Association between an IGF-I gene polymorphism and body fatness: differences between generations

Objective: A polymorphism near the promoter region of the IGF-I gene has been associated with serum IGF-I levels, body height and birth weight. In this study, we investigated whether this polymorphism is associated with body composition in young healthy subjects in two cohorts of different generations. Design: Observational study with repeated measurements. Methods: The study group consisted of two comparable young Dutch cohorts with a generational difference of around 20 years. The older cohort consisted of 359 subjects born between 1961 and 1965. Measurements were performed from 13 until 36 years of age. The younger cohort consisted of 258 subjects born between 1981 and 1989. Measurements were performed from 8 until 14 years of age. Height, body mass index (BMI), fat mass, fat-free mass, waist and hip circumference were compared between wild-type carriers and variant type carriers of the IGF-I polymorphism. Results: In the younger cohort, body weight, BMI, fat mass and waist circumference were significantly higher in female variant carriers of the IGF-I polymorphism. A similar trend was observed in male variant carriers. In contrast, these differences were not observed in the older cohort. Irrespective of genotype, the younger cohort showed a significantly higher total fat mass, body weight and BMI compared with the older cohort. Conclusions: Because the differences between both genotypes were small, it seems likely that the genetic variability due to this IGF-I polymorphism impacts only slightly on body composition. Importantly, our study suggested that associations between this IGF-I promoter polymorphism and body composition possibly reflect a gene–environmental interaction of this polymorphism and that an environment that promotes obesity leads to a slightly more pronounced fat accumulation in variant carriers of this IGF-I polymorphism.

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Identifikácia a komparácia komponentov telesného zloženia vysoko trénovaných judistov

Studia sportiva ◽

10.5817/sts2011-1-4 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 33-38

Author(s):

Lucia Malá ◽

Tomáš Malý ◽

František Zahálka ◽

Miroslav Čada

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Body Weight ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Weight Reduction ◽

Sport Performance ◽

The Body ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Exact Method ◽

Judo Athletes ◽

Total Fat

Authors present a high proportion of fat free mass and a low proportion of fat mass examined by hydrodensitometry in elite judo athletes. Th e diff erence in both indicators of body composition between both examined groups was signifi cant (p<0.05); however, we may see a better predisposition to sport performance in seniors when compared to juniors. Th e examination of body composition is important in terms of a sport performance predictor, as well as for monitoring changes while weight reduction. Th e form of reduction and individual limits of body weight remain the matter of further research. Th e used method, hydrodensitometry, appears as a very exact method when disturbing factors /participants’ learning phase, expiration, scales oscillation/ are eliminated. Th e measured low proportion of fat mass indicate a discussion about equations for calculation of total fat mass in the body and their modifi cation and assessment of particular parameters/ indicators.

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Seasonal Body Composition Variation Amongst Elite European Professional Soccer Players: An Approach of Talent Identification

Journal of Human Kinetics ◽

10.1515/hukin-2017-0132 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

pp. 177-184 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Adam Lee Owen ◽

Carlos Lago-Peñas ◽

Gordon Dunlop ◽

Rouissi Mehdi ◽

Moktar Chtara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Lean Body Mass ◽

Body Mass ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Body Height ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Professional Soccer ◽

Elite Level ◽

Composition Profiles

AbstractThe primary aim of the investigation was to study the seasonal changes in body composition in elite European soccer players and identify key playing positional differences. Twenty-two players (age = 24 ± 3.7 years, body height = 180.45 ± 5.12 cm, body mass = 76.66 ± 5.34 kg) were tested. Players’ mass (kg), lean body mass (LBM), fat free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM), muscle girths (MG) and sum of 8 skinfolds (mm) were measured across 5 time points (T0 = Start of pre-season training; T1 = End of pre-season training; T2 = Mid-season; T3 = End of mid-season break; T4 = End of season). Players were divided into their tactical positional roles for analysis. The specific positions they were divided into included defenders (n = 8), midfielders (n = 8) and forwards (n = 6). Assessment of training and matchplay exposure were also recorded. Sites-4, Sites-7, Sites-8 and Fat Mass decreased dramatically from T0 to T1 and T2 in all playing positions (p < 0.01), while no remarkable differences were found between T2, T3 and T4. Except for defenders, calf girth and lean mass were higher in T2, T3 and T4 compared to T0 and T1 (p < 0.01). Midfielders were found to be leaner than forwards and defenders in all data collection time point sessions. Defenders showed higher values in calf girth and lean body mass than midfielders and forwards. It can be concluded from this investigation that there are large variances n positional body composition profiles amongst professional European soccer players. Furthermore, significant changes are prevalent and occur across the season from LBM, FFM, MG and skinfold assessment amongst European elite level soccer players.

