General discussion: Suckling stimulus and lactation

1958 ◽  
Vol 149 (936) ◽  
pp. 421-423 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Litter Weight ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Cycle ◽  
Normal Gestation

Lactation in the rat can be prolonged indefinitely by the provision of a succession of young foster fitters to continue the stimulus of suckling. Under these conditions lactation becomes a steady state. In three rats nursing their third or fourth litters, lactation was so maintained for periods of 9, 10 and 12 months, respectively, and failure occurred only after the experimental conditions were deliberately altered. To attain steady lactation, foster litters were nursed only for the last few days of the period during which they depend wholly on the mother, i.e. shortly before their eyes open, and thus furnish a strong suckling stimulus not varying too greatly at each exchange of foster litter. In these circumstances sufficient milk was being secreted continuously to increase litter weight by 9 to 10 g per day (figure 49). The oestrous cycle was prolonged, the mean cycle length for the three females during prolonged lactation being 17.8 days. This condition has been described by Selye (1934) as ‘suckling pseudo-pregnancy'. In other experiments with prolonged lactation mating was allowed to take place after periods varying from 50 to 106 days of continuous lactation. There was no diminution of milk production as judged by litter growth over the night of mating if the male was introduced into the female’s cage and the young allowed to remain so that suckling continued. Neither was there a delay in implantation such as occurs after a mating at post-partum oestrus in the presence of a suckling litter, parturition occurring after the normal gestation period of 22 to 23 days (five out of five females).

Observations on the onset of the breeding season and on the oestrous cycle of the Welsh Mountain ewe

1964 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. M. Hutchinson ◽  
P. J. O'Connor ◽  
H. A. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Cycle

1.Within a flock of 55 Welsh Mountain ewes maintained under lowland conditions the first ewe came into oestrus on the 14th October. The mean cycle length of 44 normal cycles was 16 days 3 hr.2. The onset of oestrus as assessed by the time of mounting of the ram does not appear to be evenly distributed throughout the day (24 hr.).

CONTRACEPTION BY AN INJECTABLE, LONG-ACTING OESTROGEN-PROGESTOGEN AGENT

1969 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 494-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Plesner
Keyword(s):  
Cycle Length ◽  
Normal Amount ◽  
Basal Body Temperature ◽  
Secretory Phase ◽  
Inhibiting Effect ◽  
Excretion Pattern ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Mean Cycle ◽  
Fertile Women

ABSTRACT The author reports the results of a clinical study on 17 fertile women treated through a total of 120 cycles with Deladroxate, an injectable, long-acting oestrogen-progestogen. The injections were administered on the 8th (7th–9th) day of each cycle. Before treatment was started, the patients were observed through 2 cycles with regard to cycle length as well as duration and amount of flow. Moreover, ovulation was assessed by means of daily recording of basal body temperature (BBT), pregnanediol analyses, total pituitary gonadotrophin analyses, and endometrial biopsies. In some cases the dosage had to be increased because of a shortening of the cycle. The mean cycle length during the treatment was 24.2 days, though with fairly marked variations (mean cycle length before institution of treatment: 28.2 days). Duration of flow ranged from 3–35 days. About 84% of 108 withdrawal bleedings lasted for 4–8 days. Of the flows 56 % were of normal amount, while the majority of the remaining 44 % were scantier than in the patients with normal periods. The ovulation-inhibiting effect of Deladroxate was assessed by daily recording of BBT, pregnanediol and pituitary gonadotrophin assays, and endometrial biopsies. Five of the 41 BBT curves (41 cycles) were biphasic. Four out of 34 endometrial biopsies, obtained on the 23rd day of the cycle, showed a secretory phase. Forty out of 41 cycles were anovulatory, as assessed by the pregnanediol excretion, while in 1 cycle the excretion pattern was not characteristic. In 20 out of 37 cycles there was a definite depression of gonadotrophin excretion, while in 17 cycles the excretion pattern was not characteristic. The effect of Deladroxate on the adrenal cortex was studied by means of 17-ketogenic steroid and 17-ketosteroid excretion. With both groups of steroids there seemed to be a tendency to a reduced excretion during treatment. No changes in the fibrinogen, prothrombin, GO-transaminase, bilirubin, or thymol values were observed during treatment. Side effects during treatment, recorded in 11 of the 17 subjects, were in most cases slight and transient. The most common complaints were breast tenderness, oedema, and irregularities of bleeding. No pregnancy occurred during treatment.

