Dilemma of Development: The Agricultural Bank and Agricultural Reform in Ottoman Turkey, 1888–1908

1975 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Quataert
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Economy ◽  
Agricultural Reform ◽  
Agricultural Produce ◽  
Ottoman Turkey

During the final century of its existence, the Ottoman state, seeking to adapt and survive in a European-dominated world, launched a series of far-ranging reform programs touching nearly every aspect of Ottoman life. The financial basis of these programs rested on a predominantly agricultural economy characterized by Ottoman and foreign observers alike as backward and impoverished, yet possessing vast potential.Generally, these observers also agreed that Turkey's function in the industrializing world was to supply agricultural produce and raw materials. The expansion of Turkish agricultural production would not only help satisfy increasing European demand but also, by raising Ottoman revenues, both ensure the continuation of the Ottoman Empire and provide the additional funds required by the modernization efforts.

Monastic Estates and Agricultural Transformation in Mount Lebanon in the 18th Century

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard van Leeuwen
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
World Market ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Agricultural Transformation ◽  
Agricultural Produce ◽  
The World ◽  
Transformative Impact

One of the central issues in the debate on the transformative impact of European economic expansion on agricultural structures in the Ottoman Empire concerns the formation of large agricultural estates. It has been argued that the growing demand for raw materials on the world market fostered efforts at the integration of small landholdings into larger units of production and an increasing commercialization of agricultural produce. This commercializaiton coincided with a tendency toward crop specializaiton and a regional differentitation between the rural areas.

scholarly journals State Participation in Industrial and Agricultural Internationally Competitive Produce Advancement

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 50-59
Author(s):  
V. N. Mironova
Keyword(s):  
State Policy ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
International Markets ◽  
The State ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Development Platform ◽  
Agricultural Produce ◽  
State Participation ◽  
New Institutions

The subject of the research is state policy in supporting export of industrial and agricultural produce. The purpose of the work is to propose actions aimed at the increase of competitiveness of industrial and agricultural production and at creating mechanisms for its advancement to international markets in the context of Western sanctions intensifying and the necessity to escape raw materials based development model. To achieve these goals, new institutions for national business development are created, export oriented branches of production are developed. The amount of state participation in financing industry and agriculture development is increasing. Russian Export Center has been organized. It supports in financial and nonfinancial way Russian companies that are ready to raise the competitive advantages of their production and to enter foreign markets. It is concluded that due to the actions that the state puts into practice to fulfill complicated and ambitious tasks aimed at competitive recovery of home products and at increasing of non-resource exports some positive results have been achieved both in industrial and agricultural production. The results, however, are not weighty enough to dramatically change the place of Russia in international division of labor. As before, resource commodity still constitutes a significant part of export. The state policy lays special emphasis on financing branches of industry without taking into consideration their effectiveness. Financial and nonfinancial instruments are of high importance, but they should be used in the framework of a comprehensive approach. The transition to a new industrial and technical development platform, modern knowledge, technologies and innovations deployment are yet not in line with the requirements for international competiveness of domestic product.

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO SEARCH FOR RESERVES OF DECREASING COSTS IN THE BRANCHES OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cost Calculation ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Method Of Calculation ◽  
Prime Cost ◽  
Dairy Cattle Breeding ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Qualitative Characteristics

In this article approaches to search for reserves of decrease in cost of agricultural production are considered. The methods of cost calculation of dairy cattle breeding products used at the studied enter-prise are analysed, short characteristic of the standard method offered by the Ministry of Agriculture is given, and calculations of alternative options are also carried out. Today creation of accounting of a production unit is very important so that not only weight units must be considered in it, but also the quali-tative structure of products must be reflected. Definition of qualitative characteristics and technological properties by production of milk which depend on use purposes can be an example. The raw materials consumption on a unit of production and its quality and also firmness of storage depends on technologi-cal properties of milk. At calculation of prime cost taking into account qualitative characteristics for cal-culation milk in terms of basic fat content undertakes. The method of calculation of prime cost consider-ing qualitative characteristics is the most expedient as prime cost of 1 c of milk unlike the operating tech-nique is lower. In the article analytical methods of reserves calculation for decrease in prime cost taking into account various factors are proved. The revealed reserves will allow an enterprise to expand its in-vestment opportunities in the future, they will give an additional incentive of modernization of the worn-out machinery and equipment in branches of agriculture.

