scholarly journals AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SHATKORA (CITRUS MACROPTERA) IN A TRAY DRYER : EFFECT ON DRYING KINETICS AND PRODUCT QUALITY

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-90
Author(s):  
M. Rakib Uddin ◽  
Syeada Nelima Akter ◽  
Md Shahria Pervez ◽  
Thurga Devi Munusamy ◽  
Md Maksudur Rahman Khan
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Moisture Diffusivity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Air Velocity ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Type Relation

Citrus macroptera is a citrus fruit locally known as Shatkora and the fruit of this plant were used for various purposes especially for cooking and also as an odorant in perfume industries.In this research work, Shatkora peel was dried using a laboratory scale tray dryer. The experimental work was conducted at an inlet temperature of 40–60°C and velocities from 0.5–0.9 m/s. Besides, the thickness of the layer was varied between 2– 10 mm. The results demonstrated that the rate of drying was increased accordingly with rise in both air temperature and air velocity however a decreased in layer thickness was noticed. At high air temperature, moisture content of solid achieved equilibrium state within short period of time. On the other hand, moisture diffusivity of Shatkora was evaluated by applying Fick’s second law and the value was varied from 1.78 × 10-8 to 2.83 × 10-7. In  addition, activation energy was determined by using Arrhenius type relation and 19.70 kJ/mol was obtained.

scholarly journals Drying characteristics of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) slices under microwave-convective drying

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 170-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Chayjan ◽  
M. Kaveh
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Microwave Power ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Moisture Diffusivity ◽  
Moisture Ratio ◽  
Convective Drying ◽  
Air Velocity ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Thin Layer Drying

A laboratory scale microwave-convection dryer was used to dry the eggplant fruit, applying microwave power in the range of 270–630 W, air temperature in the range of 40–70°C and air velocity in the range of 0.5–1.7 m/s. Six mathematical models were used to predict the moisture ratio of eggplant fruit slices in thin layer drying. The results showed that the Midilli et al. model had supremacy in prediction of turnip slice drying behavior. Minimum and maximum values of effective moisture diffusivity (D<sub>eff</sub>) were 1.52 × 10<sup>–9</sup> and 3.39 × 10<sup>–9</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/s, respectively. Activation energy values of eggplant slices were found between 13.33 and 17.81 kJ/mol for 40°C to 70°C, respectively. The specific energy consumption for drying eggplant slices was calculated at the boundary of 86.47 and 194.37 MJ/kg. Furthermore, in the present study, the application of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for predicting the drying rate and moisture ratio was investigated. Microwave power, drying air temperature, air velocity and drying time were considered as input parameters for the model.

scholarly journals Determination of thermal and acoustic comfort inside a vehicle’s cabin

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 01002
Author(s):  
Alexandra Ene ◽  
Tiberiu Catalina ◽  
Andreea Vartires
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Sound Pressure Level ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Pressure Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Air Velocity ◽  
Acoustic Comfort ◽  
Comfort Parameters

Thermal and acoustic comfort, inside a vehicle’s cabin, are highly interconnected and can greatly influence the health of the passengers. On one hand, the H.V.A.C. system brings the interior air parameters to a comfortable value while on the other hand, it is the main source of noise. It is an intriguing task to find a balance between the two. In this paper, several types of air diffusers were used in order to optimize the ratio between thermal and acoustic interior comfort. Using complex measurements of noise and thermal comfort parameters we have determined for each type of air diffuser the sound pressure level and its impact on air temperature and air velocity.

The Study of Thermal Comfort and Noise Level in Battery Plate Factory

2014 ◽  
Vol 663 ◽  
pp. 474-479
Author(s):  
Mohd Anas Mohd Sabri ◽  
Mohd Faizal Mat Tahir ◽  
Kamaruzaman Sopian ◽  
Muhammad Hadi Zabidi Rosdi
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Noise Level ◽  
Comfort Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Air Velocity ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Radiant Temperature