The Biology of the Common Sheath-Tail Bat, Taphozous-Georgianus (Chiroptera, Emballonuridae), in Central Queensland

1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Jolly
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mean

A field study was carried out over a 4-year period on the common sheath-tail bat, Taphozous georgianus, in central Queensland. Mating occurred in late August and early September, and females gave birth to a single young in late November or early December. Females mated at about 9 months of age. Spermatogenesis commenced in males at about 9 months but they were not able to take part in mating until they were approximately 21 months old. Bats were born well furred with their eyes open, and weighed an average of 24% of their mother's post-partum weight. Young bats attained independence at 3-4 weeks old when they reached 50% of their mothers' body weight. At 3 months old young bats were within a few millimetres of adult dimensions. Marked seasonal variations in body weight resulted from the deposition of fat. Peak weights were recorded in April and minimum weights in September. The mean annual survivial rate was estimated to be 0.61. Mature males have a mortality rate substantially greater than females and this is reflected in a sex ratio strongly biased towards females in older bats. The sex ratio was nearly even in young bats. Most roost caves were occupied by less than 20 individuals. There was little difference between the temperature and humidity at which bats roosted, and the temperature and humidity of available roosts. Most bats were known from only one cave, and few movements of more than 2 km were recorded. Bats appeared to regularly relocate their roosting site, however, and they may have been utilising roosts outside the study area.

Cycle day of ovulation

1972 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. James
Keyword(s):  
Cycle Length ◽  
Composite Sample ◽  
Normal Length ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Long Cycles ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Mean Cycle

The length of the post-ovulatory phase in a composite sample of menstrual cycles increases linearly with cycle length until cycle length reaches about 30 days, but thereafter it ceases to increase (Vollman, 1953; Bailey & Marshall, 1970). By contrast, plotted against the mean cycle length of the individual, the length of the post-ovulatory phase continues to increase roughly linearly with mean cycle length. It is concluded (a) that many long cycles are aberrant occurrences among cycles of normal length and are due to lengthening of the pre-ovulatory phase and (b) that where the mean cycle length is long, ovulation, as in shorter cycles, occurs just before the middle of the cycle, so that the post-ovulatory phase is longer than usual.The most fertile day seems to be the one before mid-cycle. These conclusions are the basis for the following formula for calendar rhythm:If x is the shortest and y the longest cycle in a woman's menstrual record, the ‘unsafe’ days start on Day (½x − 5) and last for (y − x + 8) days.

Characteristics of the menstrual cycle in nonhuman primates. IV. Timed mating in Macaca nemestrina

1981 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Blakley ◽  
T. W. Beamer ◽  
W. R. Dukelow
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Macaca Nemestrina ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Macaque Species ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Perineal Swelling ◽  
Mean Cycle

The events of the perineal swelling cycle in Macaca nemestrina have been correlated with the optimal time for conception. The mean cycle length of the animals was 32·8 days with the follicular and luteal phases of the cycle 17·6-19·2 and 13·6-15·2 days respectively. The time of ovulation, relative to the tumescence peak, ranged from 1 to 13 days. The optimal time for mating, based on the ratio between day of breeding and cycle length was 0·46, a value comparable with similar calculations for other macaque species.

The feed intake of grazing cattle III. The influence of level of milk yield

1965 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. W. Jones ◽  
R. M. Drake-Brockman ◽  
W. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARY1. The feed intakes of 18 Ayrshire cows continuously grazing a timothy-meadow fescue-white clover sward were estimated by the chromic oxide-faecal nitrogen method for two 6-weekly periods, one in 1960 and one in 1961. The cows consisted of (1) 6 lactating cows, 6–7 months post partum (Low yield), (2) 6 lactating cows, 2 months post partum (High yield) and (3) 6 dry cows; their live-weights, milk yields and milk composition were recorded.2. The mean organic matter digestibility of the herbage consumed in the two experiments was 78·2 and 76·2%. The mean digestible organic matter intakes (DOMI) were 23·3, 24·7 and 17·6 Ib./day for low yield, high yield and dry cows respectively.3. The mean daily fat-corrected milk (FCM) yields of the low and high yield cows were 29·1 and 34·3 lb. in the first experiment, and 26·8 and 42·8 lb. in the second. The mean live-weights of the lactating groups were 1036 lb. and 1106 lb. in the two experiments and did not differ between yield levels.4. DOMI was partitioned between maintenance, live-weight gain and FCM yield by regression analysis. Significant partial regression coefficients of DOMI on FCM varying between 0·221 and 0·272 were obtained. It was concluded that milk production accounted for about 0·24 lb. DOMI per lb. FCM.5. The results are discussed with particular regard to other estimates of the effect of milk production on the DOMI of the grazing cow and to the estimation of the maintenance requirement for DOM by the grazing animal.

Aflatoxin Residues in Milk of Dairy Cows after Ingestion of Naturally Contaminated Grain

1986 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 781-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. FROBISH ◽  
B. D. BRADLEY ◽  
D. D. WAGNER ◽  
P. E. LONG-BRADLEY ◽  
H. HAIRSTON
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Food And Drug Administration ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Positive Effect