Labor Acquisition and Social Conflict on the Colombian Frontier, 1850–1936

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine LeGrand
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Latin Americans ◽  
The World

Exporters of raw materials under Iberian rule, the nations of Latin America continued to perform a similar role in the world economy after Independence. In the nineteenth century, however, a significant shift occurred in the kind of materials exported. Whereas in colonial times the great wealth of Latin America lay in her mineral resources, particularly silver and gold, aster 1850 agricultural production for foreign markets took on larger importance. The export of foodstuffs was not a new phenomenon, but in the nineteenth century the growth in consumer demand in the industrializing nations and the developing revolution in. transport much enhanced the incentives for Latin Americans who would produce coffee, wheat, cattle, or bananas for overseas markets.

scholarly journals Food security issues in the economic security system of the Republic of Armenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 08004
Author(s):  
M.G. Manucharyan
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Food System ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Security Level ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
The Republic

One of the most important components of national security is food security. The country's food security is mainly ensured through the development of agriculture, food production and food import systems. The main problems of the development of the agri-food system of the republic were the increase of the level of provision of the population with food, the increase of the level of economic protection of the country, which, first of all, requires an increase of agricultural production to provide the population with locally produced food products, raw materials to the processing industry as much as possible, as well as to increase export volumes. The main goal of the research is to develop and outline the ways of further development of the RA food self-sufficiency based on the development of agricultural production. Based on the analysis of the current situation in the agricultural market, to propose a set of economic development measures, which will contribute to the increase of the food security level, the development of the agri-food system, the reduction of the poverty level of the rural communities. The research substantiated the preconditions for further growth of agricultural production, as a result of comprehensive studies and analyzes, the main directions of improving food production and increasing efficiency were outlined, which conditioned the scientific novelty.

Post-Collective Agriculture

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Ho ◽  
Francesco Zaratin
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Agricultural Prices ◽  
Rural Industrialization ◽  
Agricultural Produce ◽  
Daunting Challenge

Since the start of the economic reforms in 1978, China has developed today into one of the world’s leading producers of agricultural produce—particularly pork, poultry, fruits, vegetables, wheat, corn, and rice. The transition of China’s collectivist Soviet-style agricultural production toward a modernized, mechanized, and market-based agriculture has taken many decades to take effect. A major breakthrough that marked the start of China’s agricultural transition was the nationwide adoption of the Household Contract Responsibility System in the mid-1980s. In addition to these managerial and structural changes, the Chinese government engaged in the liberalization of agricultural prices and supply and marketing systems, as well as the stimulation of agricultural diversification, mechanization, and economies of scale. As agriculture continued to develop, millions of farmers were lifted out of poverty and migrated to the cities to find employment in the industries and services. At the same time, however, China encountered significant problems as a result. For one, how to ensure food security and feed close to one-fifth of the earth’s population with less than one-tenth of its farmland? On top of that, over time vast tracts of fertile, arable land were lost due to its (legal and illegal) conversion into urban construction land. Raising agricultural production was also severely constrained by the small and fragmented nature of Chinese farms. Well into the 2010s, over 90 percent of these were smaller than 2.5 acres, while cropland was scattered over numerous different plots. Furthermore, ensuring adequate social welfare, education, and health care for the rural populace had become a daunting challenge in the face of the growing divide between urban citizens and the peasant population. Last but not least, rapid rural industrialization through township and village enterprises (TVEs), once hailed as a miracle of China’s reforms, had taken a heavy toll in the form of soil, air, and water pollution, giving rise to “cancer villages”, “black rivers,” and heavily degraded natural resources. At the time of this writing, Chinese agriculture is caught in between two worlds: on the one hand, one may find smallholders tilling scattered agricultural plots, on the other hand, there are high-tech food-processing factories and the peri-urban, sometimes ecologically guided industrial farms. The stark contrast between a highly modernized sector versus a traditional one will continue to explain the paradoxical dynamics of Chinese post-collective agriculture for the foreseeable future.

