The Spread of Ideas Related to the Developmental Idealism Model in Albania

In this paper we use data from a nationally representative survey conducted in Albania in 2005 to study the spread of the worldviews, values, and beliefs of developmental idealism in the country. We find that Albanians have adopted developmental idealism, with ideas about development and developmental hierarchies that are similar to those of international elites. A substantial majority of Albanians also endorse the developmental idealist belief of an association between socioeconomic development and family matters. Many perceive development as both a cause and an effect of family change, but with more seeing it as a cause than as an effect. Albanians also perceive development as more closely related to fertility and gender equality than to age at marriage. But despite believing that development and family change are related, most Albanians continue to endorse lifetime marriage and strong intergenerational relations. This unique perception of development and demographic behavior reflects Albania's unique history with regard to economic, political and social change. We conclude that despite living in one of the most radical state socialist regimes in the world, which tried to keep its population sealed off from the outside world for many years, Albanians endorse many of the elements of developmental idealism.

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New Research on Developmental Idealism

Sociology of Development ◽

10.1525/sod.2019.5.3.225 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 225-228

Author(s):

Keera Allendorf ◽

Arland Thornton

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Development ◽

Good Life ◽

Empirical Investigation ◽

The Internet ◽

Monetary Incentives ◽

Ordinary People ◽

Special Issue ◽

Values And Beliefs ◽

New Research ◽

Developmental Idealism

In this introduction, we offer an overview of developmental idealism (DI) theory and the contributions of this special issue. DI is a collection of values and beliefs about socioeconomic development and its causal links to other elements of societies. Within DI, some societal elements are identified as “modern,” inherently good, and helpful to development, while others are identified as “traditional,” undesirable, and unhelpful to development. DI theory posits that these schemas spread from Northwest European elites to ordinary people. In turn, people are motivated to adopt “modern” behaviors because they are seen as the means of achieving a good life and socioeconomic development. The articles in this special issue contribute to the empirical investigation of DI theory in a variety of ways. This issue enriches the DI methodological toolkit, demonstrating, for example, that DI measures are valid and reliable and that internet search queries can be used to examine DI. The articles also make strides in assessing the prevalence and nature of DI thinking, from the internet to far-flung geographic locations, including Albania, Kenya, Nepal, and Vietnam. Finally, this issue contributes to identifying pathways for the spread of DI, pointing to national elites, monetary incentives, and television.

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State, Islam, and Gender Politics

10.1093/oso/9780198788553.003.0002 ◽

2017 ◽

Keyword(s):

Women's Rights ◽

Socioeconomic Development ◽

Women’S Rights ◽

Dress Code ◽

Main Site ◽

Muslim Countries ◽

Personal Rights ◽

The Status ◽

And Gender ◽

Economy And Education

The existing literature on women’s rights and Islam falls short of addressing the relationship between the religious debate on women’s rights and the existing rules of law in Muslim-majority countries. This chapter will bridge this gap by analyzing the status of women in the legal systems of Egypt, Turkey, and Morocco. It will evaluate the influence of Islam on the shaping of these laws, compared to other factors like culture, socioeconomic development, and education. Except in marginal cases like Saudi Arabia or Afghanistan under the Taliban, women’s rights in politics, the economy, and education have advanced in all Muslim countries. But there are some limitations placed upon women’s rights using religious arguments. Everywhere, personal rights about family life, sexuality, and dress code remain discriminatory against women. In this regard, the woman’s body has become the main site of the politicization of Islam, by state and non-state actors alike.