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Body composition and appetite: fat-free mass (but not fat mass or BMI) is positively associated with self-determined meal size and daily energy intake in humans

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114511003138 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 107 (3) ◽

pp. 445-449 ◽

Cited By ~ 99

Author(s):

John E. Blundell ◽

Phillipa Caudwell ◽

Catherine Gibbons ◽

Mark Hopkins ◽

Erik Näslund ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Body Weight ◽

Food Intake ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Meal Size ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Daily Energy Intake ◽

Molecular Control ◽

Daily Energy

The idea of body weight regulation implies that a biological mechanism exerts control over energy expenditure and food intake. This is a central tenet of energy homeostasis. However, the source and identity of the controlling mechanism have not been identified, although it is often presumed to be some long-acting signal related to body fat, such as leptin. Using a comprehensive experimental platform, we have investigated the relationship between biological and behavioural variables in two separate studies over a 12-week intervention period in obese adults (totaln92). All variables have been measured objectively and with a similar degree of scientific control and precision, including anthropometric factors, body composition, RMR and accumulative energy consumed at individual meals across the whole day. Results showed that meal size and daily energy intake (EI) were significantly correlated with fat-free mass (FFM,Pvalues < 0·02–0·05) but not with fat mass (FM) or BMI (Pvalues 0·11–0·45) (study 1,n58). In study 2 (n34), FFM (but not FM or BMI) predicted meal size and daily EI under two distinct dietary conditions (high-fat and low-fat). These data appear to indicate that, under these circumstances, some signal associated with lean mass (but not FM) exerts a determining effect over self-selected food consumption. This signal may be postulated to interact with a separate class of signals generated by FM. This finding may have implications for investigations of the molecular control of food intake and body weight and for the management of obesity.

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Effect of growth hormone treatment on hormonal parameters, body composition and strength in athletes

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.1280313 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 128 (4) ◽

pp. 313-318 ◽

Cited By ~ 90

Author(s):

Roman Deyssig ◽

Herwig Frisch ◽

Werner F Blum ◽

Thomas Waldhör

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Body Weight ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Binding Protein ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Gh Treatment ◽

Igf I ◽

Igf Binding ◽

Igf Binding Protein

The effect of recombinant GH on strength, body composition and endocrine parameters in power athletes was investigated in a controlled study. Twenty-two healthy, non-obese males (age 23.4±0.5 years; ideal body weight 122±3.1%, body fat 10.1±1.0%; mean±sem) were included. Probands were assigned in a double-blind manner to either GH treatment (0.09U (kg BW)−1 day−1 sc) or placebo for a period of six weeks. To exclude concurrent treatment with androgenic-anabolic steroids urine specimens were tested at regular intervals for these substances. Serum was assayed for GH, IGF-I, IGF-binding protein, insulin and thyroxine before the onset of the study and at two-weekly intervals thereafter. Maximal voluntary strength of the biceps and quadriceps muscles was measured on a strength training apparatus. Fat mass and lean body mass were derived from measurements of skinfolds at ten sites with a caliper. For final evaluation only data of those 8 and 10 subjects in the two groups who completed the study were analyzed. GH, IGF-I and IGF-binding protein were in the normal range before therapy and increased significantly in the GH-treated group. Fasting insulin concentrations increased insignificantly and thyroxine levels decreased significantly in the GH-treated probands. There was no effect of GH treatment on maximal strength during concentric contraction of the biceps and quadriceps muscles. Body weight and body fat were not changed significantly during treatment. We conclude that the anabolic, lipolytic effect of GH therapy in adults depends on the degree of fat mass and GH deficiency. In highly trained power athletes with low fat mass there were no effects of GH treatment on strength and body composition.

