CONTRACEPTION BY AN INJECTABLE, LONG-ACTING OESTROGEN-PROGESTOGEN AGENT

1969 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 494-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Plesner
Keyword(s):  
Cycle Length ◽  
Normal Amount ◽  
Basal Body Temperature ◽  
Secretory Phase ◽  
Inhibiting Effect ◽  
Excretion Pattern ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Mean Cycle ◽  
Fertile Women

ABSTRACT The author reports the results of a clinical study on 17 fertile women treated through a total of 120 cycles with Deladroxate, an injectable, long-acting oestrogen-progestogen. The injections were administered on the 8th (7th–9th) day of each cycle. Before treatment was started, the patients were observed through 2 cycles with regard to cycle length as well as duration and amount of flow. Moreover, ovulation was assessed by means of daily recording of basal body temperature (BBT), pregnanediol analyses, total pituitary gonadotrophin analyses, and endometrial biopsies. In some cases the dosage had to be increased because of a shortening of the cycle. The mean cycle length during the treatment was 24.2 days, though with fairly marked variations (mean cycle length before institution of treatment: 28.2 days). Duration of flow ranged from 3–35 days. About 84% of 108 withdrawal bleedings lasted for 4–8 days. Of the flows 56 % were of normal amount, while the majority of the remaining 44 % were scantier than in the patients with normal periods. The ovulation-inhibiting effect of Deladroxate was assessed by daily recording of BBT, pregnanediol and pituitary gonadotrophin assays, and endometrial biopsies. Five of the 41 BBT curves (41 cycles) were biphasic. Four out of 34 endometrial biopsies, obtained on the 23rd day of the cycle, showed a secretory phase. Forty out of 41 cycles were anovulatory, as assessed by the pregnanediol excretion, while in 1 cycle the excretion pattern was not characteristic. In 20 out of 37 cycles there was a definite depression of gonadotrophin excretion, while in 17 cycles the excretion pattern was not characteristic. The effect of Deladroxate on the adrenal cortex was studied by means of 17-ketogenic steroid and 17-ketosteroid excretion. With both groups of steroids there seemed to be a tendency to a reduced excretion during treatment. No changes in the fibrinogen, prothrombin, GO-transaminase, bilirubin, or thymol values were observed during treatment. Side effects during treatment, recorded in 11 of the 17 subjects, were in most cases slight and transient. The most common complaints were breast tenderness, oedema, and irregularities of bleeding. No pregnancy occurred during treatment.

CONTRACEPTION BY AN INJECTABLE LONG-ACTING OESTROGEN-PROGESTOGEN AGENT. II.

1970 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Plesner
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Oral Contraception ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Mean Cycle ◽  
Fertile Women

ABSTRACT The results of a clinical investigation on 22 fertile women treated cyclically with a total of 341 injections of Deladroxate, an injectable, long-acting oestrogen-progestogen are presented. The injections were administered on the 8th (7th–9th) day of each cycle. Before treatment, the patients were observed through 2 cycles for cycle length as well as duration and amount of flow. In some cases the dose was increased because of a shortening of the cycle. The over all mean cycle length during the treatment was 25.3 days, though with fairly marked variations. The mean cycle length before treatment was 28.4 days. The duration of flow ranged from 1–30 days. About 72% of 320 withdrawal bleedings lasted for 4–8 days. Of the flows 60% were of normal amounts, while the majority of the remaining flows were scantier than the normal pre-treatment flows of the subjects. Side effects during treatment were recorded in one or more cycles in 17 of the 22 subjects and were in most cases slight and transient. The most common complaints were breast tenderness, oedema, and irregularities of bleeding. No pregnancy occurred during treatment. After discontinuation of the injections, bleedings and cycles normalized spontaneously in 11 women. In 1 woman curettage was performed because of profuse flow, and 2 women were treated with oral oestrogen-progestogens because of persistent bleeding. Eight women started oral contraception before the cycles became regular.

Observations on the onset of the breeding season and on the oestrous cycle of the Welsh Mountain ewe

1964 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. M. Hutchinson ◽  
P. J. O'Connor ◽  
H. A. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Cycle

1.Within a flock of 55 Welsh Mountain ewes maintained under lowland conditions the first ewe came into oestrus on the 14th October. The mean cycle length of 44 normal cycles was 16 days 3 hr.2. The onset of oestrus as assessed by the time of mounting of the ram does not appear to be evenly distributed throughout the day (24 hr.).