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Corruption, Opportunity Networks, and Gender

Public Opinion Quarterly ◽

10.1093/poq/nfaa030 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Nina Wiesehomeier ◽

Tània Verge

Keyword(s):

Conjoint Analysis ◽

Unethical Behavior ◽

Gender Stereotype ◽

Women In Politics ◽

Representative Survey ◽

Business Interests ◽

Female Politicians ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

And Gender

Abstract Given the gender stereotype that women are more ethical than men, people should assess female politicians as being less corruptible. Yet information about access to networks suggests that opportunities to engage in unethical behavior may counter this perception. Using a conjoint analysis in a nationally representative survey in Spain, a country shaken by corruption scandals, we asked respondents to identify the more corruptible politician between two hypothetical local councilors by imagining an investor willing to offer a bribe to advance business interests. Results indicate that female politicians do symbolically stand for honesty. However, this assessment is offset by embeddedness cues signaling a woman politician’s access to opportunity networks. We discuss our findings in light of instrumentalist arguments for an increase of women in politics as a means to combat corruption.

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Connected, Respected and Contributing to Their World: The Case of Sexual Minority and Non-Minority Young People in Ireland

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18031118 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 1118

Author(s):

András Költő ◽

Aoife Gavin ◽

Elena Vaughan ◽

Colette Kelly ◽

Michal Molcho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young People ◽

Sexual Minority ◽

Minority Youth ◽

Policy Framework ◽

Youth Policy ◽

School Aged Children ◽

Gender And Age ◽

Bisexual Youth ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

And Gender

Outcome 5 of the Irish Better Outcomes, Brighter Futures national youth policy framework (“Connected, respected, and contributing to their world”) offers a suitable way to study psychosocial determinants of adolescent health. The present study (1) provides nationally representative data on how 15- to 17-year-olds score on these indicators; (2) compares sexual minority (same- and both-gender attracted youth) with their non-minority peers. We analyzed data from 3354 young people (aged 15.78 ± 0.78 years) participating in the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study in Ireland. Age and social class were associated with the indicators only to a small extent, but girls were more likely than boys to report discrimination based on gender and age. Frequency of positive answers ranged from 67% (feeling comfortable with friends) to 12% (being involved in volunteer work). Sexual minority youth were more likely to feel discriminated based on sexual orientation, age, and gender. Both-gender attracted youth were less likely than the other groups to report positive outcomes. Same-gender attracted youth were twice as likely as non-minority youth to volunteer. The results indicate the importance of a comprehensive approach to psycho-social factors in youth health, and the need for inclusivity of sexual minority (especially bisexual) youth.

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The Association Between Recent Family Death and Self-Perceptions of Aging Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1457 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 450-450

Author(s):

Shu Xu

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Child Death ◽

Parental Death ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Self Perceptions ◽

Perceptions Of Aging ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

And Gender ◽

Family Loss

Abstract The loss of a family member may have a significant influence on one’s aging experience in life. Self-perceptions of aging, which are an individual’s beliefs or evaluation of their experiences of aging, have been described as an important factor for one’s health and daily life. However, there is little research on the association between family death and self-perceptions of aging. This study examines the relationships between recent family death, self-perceptions of aging, and gender of the bereaved among middle-aged and older adults. Using nationally representative data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we conducted cross-sectional analysis on adults age 50 years and older (n=1,839). Self-perceptions of aging were accessed by 8 items derived from the Attitudes Toward Own Aging subscale of the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale and the Berlin Aging Study, and we considered recent family death (i.e., parental death, spousal death, sibling death and child death), as well as gender of the bereaved. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that respondents who experienced recent family death report less positive self-perceptions of aging compared to those who did not experience recent family death (t = 12.40, p < .01). Recent parental death was more negatively related with self-perceptions of aging for bereaved women than for bereaved men (χ2 = 4.28, p < .05). Findings suggest that middle-aged and older adults experiencing recent family loss have less positive self-perceptions of aging, and gender of the bereaved plays an important role in the relationship between parental death and self-perceptions of aging.