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Telesné zloženie a distribúcia tekutín u vrcholových hádzanárok

Studia sportiva ◽

10.5817/sts2012-1-11 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 99-106

Author(s):

Lucia Malá ◽

Tomáš Malý ◽

František Zahálka ◽

Martin Tůma ◽

Jaroslav Teplan

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Body Weight ◽

Cell Mass ◽

Body Height ◽

Mean Value ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Equal Proportion ◽

Dead Weight ◽

National Team ◽

Multifrequency Bioimpedance

The topic of body composition in sport requires a great deal of attention. Excessive adipose tissue acts as a dead weight, especially in situations characteristic for handball – jumps, when body weight must be repeatedly lift ed against gravity during locomotion and jumping. Th e purpose of the study was to determine body composition and distribution of liquids in individual body segments in a national team of female handball players (n = 16, age 24,0±3,5 years, body height 176,0±6,5 cm, body weight 72,5±8,3 kg). Body composition was measured by means of a multifrequency bioimpedance method InBody (Biospace). Th e examined parameters were the following: absolute and relative amount of fat free mass (FFM and FFM/BW), percentage of fat mass (FM), absolute and relative amount of body cell mass (BCM and BCM/TH), total body water (TBW) distinguishing extracellular water (ECW) and intracellular water (ICW) and distribution of body liquids in individual segments. In the monitored group, we recorded the mean value of TBW = 42,58±3,99. Th e mean value of ICW was 28,92±2,53 l (67.92 %). Th e mean value of ECW was 13.66±1,57 l (32,08 %). FM made 20,16 ± 4,08 %. FFM for the whole sample was 57,82±5,27 kg; in relative values it was 0,80±0,04. Th e mean proportion of BCM in the monitored group was 40,47±3,55 kg, in relative values 0,56 ± 0.03. Monitoring distribution of liquids in the extremities showed a signifi cant diff erence only in the upper extremities (t15 = 5,95; p 0,01). In the lower extremities, we found out an equal proportion of liquids with an insignifi cant diff erence between the observed segments (t15 = 0,41; p > 0,05). Individual parameters of body composition indicate values corresponding to elite sport. Interindividual assessment revealed diff erences in terms of player’s function; however, when assessing parameters of body composition, it is not possible to express clearly the trend in dep endence on player’s function. Results of our study may help as a certain top standard for comparison of body composition in female players of a lower performance level with the aim of optimization and compensation of diff erences.

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Bone mineral density and body composition in adolescents with failure to thrive

Einstein (São Paulo) ◽

10.1590/s1679-45082010ao1361 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 168-174

Author(s):

Thiago Sacchetto de Andrade ◽

Luiz Anderson Lopes ◽

Marcelo de Medeiros Pinheiro ◽

Vera Lucia Szejnfeld ◽

José Augusto de Aguiar Carrazedo Taddei

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Body Composition ◽

Bone Mass ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Failure To Thrive ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Z Score ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Total Fat

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate bone mineral mass in adolescents with failure to thrive in relation to body composition. Methods A case control study involving 126 adolescents (15 to 19 years), in final puberty maturation being 76 eutrophic and 50 with failure to thrive (genetic or constitutional delay of growth), of matching ages, gender and pubertal maturation. The weight, height and calculated Z score for height/age and body mass index; bone mineral content, bone mineral density and adjusted bone mineral density were established for total body, lower back and femur; total fat-free mass and height-adjusted fat-free mass index, total fat mass and height-adjusted. The statistical analyses were performed using the Student's t-test (weight, height and body composition); Mann-Whitney test (bone mass) and multiple linear regression (bone mass determinants). Results weight, height and height/age Z-score were significantly higher among eutrophic subjects. Both groups did not show statistically significant differences for fat mass, percentage of fat mass, total fat mass height adjusted and fat-free mass index height sadjusted. However, total free fat maass was smaller for the failure to thrive group. Conclusions There was no statistically significant difference for bone mass measurements among adolescents with failure to thrive; however, the factors that determine bone mass formation should be better studied due to the positive correlation with free fat mass detected in these individuals.