Cycle day of ovulation

1972 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. James
Keyword(s):  
Cycle Length ◽  
Composite Sample ◽  
Normal Length ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Long Cycles ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Mean Cycle

The length of the post-ovulatory phase in a composite sample of menstrual cycles increases linearly with cycle length until cycle length reaches about 30 days, but thereafter it ceases to increase (Vollman, 1953; Bailey & Marshall, 1970). By contrast, plotted against the mean cycle length of the individual, the length of the post-ovulatory phase continues to increase roughly linearly with mean cycle length. It is concluded (a) that many long cycles are aberrant occurrences among cycles of normal length and are due to lengthening of the pre-ovulatory phase and (b) that where the mean cycle length is long, ovulation, as in shorter cycles, occurs just before the middle of the cycle, so that the post-ovulatory phase is longer than usual.The most fertile day seems to be the one before mid-cycle. These conclusions are the basis for the following formula for calendar rhythm:If x is the shortest and y the longest cycle in a woman's menstrual record, the ‘unsafe’ days start on Day (½x − 5) and last for (y − x + 8) days.

Characteristics of the menstrual cycle in nonhuman primates. IV. Timed mating in Macaca nemestrina

1981 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Blakley ◽  
T. W. Beamer ◽  
W. R. Dukelow
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Macaca Nemestrina ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Macaque Species ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Perineal Swelling ◽  
Mean Cycle

The events of the perineal swelling cycle in Macaca nemestrina have been correlated with the optimal time for conception. The mean cycle length of the animals was 32·8 days with the follicular and luteal phases of the cycle 17·6-19·2 and 13·6-15·2 days respectively. The time of ovulation, relative to the tumescence peak, ranged from 1 to 13 days. The optimal time for mating, based on the ratio between day of breeding and cycle length was 0·46, a value comparable with similar calculations for other macaque species.

General discussion: Suckling stimulus and lactation

1958 ◽  
Vol 149 (936) ◽  
pp. 421-423 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Litter Weight ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Cycle ◽  
Normal Gestation

Lactation in the rat can be prolonged indefinitely by the provision of a succession of young foster fitters to continue the stimulus of suckling. Under these conditions lactation becomes a steady state. In three rats nursing their third or fourth litters, lactation was so maintained for periods of 9, 10 and 12 months, respectively, and failure occurred only after the experimental conditions were deliberately altered. To attain steady lactation, foster litters were nursed only for the last few days of the period during which they depend wholly on the mother, i.e. shortly before their eyes open, and thus furnish a strong suckling stimulus not varying too greatly at each exchange of foster litter. In these circumstances sufficient milk was being secreted continuously to increase litter weight by 9 to 10 g per day (figure 49). The oestrous cycle was prolonged, the mean cycle length for the three females during prolonged lactation being 17.8 days. This condition has been described by Selye (1934) as ‘suckling pseudo-pregnancy'. In other experiments with prolonged lactation mating was allowed to take place after periods varying from 50 to 106 days of continuous lactation. There was no diminution of milk production as judged by litter growth over the night of mating if the male was introduced into the female’s cage and the young allowed to remain so that suckling continued. Neither was there a delay in implantation such as occurs after a mating at post-partum oestrus in the presence of a suckling litter, parturition occurring after the normal gestation period of 22 to 23 days (five out of five females).

The Relationship of the Post-Ovulatory Phase of The Menstrual Cycle to Total Cycle Length

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Bailey ◽  
John Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Basal Body ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Basal Body Temperature ◽  
Cycle Lengths ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fertile Women

SummaryThe basal body temperature was recorded by 1353 healthy fertile women aged 18 to 49 years inclusive through 12,247 cycles. The post-ovulatory (hyperthermic) phase of the cycle was significantly longer by 1·31 days in cycles with a slow or staircase rise of temperature than in cycles with an acute rise. The hyperthermic phase increased in length in a rectilinear fashion from 10 to 13 days as the total cycle length rose from 22 to 29 days; over total cycle lengths from 29 to 33 days the length of the hyperthermic phase remained around 13 days.

Reproductive habits and fertility of indigenous cattle to artificial insemination in Uganda

1963 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. L. Rollinson
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Indigenous Cattle ◽  
Total Length ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Cycle

1. Records are presented of observations of the sexual behaviour of indigenous Uganda cattle and the fertility to artificial insemination.2. The mean cycle length found was 20·9 days,s.d.1·38 days. Mean length of oestrus was 2 hr. 14 min.3. Marked pro-oestrus and metoestrus periods occurred averaging 14 hr. and 11 hr. 7 min., respectively. The mean total length of time that cows remained attractive to the bulls was 26 hr. 21 min.4. The number of services and attempts to serve by three bulls was recorded and frequent small grunts were noted to be an important expression of excitement by the bulls.5. The highest percentage of animals conceived to artificial insemination when inseminated between 15 and 25 hr. after commencement of pro-oestrus.