Problems of sustainability of production of the agro-industrial complex of the West Kazakhstan region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Б.Т. Базарова ◽  
Б.Қ. Копбулсынова ◽  
Ж.А. Аймешева ◽  
B. Bazarova ◽  
B. Kopbulsynova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
The West ◽  
Processing Industry ◽  
West Kazakhstan ◽  
The Impact

Батыс Қазақстан облысындағы кәсіпорындардың эволюциясы экономикалық дамудың жалпы циклдік сипатына байланысты да, әр түрлі сыртқы және ішкі факторлардың осы салаға әсер етуінен, сондай-ақ даму процесінде сөзсіз ауытқулар салдарынан ауытқуларға ұшырайды. Батыс Қазақстан облысының аймақтық агроөнеркәсіптік кешенін тұрақты дамытудың басымдықтары талдау арқылы анықталуы керек. Зерттеудің мақсаты - Батыс Қазақстан облысының агроөнеркәсіптік кешенінің тиімді және тұрақты дамуын зерттеу болып табылады. Бұл тақырыпты зерттеу кезінде статистикалық-экономикалық әдіс, талдау және синтез қолданылды. Ауылшаруашылық кешенінің жеке аймақ ретінде тұрақты дамуы да, жалпы елдің де дамуы ауылшаруашылық кешенінің тұрақты қалыптасуынсыз мүмкін емес, себебі оның түпкі өнімі қайта өңдеу өнеркәсібі болып табылады, ал оның мақсаты - талаптарына сай халықты сапалы өніммен қамтамасыз ету. Талдау көрсеткендей, ауылшаруашылық өндірісінің қазіргі жағдайы, қолайсыз факторлардың әсерінің күшеюімен сипатталады, ең алдымен табиғи факторлардың өндірісінде, жалпы өсімдік шаруашылығы өнімінің жылдық айырмашылықтарын тудырады, және өз кезегінде мал шаруашылығындағы ауытқуларға әкеледі, сонымен қатар оның әсері өңдеуші салаларда сезіледі, ал бұл өнеркәсіптің шикізаты болып табылады. Зертеу барысында 2015 жылдан бастап Батыс Қазақстан облысының аумағында ауыл шаруашылығы өнімдері өндірісінің күрт төмендегені анықталды, бұл жалпы, сондай-ақ өсімдік шаруашылығы мен мал шаруашылығы салалары бойынша да өндіріс тұрақтылығының төмендеуіне әкелді, және ол бүгінгі күнге дейін жалғасуда. Агроөнеркәсіптік кешеннің шикізат саласындағы өндіріс тұрақтылығының төмендеуі қайта өңдеу өнеркәсібі өнімдерін өндіруде ауытқулардың артуына әкеліп соқтырды, бұның нәтижесінде халыққа азық-түлік өнімдерін ұсынуда тұрақсыздық пайда болды. Батыс Қазақстан облысының АӨК-ін оның салаларының өнімділігі мен кірістілігін арттыруға бағытталған одан әрі дамыту өндірісті жаңғыртуды және қайта жарақтандыруды, оның инфрақұрылымын дамытуды және салалық кластерлерді қалыптастыруды талап етеді. Кілт сөздер: агроөнеркәсіп кешені, тербеліс, аграрлық сектор, өндіріс, халық саны, агротехника, экономика, талдау, өнімдер, өсімдік шаруашылығы. The evolution of enterprise in the West Kazakhstan region is subject to fluctuations due to both the general cyclical nature of economic development and the impact of various external and internal factors on this industry, as also fluctuations unavoidable in the evolution process. The priorities for sustainable evolution of the regional agro-industrial complex of the West Kazakhstan region should be identified through analysis. The goal of the research is to study the effective and sustainable development of the agro-industrial complex of the West Kazakhstan region. Through studies this topic, the statistical-economic method, analysis and synthesis were used. Sustainable development of the agro-industrial complex of both a particular region and the country as a whole is impossible without the stable functioning of its core - agriculture, the final product of which is used by the processing industry, whose goal is to provide the population with high-quality products in volumes that meet their requirements. Current state of agricultural production, as the analysis shows, is characterized by an increase in the influence of unfavorable factors on production, first of all natural ones, which cause annual differences in the production of gross crop production, which, in turn, convey fluctuations to the livestock industry and, as a result, affects the processing industries. it is the raw material of the industry. In the course of the study, it was found that, since 2015, in the territory of the West Kazakhstan region, there has been a sharp decline in agricultural production, which led to a decrease in the stability of production in general, and in the fields of crop and livestock production, which continues to the present. A decrease in the sustainability of production in the raw materials sector of the agro-industrial complex entailed an increase in fluctuations in the production of products of the processing industry, which ultimately resulted in the emergence of an instability in the supply of food to the population. Further development of the agro-industrial complex of the West Kazakhstan region, aimed at increasing the productivity and profitability of its industries, requires the modernization and re-equipment of production, the development of its infrastructure and the formation of industry clusters.