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Gender Differences in rhGH-Induced Changes in Body Composition in GH-Deficient Adults

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jcem.86.9.7815 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 86 (9) ◽

pp. 4161-4165 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Jan P. T. Span ◽

Gerlach F. F. M. Pieters ◽

Fred G. J. Sweep ◽

Ad R. M. M. Hermus ◽

Anthony G. H. Smals

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Body Composition ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Total Body Water ◽

Body Water ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Rhgh Therapy ◽

Igf I ◽

Total Body

In GH-deficient adults, rhGH has pronounced effects on total body water, fat free mass, and fat mass. Recently, we observed a gender difference in IGF-I responsivity to rhGH that was sex steroid dependent. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of rhGH therapy on body composition parameters with due attention to the gender differences in biological responsiveness to rhGH. Forty-four women [36.9 ± 11.9 yr (mean ± sd)] and 33 men (37.2 ± 13.8 yr) with GH deficiency were studied every 6 months during 2 yr. The treatment goal was to achieve IGF-I levels within the age-adjusted normal range. Total body water, fat free mass, and fat mass were measured by bioimpedantiometry. To reach the treatment goal, the daily rhGH dose (IU/kg/d) had to be significantly higher in women than in men at all time intervals. During rhGH therapy, total body water and fat free mass increased significantly in both men and women (P ≤ 0.01 by ANOVA), but changes were more pronounced in men. Fat mass decreased during rhGH treatment and reached its nadir at 6 months, which was more pronounced in men than in women (P = 0.02 by ANOVA). After the initial decrease, fat mass increased again and reached baseline values after 2 yr of treatment. In both men and women, the total body water and fat free mass increases were closely related to the IGF-I increments (P < 0.001 by Pearson’s correlation test). The decrease in fat mass correlated significantly with the increase in IGF-I in men (r = −0.89, P < 0.001), not in women. Confirming our earlier data, IGF-I responsivity to rhGH was significantly higher in men than in women at all time intervals (P < 0.01 by ANOVA). Total body water and fat free mass responsivities were also higher in men than in women (P < 0.01 by ANOVA). In conclusion, gender differences in IGF-I responsivities to rhGH are accompanied by gender differences in the extent of body composition changes to rhGH. Probably because of these gender differences in IGF-I responsivity, the increases of total body water and fat free mass to rhGH replacement were greater in men than in women. Remarkably, however, in men, only total body water and fat free mass responses relative to changes in IGF-I increased during the 2 yr of rhGH therapy (P= 0.02 and 0.01, respectively, by ANOVA). In our opinion, this phenomenon might be explained by the increasing target organ sensitivity to IGF-I over time.

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Effects of Growth Hormone (GH) on Ghrelin, Leptin, and Adiponectin in GH-Deficient Patients

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2003-030713 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 88 (11) ◽

pp. 5193-5198 ◽

Cited By ~ 88

Author(s):

Britt Edén Engström ◽

Pia Burman ◽

Camilla Holdstock ◽

F. Anders Karlsson

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Glucose Production ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Metabolic Effects ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Gh Treatment ◽

Igf I

Abstract Ghrelin is a recently discovered gastric peptide that increases appetite, glucose oxidation, and lipogenesis and stimulates the secretion of GH. In contrast to ghrelin, GH promotes lipolysis, glucose production, and insulin secretion. Both ghrelin and GH are suppressed by intake of nutrients, especially glucose. The role of GH in the regulation of ghrelin has not yet been established. We investigated the effect of GH on circulating levels of ghrelin in relation to its effects on glucose, insulin, body composition, and the adipocyte-derived peptides leptin and adiponectin. Thirty-six patients with adult-onset GH deficiency received recombinant human GH for 9 months in a placebo-controlled study. Body composition and fasting serum analytes were assessed at baseline and at the end of the study. The GH treatment was accompanied by increased serum levels of IGF-I, reduced body weight (−2%) and body fat (−27%), and increased serum concentrations of glucose (+10%) and insulin (+48%). Ghrelin levels decreased in 30 of 36 subjects by a mean of −29%, and leptin decreased by a mean of −24%. Adiponectin increased in the women only. The decreases in ghrelin and leptin correlated with changes in fat mass, fat-free mass, and IGF-I. The reductions in ghrelin were predicted independently of the changes in IGF-I and fat mass. It is likely that the reductions in ghrelin and leptin reflect the metabolic effects of GH on lipid mobilization and glucose production. Possibly, a suppression of ghrelin promotes loss of body fat in GH-deficient patients receiving treatment. The observed correlation between the changes in ghrelin and IGF-I may suggest that the GH/IGF-I axis has a negative feedback on ghrelin secretion.

