounds ◽  
Cold Adapted ◽  
Organic Extracts

Aim: The dramatic emergence of antibiotic resistance has directed the interest of research toward the discovery of novel antimicrobial molecules. In this context, cold-adapted marine bacteria living in polar regions represent an untapped reservoir of biodiversity endowed with an interesting chemical repertoire. The aim of this work was to identify new antimicrobials and/or antibiofilm molecules produced by cold-adapted bacteria. Materials & methods: Organic extracts obtained from polar marine bacteria were tested against Staphylococcus aureus. Most promising samples were subjected to suitable purification strategies. Results: Results obtained led to the identification of a novel lipopeptide able to effectively inhibit the biofilm formation of S. aureus. Conclusion: New lipopeptide may be potentially useful in a wide variety of biotechnological and medical applications.

scholarly journals Field experimental evaluation of secondary metabolites from marine invertebrates as antifoulants

2002 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C PEREIRA ◽  
A. G. V. CARVALHO ◽  
B. A. P. GAMA ◽  
R. COUTINHO
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
The Other ◽  
Selective Action ◽  
Marine Biofouling ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Organic Extracts ◽  
Fouling Organisms ◽  
Aplysina Fulva

The crude organic extracts of the endemic gorgonian Phyllogorgia dilatata and two sponge species Aplysina fulva and Mycale microsigmatosa were evaluated for anti-fouling properties through field experiments. To investigate this property in ecologically meaningful conditions, crude extracts from these invertebrates were incorporated at concentrations naturally found in these marine organisms into a stable gel used as a substratum for fouling settlement. Crude extract from A. fulva showed no significant anti-fouling property at the natural concentrations used in the field experiments. In fact, fouling organisms settled significantly more on gels treated with A. fulva extract than on the control gel. On the other hand, both M. microsigmatosa and P. dilatata yielded crude extracts that exhibited a selective action inhibiting only the settlement of barnacles. The evidences obtained here by means of field experiments can provide a basis for future development of one kind of natural antifoulant technology to prevent marine biofouling.

scholarly journals Antifouling activity of seaweed extracts from Guarujá, São Paulo, Brazil

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heloisa Elias Medeiros ◽  
Bernardo Antonio Perez da Gama ◽  
Gianfranco Gallerani
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Fouling Organism ◽  
Antifouling Paints ◽  
Antifouling Activity ◽  
Marine Biofouling ◽  
Brown Mussel ◽  
Organic Extracts ◽  
Activity Spectrum

Marine biofouling historically constitutes one of the major constraints faced by mankind in its oceanic activities. The search for alternatives to TBT-based antifouling paints has led several researchers to focus efforts in the development of environmentally friendly natural compounds. This work has contributed with this search, testing the antifouling potential of crude organic extracts from four seaweed species collected at Praia Branca, Guarujá district, São Paulo, Brazil. Throughout laboratory antifouling assays in which the attachment of a common fouling organism, the brown mussel Perna perna, was employed, antifouling activity (p < 0.05) was detected in natural concentrations of the extracts of Jania rubens (Rhodophyta, Cryptonemiales) and Bryothamnion seaforthii (Rhodophyta, Ceramiales), while Dictyopteris delicatula (Phaeophyta, Dictyotales) and Heterosiphonia gibbesii (Rhodophyta, Ceramiales) did not exhibit fouling inhibition. From the algae that exhibited antifouling activity, J. rubens presented best performance when compared to that of B. seaforthii. Future field studies would be necessary to obtain results that can better reflect natural conditions, as well as to assess the activity spectrum of the antifouling activity presently recorded. Further bioassay-guided purification of the active extracts can lead to new alternatives to the metal-based antifouling paints currently in use.

scholarly journals Anti-fouling activity and toxicity of the Mediterranean alien sponge Paraleucilla magna Klautau, Monteiro & Borojevic, 2004 (Porifera, Calcarea)

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12279
Author(s):  
Caterina Longo ◽  
Roberta Trani ◽  
Carlotta Nonnis Marzano ◽  
Maria Mercurio ◽  
Tamara Lazic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Antifouling Activity ◽  
Growth Inhibitory ◽  
Antifouling Compound ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Fouling Organisms ◽  
External Covering

Poriferans, as sessile organisms without rigid external covering, use secondary metabolites for protection from predators and fouling organisms. The present study tested the antifouling activity of ethanolic extract of the Mediterranean alien calcareous sponge Paraleucilla magna towards juvenile mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis. Furthermore, toxicity tests on nauplii of brine shrimp Artemia salina and two microalgae strains, Nannochloropsis sp. and Tetraselmis suecica, were also conducted. A total attachment inhibition of M. galloprovincialis was achieved at a concentration of 400 µg/mL of sponge extract. The 50% mortality of A. salina nauplii was recorded at a concentration of 500 µg/mL of ethanolic extract. The growth inhibitory effect on both marine microalgae strains has been registered at a concentration of 300 µg/mL. Our results suggest promising natural antifouling activity and low toxicity of the ethanolic extract of P. magna that could be used as antifouling compound.

scholarly journals Identification and Characterization of a Putative Transcriptional Regulator Controlling the Expression of Fouling Inhibitors in Pseudoalteromonas tunicata

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 372-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhelen Egan ◽  
Sally James ◽  
Staffan Kjelleberg
Keyword(s):  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Regulation Of Expression ◽  
High Sequence Similarity ◽  
Antifouling Activity ◽  
Pseudoalteromonas Tunicata ◽  
Fouling Organisms

ABSTRACT The dark green pigmented marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas tunicata colonizes living surfaces and produces a range of extracellular compounds that inhibit common fouling organisms, including marine invertebrate larvae, algae, bacteria, and fungi. We have observed a positive correlation between the antifouling activity of P. tunicata strain D2 and the expression of pigmentation. To address the hypothesis that pigmentation and antifouling may be jointly regulated in this organism and to begin to identify potential regulatory elements, we used transposon mutagenesis to generate a strain of P. tunicata deficient in antifouling activity. The data presented here describe the phenotypic and molecular characterization of a nonpigmented transposon mutant strain of P. tunicata (D2W2). Analyses of the antifouling capabilities of D2W2 demonstrate that this strain is deficient in the ability to inhibit each of the target fouling organisms. Genetic analysis of D2W2 identified a gene, designated wmpR (white mutant phenotype), with high sequence similarity to transcriptional regulators ToxR from Vibrio cholerae and CadC from Escherichia coli. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that WmpR is essential for the expression of a significant subset of stationary-phase-induced proteins likely to be important for the synthesis of fouling inhibitors. The identification of a gene involved in the regulation of expression of antifouling phenotypes will contribute to the understanding of the interactions between bacteria and other surface-colonizing organisms in the marine environment.

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