The successful of manufacturing factories in industry is highly dependent on a productivity of their employees especially operators. It was identified that comfort and noise level can reduce the productivity of their workers. This study is to determine the level of thermal and noise comfort in the battery plate factory. This study was conducted in three days and location of the study is at battery plate factory in Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia. The scope of study is focused at plate manufacturing area where the employee estimated 40 persons. The thermal comfort level can be determined by calculating PMV and PPD. This study involved six factors of comfort which is air temperature, average radiant temperature, air velocity, relative humidity, metabolic rate and clothes insulation. Then the study of noise level was conducted by determining LAeq, T, Lmax and Lmin. To carry out this study, Babuc-A equipment were used. The analysis show the area of the manufacturing battery plate having a discomfort condition and PMV result is between 1.5 until 3. Air temperature on the other hand is between 27.4°C-37.8°C while relative humidity is between range 35.35% -92.1% and air velocity 0 m/s-1.28 m/s. Meanwhile the LAeq,T value in the factory is varied from 68 to 80 dB.

scholarly journals Behavior of Japanese quail in different air velocities and air temperatures

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 344-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiany Carvalho dos Santos ◽  
Richard Stephen Gates ◽  
Ilda de Fátima Ferreira Tinôco ◽  
Sérgio Zolnier ◽  
Fernando da Costa Baêta
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Japanese Quail ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coturnix Japonica ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Coturnix Coturnix Japonica ◽  
Air Velocity ◽  
Coturnix Coturnix ◽  
Air Temperatures

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the combined effects of air temperature and air velocity on the behavior of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). A total of 216 Japanese quail in their initial laying phase were used. Bird behavior was categorized with an ethogram (eat, drink, stop, open wings/shiver, others). The experimental design was a randomized complete block, in a 4x4 factorial arrangement, with four air velocities (0, 1, 2, and 3 m s-1) and air temperatures (17, 23, 29, and 35°C). The behavior “stop” was greater when the birds were subjected to 17°C. At 35°C, a significant reduction (p<0.05) was observed in the behavior “eat” at 0 m s-1, compared with the other velocities. The behaviors of laying quail are similar in the morning and in the afternoon. Quail remain stopped for a longer time under cold stress conditions, at 17°C.

Frost Thickness Variation on a Circular Tube Under Heat Pump Condition

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoon Suk Lee ◽  
Shin Hyuk Yoon ◽  
Keumnam Cho ◽  
Gaku Hayase
Keyword(s):  
Heat Pump ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Circular Tube ◽  
Absolute Humidity ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Thickness Variation ◽  
Correlation Equations ◽  
Empirical Correlations ◽  
Air Velocity

The present study measured frost pattern on a circular tube to propose empirical correlation equations for the local and average frost thickness, frost density and frost mass. The key parameters were diameter of the circular tube (7mm, 20mm), cooling surface temperature of the circular tube, absolute humidity of air, air temperature, and air velocity. A 50% ethylene glycol aqueous solution was applied as a coolant. The effect of the air temperature was smaller parameters for the frost formation than the other parameters. The frost thicknesses at both front and rear of the tube were larger than those at the other parts, while they became higher with increasing the diameter of the circular tube. The local frost thicknesses at high air velocity were more uniform than those at low air velocity. The values predicted by the correlation under the freezer condition showed larger by the maximum of 30∼50% than the measured data under heat pump condition. The empirical correlations for the local and average frost thickness and frost mass were proposed. The empirical correlations for the local and average frost thickness, frost density and frost mass were proposed, and they agreed with the literatures within 10%.

scholarly journals Determining of moisture diffusivity and activation energy in drying of apricots

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 114-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Mirzaee ◽  
S. Rafiee ◽  
A. Keyhani ◽  
Z. Emam-Djomeh
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Moisture Diffusivity ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Drying Rate ◽  
Air Velocity ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Rate Period ◽  
Drying Curves

In this study, Fick’s second law was used as a major equation to calculate the moisture diffusivity for apricot fruit with some simplification. Drying experiments were carried out at the air temperatures of 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80°C and the drying air velocity of 1, 1.5 and 2 m/s. The experimental drying curves showed only a falling drying rate period. The calculated value of the moisture diffusivity varied from 1.7 × 10<sup>–10</sup> to 1.15 × 10<sup>–9</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/s for apricot fruit, and the value of activation energy ranged from 29.35 to 33.78 kJ/mol at different velocities of air.

