CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN THE ISOLATED DIAPHRAGM OF ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS AS AFFECTED BY EXPOSURE TO ADRENALINE IN VIVO AND IN VITRO

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXV (IV) ◽  
pp. 551-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Bouman ◽  
W. Dermer
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Glycogen Deposition ◽  
Glucose Assimilation ◽  
Adrenalectomized Rats

ABSTRACT Hemidiaphragms of adrenalectomized rats which had been nembutalized prior to decapitation, were incubated under aerobic conditions and the glucose uptake and glycogen deposition were measured. Addition of adrenaline in vitro induced marked glycogen degradation and a relative small decrease in glucose uptake. Pretreatment with adrenaline in vivo, however, appeared to increase glycogen deposition in vitro while glucose uptake increased to an equivalent extent. This effect was attributed to the low initial glycogen content induced by this treatment. Double exposure to adrenaline by administering this substance both in vivo and in vitro, neither affected glucose uptake nor glycogen deposition as compared with untreated control diaphragms. However, there was a significant difference in the glycogen level at which both groups metabolized, this level being extremely low in diaphragms doubly exposed to adrenaline. It was concluded that the action of adrenaline on muscular carbohydrate metabolism consists basically of three different stages: 1. A temporary initial stage during which glucose assimilation is inhibited secondarily to glycogen degradation. 2. A second stage, in which the occurrence of inhibition of glucose assimilation is determined by the fact whether in the corresponding control tissue the glucose uptake is raised in favour of glycogen deposition. 3. A stage of recovery induced by discontinuing the exposure to adrenaline. This stage is characterized by glycogen deposition and an equivalent rise in glucose assimilation.

EFFECTS OF ADRENALINE ON CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN THE ISOLATED DIAPHRAGM OF INTACT AND ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS AS INFLUENCED BY »NEMBUTAL« ANAESTHESIA

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXV (IV) ◽  
pp. 541-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Bouman ◽  
W. Dermer
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Glycogen Metabolism ◽  
Rat Diaphragm ◽  
Simultaneous Inhibition ◽  
Glycogen Deposition ◽  
Isolated Rat ◽  
Adrenalectomized Rats

ABSTRACT Hemidiaphragms of intact and adrenalectomized rats which had been killed by decapitation, were incubated for 1 hour at 37° C under aerobic conditions. Glucose uptake and glycogen deposition were determined. Addition of adrenaline in vitro (1 μg/ml) caused a substantial decrease in glucose uptake in both types of diaphragms, this decrease being equivalent to a simultaneous inhibition of glycogen deposition. »Nembutal« anaesthesia prior to decapitation was found to alter the response to adrenaline. This change was most clearly observed in diaphragms of adrenalectomized rats. Here, adrenaline mainly affected glycogen metabolism by way of glycogen degradation, whereas the overall magnitude of the response was not materially changed. However, glucose uptake appeared to be only slightly decreased by adrenaline under these conditions. The change in response to adrenaline was attributed to the higher initial glycogen content observed in diaphragms of nembutalized rats. It was suggested that prevention of an acute release of endogenous adrenergic substances, occurring after decapitation of unanaesthetized donor rats, may be the actual cause of this phenomenon. Attention was drawn to the significance of the initial glycogen content as an important factor in carbohydrate metabolism of the isolated rat diaphragm.

Steroid effects on permeability of rat thymic lymphocytes to α-aminoisobutyrate

1963 ◽  
Vol 205 (3) ◽  
pp. 446-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin Blecher
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Metabolic Inhibitors ◽  
Active Process ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Adrenalectomized Rats

In vitro studies of the flux of α-aminoisobutyrate-1-C14 (AIB) between rat thymic lymphocytes and extracellular fluid have revealed that: a) the amino acid enters cells but is not further metabolized; b) at low concentrations, similar to those of amino acids in plasma, the net influx and efflux of AIB exhibit properties of an active process; and c) influx of AIB is inhibited, and efflux stimulated, by deoxycorticosterone (DOC), by metabolic inhibitors, and by other specific steroids. In vivo studies of the distribution of AIB between serum and tissue demonstrated that administration of DOC to adrenalectomized rats inhibited concentration of AIB by thymus, diaphragm, and skeletal muscle, augmented uptake by liver, and increased the serum level of AIB. Prior adrenalectomy of donor rats resulted in no change from normal in the in vitro capacity of thymic lymphocytes to take up AIB. There was no significant difference from normal in the in vivo concentration of AIB by thymus, liver, and skeletal muscle of adrenalectomized rats, although uptake by diaphragm was decreased compared to normal control animals.