ASSESSMENT OF EFFICIENCY OF COMMODITY STRATEGY OF THE FOOD ENTERPRISE

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.Н. ДРОЗДОВ ◽  
В.В. ИЛЛАРИОНОВА ◽  
М.Ю. ГВОЗДЕНКО ◽  
Е.Н. ГУБА ◽  
М.В. ГУСЕВА ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Competitive Advantages

Проведен комплексный анализ эффективности товарной стратегии пищевого предприятия по производству и реализации консервированной сельскохозяйственной продукции за 7 мес. – с июня по декабрь 2017 года. Дана оценка ассортименту выпускаемой продукции, эффективности взаимодействия с поставщиками сырья и покупателями готовой продукции, конкурентных преимуществ. Выявлены недостатки в схеме товародвижения. Предложены рекомендации по совершенствованию товарной стратегии. The complex analysis of efficiency of commodity strategy of the food enterprise for production and realization of tinned agricultural production in 7 months – from June to December, 2017 is carried out. An assessment is given to the range of products, efficiency of interaction with suppliers of raw materials and buyers of finished goods, competitive advantages. Shortcomings of the scheme of merchandising are revealed. Recommendations about improvement of commodity strategy are offered.

Farm Security for Food Security

2016 ◽  
pp. 300-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy-Ann Isaac ◽  
Wayne Ganpat ◽  
Michael Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Climate Change Effects ◽  
Agricultural Produce ◽  
Primary Responsibility ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Main Factors

Agricultural production in the Caribbean is being threatened by many factors such as decreasing availability of arable land, climate change effects such as increased incidences of flooding and drought, labour shortages, and competition from importers. However, one of the most important threats to agricultural production is the often under-recognised and under-reported area of farm theft (referred to as praedial larceny in the Caribbean). It involves the theft of agricultural produce (crops, livestock and fisheries) and farm equipment. One of the main reasons why this threat is so important is that theft of this type is very hard to prove. If indeed perpetrators are caught, and prosecuted successfully, the penalty is practically negligible. This paper examines the current status of farm theft in the Caribbean region, explores some of the main factors influencing farm theft, reviews some of the strategies attempted in the Caribbean and other places around the world and makes several suggestions to create a more secure food region. While the discussion calls on food producers to take several best practice actions to mitigate losses to praedial larceny, it emphasises that the primary responsibility is with government-led actions in the areas of modernised policies, updated laws and enhanced enforcement efforts.

scholarly journals Agricultural Biogas—An Important Element in the Circular and Low-Carbon Development in Poland

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Piwowar
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Present Generation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Energy Economy ◽  
Materials Used

The agricultural sector can play an important role in the transformation of the energy economy in Poland. Special attention in this paper has been paid to the development of the agricultural biogas market in Poland. The considerations mainly concern organizational and economic aspects. Agricultural biogas plant represents the circular cycle of matter and energy. It enables the establishment of low-carbon, resource-efficient links between the agriculture and energy sectors. This is an important element of the circular economy, where waste from agricultural production and the agri-food industry, coming from renewable resources, is transformed into goods with a higher added value. The social and economic needs of the present generation and future generations are considered. The paper presented the characteristics of the Polish market, i.e., the number of entities, the number and location of plants, as well as the production volumes. Analyses were performed in the area of raw materials used to produce agricultural biogas. The analyses were carried out between 2011 and 2018. According to analyses, the potential of the agricultural biogas market in Poland is currently being used to a small extent. It is necessary not only to provide institutional support but also to increase the awareness of farmers and managers in agri-food companies of the possibility of using production waste for energy purposes.

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