Thirty-two lactating Holstein cows, blocked according to level of milk production, were fed cottonseed meal contaminated with aflatoxin B1, (AFB1) (0, 94, 241 and 500 μg/kg) as 20% of their ration (equivalent to 0, 20, 48 and 104 μg/kg in complete feed). Within 12 h, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) appeared in the milk of all cows receiving contaminated feed. The mean AFM1 concentrations in the milk approached steady-state conditions (0.35, 0.63 and 1.61 μg/L for treatments of 20, 48 and 104 μg AFB1/kg, respectively) at 24 h and returned to the Food and Drug Administration action level of 0.5 μg/L or lower within 24 h after removal of the contaminated feed. The ratio of AFB1 in the feed to AFM1 in the milk averaged 66:1. The mean percent of daily AFB1 intake that was transferred to AFM1 was 1.74. This value was unaffected by the concentration of AFB1 in the feed (1.89, 1.55 and 1.81% transferred for treatments of 20, 48 and 104 μg AFB1/kg, respectively). Although increased milk production had no effect on the concentration of AFM1 in the milk, it had a positive effect (P ≤ 0.01) on the percent of AFB1 intake transferred to AFM1 (2.14 vs 1.35%). In a second trial, 16 additional cows were fed either naturally contaminated cottonseed meal or corn (44 and 49 μg/kg, respectively, on a complete feed basis). The percent of AFB1 intake secreted as AFM1 was affected (P ≤ 0.02) by the source of contamination (1.73 vs. 1.32% for the cottonseed meal and corn treatments, respectively). The AFM1 concentrations in the milk were not significantly different (P>0.05).

CONTRACEPTION BY AN INJECTABLE LONG-ACTING OESTROGEN-PROGESTOGEN AGENT. II.

1970 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Plesner
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Oral Contraception ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Mean Cycle ◽  
Fertile Women

ABSTRACT The results of a clinical investigation on 22 fertile women treated cyclically with a total of 341 injections of Deladroxate, an injectable, long-acting oestrogen-progestogen are presented. The injections were administered on the 8th (7th–9th) day of each cycle. Before treatment, the patients were observed through 2 cycles for cycle length as well as duration and amount of flow. In some cases the dose was increased because of a shortening of the cycle. The over all mean cycle length during the treatment was 25.3 days, though with fairly marked variations. The mean cycle length before treatment was 28.4 days. The duration of flow ranged from 1–30 days. About 72% of 320 withdrawal bleedings lasted for 4–8 days. Of the flows 60% were of normal amounts, while the majority of the remaining flows were scantier than the normal pre-treatment flows of the subjects. Side effects during treatment were recorded in one or more cycles in 17 of the 22 subjects and were in most cases slight and transient. The most common complaints were breast tenderness, oedema, and irregularities of bleeding. No pregnancy occurred during treatment. After discontinuation of the injections, bleedings and cycles normalized spontaneously in 11 women. In 1 woman curettage was performed because of profuse flow, and 2 women were treated with oral oestrogen-progestogens because of persistent bleeding. Eight women started oral contraception before the cycles became regular.

Reproductive habits and fertility of indigenous cattle to artificial insemination in Uganda

1963 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. L. Rollinson
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Indigenous Cattle ◽  
Total Length ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Cycle

1. Records are presented of observations of the sexual behaviour of indigenous Uganda cattle and the fertility to artificial insemination.2. The mean cycle length found was 20·9 days,s.d.1·38 days. Mean length of oestrus was 2 hr. 14 min.3. Marked pro-oestrus and metoestrus periods occurred averaging 14 hr. and 11 hr. 7 min., respectively. The mean total length of time that cows remained attractive to the bulls was 26 hr. 21 min.4. The number of services and attempts to serve by three bulls was recorded and frequent small grunts were noted to be an important expression of excitement by the bulls.5. The highest percentage of animals conceived to artificial insemination when inseminated between 15 and 25 hr. after commencement of pro-oestrus.

scholarly journals EFEKTIFITAS KOMBINASI PERAWATAN PAYUDARA DAN PIJAT OKSITOSIN TERHADAP PRODUKSI ASI PADA IBU POST PARTUM DI BPM SETIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muliani Muliani ◽  
Gusman Arsyad ◽  
Tasya Nurlaila Dilla
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Breast Milk Production ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Breast Care ◽  
Postpartum Mothers

ABSTRACT The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding is low. In 2016, the exclusive ASI coverage of Kamonji Public Health Center was 57.89% in Palu City. The method used to launch ASI production is a combination of breast care and oxytocin massage. This is because the method works to help stimulate the hormone prolactin and oxytocin and prevent blockage of the milk ducts. The purpose of this study was to find out the effectiveness of the combination of breast care and oxytocin massage on breast milk production in postpartum mothers at BPM Setia in the Kamonji Community Health Center work area. This type of research is quasi experimental, with posttest-only control design. Replication formula is used for the selection of subjects with a total of 32 subjects, using consecutive sampling technique. The intervention was given from the first day to the third day postpartum and then observation was made. Data normality test using the Shapiro-Wilk test, data analysis using independent t-test.          The results obtained by the significance value of 0.004 with the mean number of combination groups was 4.49 cc and the control group was 3.23 cc. The mean difference between the two groups was 1.26 cc. The conclusion of this study is a combination of breast care and oxytocin massage effective against breast milk production in postpartum mothers. Based on the results of this study it is suggested to develop services by providing combined intervention for postpartum mothers to help increase breastfeedingKeywords : Breast feeding, breast care, oxytocin massage

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