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Gender Differences in Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Their Relation to Body Composition in Active Brazilian Adolescents

Journal of Physical Activity and Health ◽

10.1123/jpah.6.1.93 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 93-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Julia Aparecida Devide Nogueira ◽

Teresa Helena Macedo da Costa

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Body Composition ◽

Body Weight ◽

Sedentary Behavior ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Skinfold Thickness ◽

Activity Level ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Daily Activities ◽

Physically Active

Background:Body weight and composition are determined by genotype, environment, and energy balance. Physical activity or sedentary behavior have different associations with body weight, fat mass, and fat-free mass, a relationship that is not clear in adolescents. The aim of this study was to test the associations between gender, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and body composition in physically active adolescents.Methods:Weight, height, and skinfold thickness were measured in 326 physically active boys and girls age 11 to 15 years. All subjects answered a questionnaire assessing their usual daily activities for the last month. Time spent on each activity was used to estimate the physical activity level (PAL).Results:PAL was associated with body composition after adjustment for age and maturation, with differences between genders. For boys, PAL was positively and significantly associated with body mass index (BMI) and fat-free mass index (β= 0.14 and 0.15, respectively). For girls, PAL was negatively and significantly associated with BMI and fat mass index (β= −0.11 and −0.75, respectively). Sedentary behavior, expressed by hours of TV, videogame, and computer use, was not associated with any body-composition outcome for either gender.Conclusion:The accumulated amount of physical activity, but not of sedentary behavior, was related to body composition in active adolescents.

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The Influence of Sport Nutrition Knowledge on Body Composition and Perceptions of Dietary Requirements in Collegiate Athletes

10.20944/preprints202105.0505.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Andrew Jagim ◽

Jennifer B. Fields ◽

Meghan Magee ◽

Chad Kerksick ◽

Joel Luedke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Body Weight ◽

Body Mass ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Collegiate Athletes ◽

Nutrition Knowledge ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Sport Nutrition ◽

Division Iii

Sport nutrition knowledge has been shown to influence dietary habits of athletes. The purpose of the current study was to examine relationships between sport nutrition knowledge and body composition and examine potential predictors of body weight goal in collegiate athletes. Participants included National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III women (n=42, height: 169.9 ± 6.9 cm; body mass: 67.1 ± 8.6 kg; fat-free mass: 51.3 ± 6.6 kg; body fat %: 24.2 ± 5.3%) and men (n=25, height: 180.8 ± 7.2 cm; body mass: 89.2 ± 20.5 kg; fat-free mass: 75.9 ± 12.2 kg; body fat %: 13.5 ± 8.9%) athletes. Body composition was assessed via air displacement plethysmography. Athletes completed a validated questionnaire designed to assess sport nutrition knowledge and were asked questions about their perceived dietary energy and macronutrient requirements, as well as their body weight goal (i.e. lose, maintain, gain weight). Athletes answered 47.98 ± 11.29 % of questions correctly on the nutrition questionnaire with no differences observed between sexes (men: 49.52 ± 11.76% vs. women: 47.03 ± 11.04%; p=0.40). An inverse relationship between sport nutrition knowledge scores and body fat percentage (r = -0.330; p=0.008), and fat mass (r = -.268; p=0.032) was observed for all athletes. Fat mass (β = 0.224), BF % (β = 0.217), and BMI (β = 0.421) were all significant (p&lt;0.05) predictors of body weight goal in women. All athletes significantly (p&lt;0.001) underestimated daily energy (-1,360 ± 610.2 kcal/d), carbohydrate (-301.6 ± 149.2 g/d), and fat (-41.4 ± 34.5 g/d) requirements. Division III collegiate athletes have a low level of sport nutrition knowledge, which was associated with a higher BF %. Women athletes with a higher body weight, BF % and BMI were more likely to select weight loss as a body weight goal. Athletes also significantly underestimated their energy and carbohydrate requirements based upon the demands of their sport, independent of sex.

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