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Transitions in hookah (Waterpipe) smoking by U.S. sexual minority adults between 2013 and 2015: the population assessment of tobacco and health study wave 1 and wave 2

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-10389-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mary Rezk-Hanna ◽

Ian W. Holloway ◽

Joy Toyama ◽

Umme Shefa Warda ◽

Lorree Catherine Berteau ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Health Study ◽

Chi Square ◽

Population Assessment ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Global Epidemic ◽

Product Use ◽

Hookah Smoking ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

And Gender

Abstract Background Tobacco smoking using a hookah (i.e., waterpipe) is a global epidemic. While evidence suggests that sexual minorities (SM) have higher odds of hookah use compared to heterosexuals, little is known about their hookah use patterns and transitions. We sought to examine transitions between hookah smoking and use of other tobacco and electronic (e-) products among SM adults aged 18 years of age and older versus their heterosexual counterparts. Methods We analyzed nationally representative data of ever and current hookah smokers from Wave 1 (2013–2014; ever use n = 1014 SM and n = 9462 heterosexuals; current use n = 144 SM and n = 910 heterosexuals) and Wave 2 (2014–2015; ever use n = 901 SM and n = 8049 heterosexuals; current use n = 117 SM and n = 602 heterosexuals) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. Comparisons between groups and gender subgroups within SM identity groups were determined with Rao-Scott chi-square tests and multivariable survey-weighted multinomial logistic regression models were estimated for transition patterns and initiation of electronic product use in Wave 2. Results Ever and current hookah smoking among SM adults (ever use Wave 1: 29% and Wave 2: 31%; current use Wave 1: 4% and Wave 2: 3%) was higher than heterosexuals (ever use Wave 1: 16% and Wave 2: 16%; current use Wave 1: 1% and Wave 2: 1%; both p < 0.0001). Among SM adults who reported hookah use at Wave 1, 46% quit hookah use at Wave 2; 39% continued hookah use and did not transition to other products while 36% of heterosexual adults quit hookah use at Wave 2 and 36% continued hookah use and did not transition to other products. Compared with heterosexuals, SM adults reported higher use of hookah plus e-products (Wave 2 usage increased by 65 and 83%, respectively). Conclusions Compared to heterosexuals, in addition to higher rates of hookah smoking, higher percentages of SM adults transitioned to hookah plus e-product use between 2013 and 2015. Results have implications for stronger efforts to increase awareness of the harmful effects of hookah as well as vaping, specifically tailored among SM communities.

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Does Interviewer Religious Dress Affect Survey Responses? Evidence from Morocco

Politics and Religion ◽

10.1017/s1755048314000455 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 734-760 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Lindsay J. Benstead

Keyword(s):

Missing Data ◽

Social Dynamics ◽

Representative Survey ◽

Sensitive Questions ◽

Interviewer Effects ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

And Gender ◽

Using Data ◽

Religious Dress ◽

Survey Responses

AbstractFew studies examine religiosity-of-interviewer effects, despite recent expansion of surveying in the Muslim world. Using data from a nationally-representative survey of 800 Moroccans conducted in 2007, this study investigates whether and why interviewer religiosity and gender affect responses to religiously-sensitive questions. Interviewer dress affects responses to four of six items, but effects are larger and more consistent for religious respondents, in support of power relations theory. Religious Moroccans provide less pious responses to secular-appearing interviewers, whom they may link to the secular state, and more religious answers to interviewers wearing hijab, in order to safeguard their reputation in a society that values piety. Interviewer traits do not affect the probability of item-missing data. Religiosity-of-interviewer effects depend on interviewer gender for questions about dress choice, a gendered issue closely related to interviewer dress. Interviewer gender and dress should be coded and controlled for to reduce bias and better understand social dynamics.

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Comparing the Socioeconomic Development of G7 and BRICS Countries and Resilience to COVID-19: An Entropy–MARCOS Framework

Business Perspectives and Research ◽

10.1177/22785337211015406 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 227853372110154

Author(s):

Sanjib Biswas ◽

Shuvendu Majumder ◽

Suman Kumar Dawn

Keyword(s):