THE ADRENAL CORTEX AND EFFECTS OF ADRENALINE ON CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN THE ISOLATED RAT DIAPHRAGM

1963 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-100
Author(s):  
P. R. Bouman ◽  
W. Dermer
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Qualitative Change ◽  
Glycogen Metabolism ◽  
Synergistic Action ◽  
Rat Diaphragm ◽  
Glycogen Deposition ◽  
Isolated Rat

ABSTRACT The in vitro effects of adrenaline on glycogen metabolism and glucose uptake were studied in diaphragms of intact, adrenalectomized and adrenodemedullated rats decapitated under »Nembutal« anaesthesia. Adrenalectomy and pretreatment of adrenalectomized rats with cortisol caused an increase in the net loss of glycogen induced by adrenaline. When glycogen deposition in the absence of adrenaline was also taken into account, the overall magnitude of the glycogenolytic response appeared to be unchanged. The apparent qualitative change in response induced by these procedures was attributed to increased initial glycogen values. In diaphragms of adrenalectomized and adrenodemedullated rats the response to adrenaline was identical, the initial glycogen content being the same in these preparations. None of the experimental procedures affected the variable inhibition of glucose uptake by adrenaline. These results do not favour the existence of a »permissive« or synergistic action of adrenocortical steroids with regard to the effects of adrenaline on peripheral carbohydrate metabolism.

scholarly journals Acute effects of phorbol esters on the protein-synthetic rate and carbohydrate metabolism of normal and mdx mouse muscles

1991 ◽  
Vol 275 (2) ◽  
pp. 477-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
P A MacLennan ◽  
A McArdle ◽  
R H Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Phorbol Esters ◽  
Glycogen Synthesis ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Mdx Mouse ◽  
Mdx Mice

1. mdx mice do not express dystrophin, the product of the gene which is defective in Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy. We have previously shown that protein-synthetic rates (ks) are increased in mdx mouse muscles [MacLennan & Edwards (1990) Biochem. J. 268, 795-797]. 2. The tumour-promoting stereoisomer of phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (4 beta-PDD) acutely increased the ks of muscles from mdx and wild-type (C57BL/10) mice incubated in vitro in the absence of insulin. The effects of 4 beta-PDD are presumably mediated by activation of protein kinase C (PKC). 3. The muscle glycogen concentrations of mdx mice were higher than those of C57BL/10 mice. Studies performed in vivo and in vitro suggested that the effect might be at least partially due to increased rate of glycogen synthesis in mdx muscle. 4. 4 beta-PDD increased the glycogen-synthetic rates rates of C57BL/10, but not mdx, muscles incubated in vitro in the absence of insulin. 5. In muscles from both species incubated in the absence of insulin, treatment with 4 beta-PDD also induced increased rates of glucose uptake and lactate production. Kinetic studies of C57BL/10 and mdx muscles suggested that 4 beta-PDD raised the Vmax. of glucose uptake, but did not alter the Km for the process. 6. The possible role of PKC in controlling the protein and carbohydrate metabolism of normal and mdx mouse muscles is discussed.