Electron microscope study of the microgranules in human vaginal epithelium

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 568-569
Author(s):  
A. Campos ◽  
J. Vilches ◽  
J. Gomez
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Microscope Study ◽  
Intercellular Space ◽  
Electron Microscope Study ◽  
Vaginal Epithelium ◽  
Vaginal Mucosa ◽  
Secretory Phase ◽  
Cervical Epithelium ◽  
Keratinized Epithelium ◽  
Fertile Women

Microgranules have been described with different names in keratinized and in nonkeratinized epithelium. In keratinized epithelium it seems clear that the microgranules are lamellated bodies bounded by a membrane which empty their contents into the intercellular space. Their existence in nonkeratinized epithelium is more debatable. Until now the so-called microgranules have been described in nonkeratinized bucal, lingual and cervical epithelium. In the present work we describe the morphology and nature of such structures in human vaginal epithelium.Biopsies from the midlevel of the vaginal mucosa were taken from voluntary fertile women. The specimens were divided into three groups with four vaginal specimens. The first group was obtained in the folicular phase; those of the second in the postovulatory phase and, finally, the last group corresponded to the secretory phase.

CONTRACEPTION BY AN INJECTABLE LONG-ACTING OESTROGEN-PROGESTOGEN AGENT. III

1972 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76
Author(s):  
Rolf Plesner
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Period ◽  
Treatment Cycle ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Mixed Phase ◽  
Discontinuation Of Treatment ◽  
Phase Type ◽  
Secretory Type ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Fertile Women

ABSTRACT Twenty-two fertile women were treated cyclically in from 4–30 cycles (mean 15.5) with a total of 341 injections of Deladroxate®, an injectable, long-acting oestrogen-progestogen. The injections were administered on the 8th (7th–9th) day of each cycle. Before treatment, the last pre-treatment cycle was controlled by means of daily recordings of the basal body temperature (BBT), urinary excretion of pregnanediol and total pituitary gonadotrophins at certain intervals, and by endometrial biopsies obtained late in the cycle. The effects of Deladroxate® on ovulation, on pituitary gonadotrophic function, and on the endometrium were controlled by the above mentioned parameters during cycles 1, 3, and 6, and all assessments were repeated after discontinuation of treatment. During treatment, there was a statistically significant fall in gonadotrophin excretion values (as compared with the pre-treatment values), and the fall was found to be gradually progressive during treatment. After discontinuation of treatment, there seemed to be a tendency towards an increase in the excretion values. Suppression of ovulation as determined by means of the pregnanediol excretion during treatment, was effective in nearly all of the treatment cycles checked. The fall in pregnanediol excretion was also gradually progressive during treatment, while there was a slight increase in excretion values in the post-treatment period. During treatment, 79 BBT curves were recorded. Nearly 50 % were monophasic, indicating anovulatory cycles, 17 curves were biphasic, but with the rise in temperature occurring at non-characteristic times in the cycles, 18 curves were classified as thermogenic because of a rise in temperature occurring within 24 hours after the injection, and 5 curves were not assessable. During the first month after discontinuation of treatment, 8 out of 10 recorded curves were monophasic. Out of 53 endometrial biopsies obtained around the 23rd day of the cycle, 31 were of the mixed phase type, but showing a predominance of proliferative patterns, 15 were of the secretory type, and 7 were purely proliferative. Out of 15 biopsies obtained in the post-treatment period, only two were of the mixed phase type, 12 were proliferative and one was purely secretory.

scholarly journals Cycle length of nonsustanied ventricular tachycardias among ICD patients: implications on subsequent appropriate therapies

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Jiménez-Candil ◽  
Olga Duran ◽  
Armando Oterino ◽  
Jendri Pérez ◽  
Juan Carlos Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Secondary Prevention ◽  
Beta Blocker ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Appropriate Therapy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ventricular Tachycardias ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background ICD patients with episodes of nonsustained ventricular tachycardias (NSVT) are at risk of appropriate therapies. However, the relationship between the cycle length (CL) of such NSVTs and the subsequent incidence of appropriate interventions is unknown. Methods 416 ICD patients with LVEF < 45% were studied. ICD programming was standardized. NSVT was defined as any VT of 5 or more beats at ≥ 150 bpm occurred in the first 6 months after implantation that terminated spontaneously and was not preceded by any appropriate therapy. The mean follow-up was 41 ± 27 months. Results We analyzed 2201 NSVTs (mean CL = 323 ms) that occurred in 250 patients; 111 of such episodes were fast (CL ≤ 300 ms). Secondary prevention (HR = 1.7; p < 0.001), number of NSVT episodes (HR = 1.05; 95% CI 1.04–1.07; p < 0.001) and beta-blocker treatment (HR = 0.7; p = 0.04) were independent predictors of appropriate interventions; however, the mean CL of NSVTs was not (p = 0.6). There was a correlation between the mean CL of NSVTs and the CL of the first monomorphic VT: r = 0.88; p < 0.001. This correlation was especially robust in individuals with > 5 NSVTs (r = 0.97; p < 0.001), with an agreement between both values greater than 95%. Patients with any fast NSVT experienced a higher incidence of VF episodes (26%) compared to those without NVSTs (3%) or with only slow NSVTs (7%); p < 0.001. Conclusions Unlike the burden, the CL of NSVTs is not a predictor of subsequent appropriate interventions. However, there is a close relationship between the CL of NSVTs and that of arrhythmias that will later lead to appropriate therapies.

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