Educational Level ◽

Employment Status ◽

Death Rate ◽

Socioeconomic Development ◽

Health Condition ◽

Socioeconomic Indicators ◽

Brics Countries ◽

And Gender ◽

Developed Nations ◽

Health Research And Development

In this article, we aim to compare the socioeconomic development (SED) of the countries listed in G7 (representing developed nations) and BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa—developing countries). Further, we intend to delve into the nexus between the SED of a country and its resilience to the current pandemic, COVID-19. The initial apprehension is that a country with better SED can show better resilience. To test this assumption, we consider seven socioeconomic indicators representing income, employment status, educational level, health condition, government expenditures in essential areas, like health, research and development, and gender equality and apply a compromise solution–based multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) framework. Next, we consider three parameters, namely infected cases (IC), recovery rate (RR), and death rate (DR), as explanatory proxy variables to indicate the resilience of the countries to COVID-19 spread. Finally, we examine the association between the SED and resilience of the countries. The results show that the SED of a country does not lead to better resilience to COVID-19.

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Child Marriage and Intimate Partner Violence: An Examination of Individual, Community, and National Factors

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/08862605211042602 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 088626052110426

Author(s):

Brittany E. Hayes ◽

Michelle E. Protas

Keyword(s):

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Partner Violence ◽

National Level ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Early Marriage ◽

Child Marriage ◽

Demographic And Health Surveys ◽

Age At Marriage ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Nationally Representative

Despite being a human rights violation, child marriage still takes place across the globe. Prior scholarship has shown early marriage to be associated with an increased risk of intimate partner violence (IPV). Drawing on data from the nationally representative Demographic and Health Surveys—conducted in developing and transitional nations where rates of child marriage tend to be higher—the current study provides a cross-national examination of individual-, community-, and national-level predictors of child marriage and their association with physical and emotional IPV. The sample of ever married women includes 281,674 respondents across 46 developing and transitional nations. Findings reveal the prevalence of child marriage was largely consistent with worldwide estimates. Over half of the sample (59.97%) were over the age of 18 when they married and about 1 in 10 women were married at age 14 or younger. A later age at marriage, measured continuously, was associated with lower odds of physical and emotional IPV. When considering the 18 and over cutoff traditionally used to operationalize child marriage, the odds of physical and emotional IPV were lower for women who married over the age of 18 than women who were 14 and younger when they married. However, there was a confounding effect when considering age at marriage as 18 and over when community-level predictors were not included in the model estimating physical abuse. This underscores the need to consider the nested nature of respondents’ experiences. Further, national legislation that protects against child marriage was not associated with risk of physical or emotional IPV. However, population size increased the odds of physical IPV and lowered the odds of emotional IPV. Such findings can be interpreted in light of opportunity theory and provide direction for prevention and intervention programming.

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National Serosurvey of Cytomegalovirus in Australia

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology ◽

10.1128/cvi.00203-06 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 1181-1184 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

Holly Seale ◽

C. Raina MacIntyre ◽

Heather F. Gidding ◽

J. L. Backhouse ◽

Dominic E. Dwyer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Confidence Interval ◽

Protective Efficacy ◽

Vaccination Program ◽

Age And Gender ◽

Target Populations ◽

Long Duration ◽

Australian Community ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

And Gender ◽

Representative Samples

ABSTRACT In anticipation of the development of a vaccine against cytomegalovirus (CMV), we conducted a large, nationally representative serosurvey to examine the seroprevalence of CMV in Australia. Sera were collected opportunistically from laboratories around Australia. Age- and gender-representative samples were tested for CMV antibody. The population-weighted rate of CMV seropositivity in subjects between 1 and 59 years of age was 57% (95% confidence interval, 55.2 to 58.6%). An association between CMV seroprevalence and increasing age was recognized; however, little overall difference in seroprevalence between the sexes was found. The finding that high levels of CMV exposure occur in the first few years of life suggests that for a universal vaccination program to have maximal impact, the vaccine would need to be delivered to infants and have a long duration of protective efficacy. This is the first national serosurvey looking at cytomegalovirus in the Australian community. This study provides valuable information that can be used to examine the incidence of infection in the community and help focus the administration of a future CMV vaccine to appropriate target populations.

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