Carbohydrate metabolism in rats with chronic uremia

1960 ◽  
Vol 198 (4) ◽  
pp. 797-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy G. Boucot ◽  
Elizabeth K. Nurser ◽  
John P. Merrill
Keyword(s):  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Chronic Uremia ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Uremic Syndrome ◽  
Glycogen Deposition

In order to evaluate the effects of the chronic uremic syndrome upon some aspects of carbohydrate metabolism in vivo, determinations of gastric and intestinal glucose absorption, and of hepatic glycogen deposition were made in 39 chronically uremic rats and in 49 litter-mate controls. A surgical method for producing chronic uremia was developed. Rats fasted for 24 hours were given a glucose gavage of standard concentration. Three hours later residual gastric and intestinal glucose content and liver glycogen content were determined. No statistically significant difference between the two groups was found in either glucose absorption from the gastrointestinal tract or in glycogen deposition.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Candidate Probiotic Bacteria to Control Vibriosis Disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Mulyati Mulyati ◽  
Suryati Suryati ◽  
Irfani Baga
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Challenge Test ◽  
Probiotic Bacteria ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Inhibitory Ability ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Portunid Crab

The study aims to isolate, characterize, and examine probiotic bacteria's inhibitory ability against Vibrio harveyi bacteria, both in-vitro and in vivo. Methods used in the study consist of 1) An Isolation of Candidate Probiotic Bacteria, 2) An Antagonistic Test of Candidate Probiotic Bacteria in vitro, 3) An Identification of Bacteria, 4) A Pathogenicity Test of Candidate Probiotic Bacteria, 5) An Antagonistic Test of Candidate Probiotic Bacteria against V. harveyi in vivo. According to the isolation of candidate probiotic bacteria, there are 18 isolated candidate probiotic. After being tested for its inhibitory ability in vitro, there are 8 isolates with zone of inhibition as follows: isolate MM 7 from intestine (22 mm), isolate MM 6 from intestine (12 mm), isolate MM 10 from sea water (10 mm), isolate MM 5 from intestine (9 mm), isolate MM 4 from intestine (8 mm), isolate MM 3 from intestine (7 mm), isolate MM 2.2 from intestine (7 mm), isolate MM 2.1 from intestine (7 mm). Eight genera of the candidate probiotic bacteria is derived from Portunid crab, they are Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, bacillus, vibrio, Alcaligenes, Lactobacillus, micrococcus. Before proceeding the V. harveyi bacterial challenge test in vivo, three potential isolates consisting of MM6, MM7 and MM10 as the probiotic bacteria are pathogenicity-tested against V. harveyi. The survival rate of Portunid crab on pathogenicity test using MM6, MM7 and MM10 generates 91.11-100%, while the control generates 100% survival rate. Variance analysis result through post-hoc Tukey's Honest Significant Difference (HSD) test at 95% confidence interval indicates that isolate MM7 and MM10 are significantly able to increase hatchling Portunid crab's survival rate.

scholarly journals Multimodal Diagnostics of Microrheologic Alterations in Blood of Coronary Heart Disease and Diabetic Patients

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Anastasia Maslianitsyna ◽  
Petr Ermolinskiy ◽  
Andrei Lugovtsov ◽  
Alexandra Pigurenko ◽  
Maria Sasonko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Optical Methods ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Aggregation Index ◽  
Significant Difference

Coronary heart disease (CHD) has serious implications for human health and needs to be diagnosed as early as possible. In this article in vivo and in vitro optical methods are used to study blood properties related to the aggregation of red blood cells in patients with CHD and comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The results show not only a significant difference of the aggregation in patients compared to healthy people, but also a correspondence between in vivo and in vitro parameters. Red blood cells aggregate in CHD patients faster and more numerously; in particular the aggregation index increases by 20 ± 7%. The presence of T2DM also significantly elevates aggregation in CHD patients. This work demonstrates multimodal diagnostics and monitoring of patients with socially significant pathologies.

scholarly journals Effects of Surface Protein Adsorption on the Distribution and Retention of Intratumorally Administered Gold Nanoparticles

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 216
Author(s):  
Rossana Terracciano ◽  
Aobo Zhang ◽  
E. Brian Butler ◽  
Danilo Demarchi ◽  
Jason H. Hafner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
High Resolution Computed Tomography ◽  
Quantitative Ct ◽  
Heterogeneous Distribution ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Intratumoral Distribution