First and Second Law Analysis of a Flat Plate Collector Working With Nanofluids

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Nitsas ◽  
I. P. Koronaki ◽  
L. Prentza
Keyword(s):  
Flat Plate ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Systems Quality ◽  
Typical Day ◽  
Flat Plate Collector

The utilization of solar energy in thermal energy systems was and always be one of the most effective alternative to conventional energy resources. Energy efficiency is widely used as one of the most important parameters in order to evaluate and compare thermal systems including solar collectors. Nevertheless, the first law of thermodynamics is not solely capable of describing the quantitative and qualitative performance of such systems and thus exergy efficiency is used so as to introduce the systems’ quality. In this work, the performance of a flat plate solar collector using water based nanofluids of different nanoparticle types as a working fluid is analyzed theoretically under the climatic conditions in Greece based on the First and Second Law of Thermodynamics. A mathematical model is built and the model equations are solved iteratively in a MATLAB code. The energy and exergy efficiencies as well as the collector losses coefficient for various parameters such as the inlet temperature, the particles concentration and type are determined. Moreover, a dynamic model is built so as to determine the performance of a flat plate collector working with nanofluids and the useful energy that can be stored in a water tank. The exergy destruction and exergy leakage are determined for a typical day in summer during which high temperatures and solar intensity values are common for the Greek climate.

scholarly journals Influence of Physicochemical Properties and Parent Material on Chromium Fractionation in Soils

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1073
Author(s):  
Claudia Campillo-Cora ◽  
Laura Rodríguez-González ◽  
Manuel Arias-Estévez ◽  
David Fernández-Calviño ◽  
Diego Soto-Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
The Other ◽  
Oxidation States ◽  
Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid ◽  
Remediation Strategies ◽  
Exchangeable Aluminum ◽  
Efficient Extraction

Chromium is an element that possess several oxidation states and can easily pass from one to another, so its behavior in soils is very complex. For this reason, determining its fate in the environment can be difficult. In this research work we tried to determine which factors affect the chromium fractionation in natural soils, conditioning chromium mobility. We paid special attention to the parent material. For this purpose, extraction experiments were carried out on spiked soils incubated for 50–60 days, using H2O, CaCl2 and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA). The most efficient extraction rate in all soils was achieved using water, followed by CaCl2 and DTPA. We obtained models with an adjusted R2 of 0.8097, 0.8471 and 0.7509 for the H2O Cr, CaCl2 Cr and DTPA Cr respectively. All models were influenced by the amount of chromium added and the parent material: amphibolite and granite influenced the amount of H2O Cr extracted, and schist affected the other two fractions (CaCl2 and DTPA). Soil texture also played an important role in the chromium extraction, as well as the amounts of exchangeable aluminum and magnesium, and the bioavailable phosphorus. We concluded that it is possible to make relatively accurate predictions of the behavior of the different Cr fractions studied, so that optimized remediation strategies for chromium-contaminated soils can be designed on the basis of a physicochemical soil characterization.

Aircraft Applications of Insecticides in East Africa. IV.—The Application of Coarse Aerosols in Savannah Woodland containing the Tsetse Flies Glossina morsitans and G. swynnertoni

1953 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Hocking ◽  
H. C. M. Parr ◽  
D. Yeo ◽  
D. Anstey
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Small Populations ◽  
Central Province ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Savannah Woodland ◽  
Mass Median

Attempts have been made to eradicate the tsetse flies G. morsitans and G. swynnertoni from two blocks of savannah woodland situated in the Central Province of Tanganyika.The insecticides were applied from aircraft. Coarse aerosols were used, with mass median diameters of approximately 90 microns; droplet diameters varied from 4 microns to 250 microns approximately.Eight applications of insecticides were made at intervals of two weeks. Each application was carried out at a nominal dosage of 0·25 gallons per acre, which was equivalent to 0·20 1b. per acre of the p, p'isomer of DDT or 0·03 lb. per acre of the γ isomer of BHC.In the area treated with DDT it is possible that both species of flies were eradicated for a short period, but small populations were re-established there by immigrant flies. In the other block the reduction was not so great, but it is not considered that this was due to a lesser effectiveness of the BHC, but to a combination of circumstances that led to less effective applications.Some general observations are made upon the use of aircraft for this sort of work, particularly in connection with the effect of meteorological conditions.

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