The heterogeneous distribution of delivery or treatment modalities within the tumor mass is a crucial limiting factor for a vast range of theranostic applications. Understanding the interactions between a nanomaterial and the tumor microenvironment will help to overcome challenges associated with tumor heterogeneity, as well as the clinical translation of nanotheranostic materials. This study aims to evaluate the influence of protein surface adsorption on gold nanoparticle (GNP) biodistribution using high-resolution computed tomography (CT) preclinical imaging in C57BL/6 mice harboring Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) tumors. LLC provides a valuable model for study due to its highly heterogenous nature, which makes drug delivery to the tumor challenging. By controlling the adsorption of proteins on the GNP surface, we hypothesize that we can influence the intratumoral distribution pattern and particle retention. We performed an in vitro study to evaluate the uptake of GNPs by LLC cells and an in vivo study to assess and quantify the GNP biodistribution by injecting concentrated GNPs citrate-stabilized or passivated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) intratumorally into LLC solid tumors. Quantitative CT and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) results both confirm the presence of particles in the tumor 9 days post-injection (n = 8 mice/group). A significant difference is highlighted between citrate-GNP and BSA-GNP groups (** p < 0.005, Tukey’s multiple comparisons test), confirming that the protein corona of GNPs modifies intratumoral distribution and retention of the particles. In conclusion, our investigations show that the surface passivation of GNPs influences the mechanism of cellular uptake and intratumoral distribution in vivo, highlighting the spatial heterogeneity of the solid tumor.

Carbohydrate metabolism of mice exposed to simulated changes in gravity

1964 ◽  
Vol 207 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiro Oyama ◽  
William T. Platt
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Critical Function ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Glycogen Deposition ◽  
Adrenal Corticosterone

Unrestrained mice were centrifuged for varying periods ranging from 0.5 to 10 hr at 2.5, 5, and 10 x gravity. Liver glycogen and blood glucose levels increased significantly depending on the g load and exposure time. Adrenalectomy completely abolished the glycogen deposition response. The glycogen response was a critical function of the age of mice; unweaned mice did not respond. Blood corticosterone increased significantly prior to the deposition of glycogen. Centrifuged fed mice deposited three times the amount of glycogen of fasted mice. There was no significant difference in the amount of glycogen deposited in centrifuged mice previously starved for 1, 2, or 3 days. It is concluded that the increased glycogen deposited following centrifugation is effected by an increased elaboration of adrenal corticosterone.

scholarly journals A Tumbling Magnetic Microrobot System for Biomedical Applications

Micromachines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 861
Author(s):  
Elizabeth E. Niedert ◽  
Chenghao Bi ◽  
Georges Adam ◽  
Elly Lambert ◽  
Luis Solorio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasound Imaging ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Circular Path ◽  
Rotational Axis ◽  
Significant Difference

A microrobot system comprising an untethered tumbling magnetic microrobot, a two-degree-of-freedom rotating permanent magnet, and an ultrasound imaging system has been developed for in vitro and in vivo biomedical applications. The microrobot tumbles end-over-end in a net forward motion due to applied magnetic torque from the rotating magnet. By turning the rotational axis of the magnet, two-dimensional directional control is possible and the microrobot was steered along various trajectories, including a circular path and P-shaped path. The microrobot is capable of moving over the unstructured terrain within a murine colon in in vitro, in situ, and in vivo conditions, as well as a porcine colon in ex vivo conditions. High-frequency ultrasound imaging allows for real-time determination of the microrobot’s position while it is optically occluded by animal tissue. When coated with a fluorescein payload, the microrobot was shown to release the majority of the payload over a 1-h time period in phosphate-buffered saline. Cytotoxicity tests demonstrated that the microrobot’s constituent materials, SU-8 and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), did not show a statistically significant difference in toxicity to murine fibroblasts from the negative control, even when the materials were doped with magnetic neodymium microparticles. The microrobot system’s capabilities make it promising for targeted drug delivery and other in vivo biomedical applications.

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