Building Three Dimensional Didactic Templates of the Mitosis Phases: A Resource for The Teaching of Cell Biology

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-61
Author(s):  
Maria da Conceição dos Reis Leal
Keyword(s):  
Cell Biology ◽  
Three Dimensional

Exploration of cell wall architecture with the rapid-freeze deep-etch technique

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 128-129
Author(s):  
Béatrice Satiat-Jeunemaitre ◽  
Chris Hawes
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Molecular Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
Plant Cell Walls

The comprehension of the molecular architecture of plant cell walls is one of the best examples in cell biology which illustrates how developments in microscopy have extended the frontiers of a topic. Indeed from the first electron microscope observation of cell walls it has become apparent that our understanding of wall structure has advanced hand in hand with improvements in the technology of specimen preparation for electron microscopy. Cell walls are sub-cellular compartments outside the peripheral plasma membrane, the construction of which depends on a complex cellular biosynthetic and secretory activity (1). They are composed of interwoven polymers, synthesised independently, which together perform a number of varied functions. Biochemical studies have provided us with much data on the varied molecular composition of plant cell walls. However, the detailed intermolecular relationships and the three dimensional arrangement of the polymers in situ remains a mystery. The difficulty in establishing a general molecular model for plant cell walls is also complicated by the vast diversity in wall composition among plant species.

A three-dimensional cell biology model of human hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro

Tumor Biology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianhua Tang ◽  
Jiefeng Cui ◽  
Rongxin Chen ◽  
Kun Guo ◽  
Xiaonan Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Dimensional Cell

scholarly journals An endometrial organoid model of Chlamydia-epithelial and immune cell interactions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Dolat ◽  
Raphael H. Valdivia
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Cell Diversity ◽  
Intracellular Organelles

ABSTRACTOur understanding of how the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis reprograms the cell biology of host cells in the upper genital tract is largely based on observations made in cell culture with transformed epithelial cell lines. Here we describe a primary spherical organoid system derived from endometrial tissue to recapitulate epithelial cell diversity, polarity, and ensuing responses to Chlamydia infection. Using high-resolution and time-lapse microscopy, we catalogue the infection process in organoids from invasion to egress, including the reorganization of the cytoskeleton and positioning of intracellular organelles. We show this model is amenable to screening C. trachomatis mutants for defects in the fusion of pathogenic vacuoles, the recruitment of intracellular organelles, and inhibition of cell death. Moreover, we reconstructed a primary immune cell response by co-culturing infected organoids with neutrophils, and determined that the effector TepP limits the recruitment of neutrophils to infected organoids. Collectively, our model details a system to study the cell biology of Chlamydia infections in three dimensional structures that better reflect the diversity of cell types and polarity encountered by Chlamydia upon infection of their animal hosts.Summary statement3D endometrial organoids to model Chlamydia infection and the role of secreted virulence factors in reprogramming host epithelial cells and immune cell recruitment

scholarly journals Advances in Pluripotent Stem Cells: History, Mechanisms, Technologies, and Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gele Liu ◽  
Brian T. David ◽  
Matthew Trawczynski ◽  
Richard G. Fessler
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cell Technology

AbstractOver the past 20 years, and particularly in the last decade, significant developmental milestones have driven basic, translational, and clinical advances in the field of stem cell and regenerative medicine. In this article, we provide a systemic overview of the major recent discoveries in this exciting and rapidly developing field. We begin by discussing experimental advances in the generation and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), next moving to the maintenance of stem cells in different culture types, and finishing with a discussion of three-dimensional (3D) cell technology and future stem cell applications. Specifically, we highlight the following crucial domains: 1) sources of pluripotent cells; 2) next-generation in vivo direct reprogramming technology; 3) cell types derived from PSCs and the influence of genetic memory; 4) induction of pluripotency with genomic modifications; 5) construction of vectors with reprogramming factor combinations; 6) enhancing pluripotency with small molecules and genetic signaling pathways; 7) induction of cell reprogramming by RNA signaling; 8) induction and enhancement of pluripotency with chemicals; 9) maintenance of pluripotency and genomic stability in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs); 10) feeder-free and xenon-free culture environments; 11) biomaterial applications in stem cell biology; 12) three-dimensional (3D) cell technology; 13) 3D bioprinting; 14) downstream stem cell applications; and 15) current ethical issues in stem cell and regenerative medicine. This review, encompassing the fundamental concepts of regenerative medicine, is intended to provide a comprehensive portrait of important progress in stem cell research and development. Innovative technologies and real-world applications are emphasized for readers interested in the exciting, promising, and challenging field of stem cells and those seeking guidance in planning future research direction.

A Novel Method for Automated Acquisition of Tilt Series for Electron Tomography Based on Pre-Calibration of the Specimen Stage

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1148-1149
Author(s):  
U. Ziese ◽  
A.H. Janssen ◽  
T.P. van der Krift ◽  
A.G. van Balen ◽  
W.J. de Ruijter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
3D Reconstruction ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Electron Tomography ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Imaging Method ◽  
3D Images ◽  
Tilt Series ◽  
3D Information ◽  
Structural Arrangements

Electron tomography is a three-dimensional (3D) imaging method with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) that provides high-resolution 3D images of structural arrangements. Conventional TEM images are in first approximation mere 2D-projections of a 3D sample under investigation. With electron tomographya series of images is acquired of a sample that is tilted over a large angular range (±70°) with small angular tilt increments (so called tilt-series). For the subsequent 3D-reconstruction, the images of the tilt series are aligned relative to each other and the 3D-reconstruction is computed. Electron tomography is the only technique that can provide true 3D information with nm-scale resolution of individual and unique samples. For (cell) biology and material science applications the availability of high-resolution 3D images of structural arrangements within individual samples provides unique architectural information that cannot be obtained otherwise. Routine application of electron tomography will comprise a major revolutionary step forward in the characterization of complex materials and cellular arrangements.

scholarly journals Human EndoC-βH1 β-cells form pseudoislets with improved glucose sensitivity and enhanced GLP-1 signaling in the presence of islet-derived endothelial cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 314 (5) ◽  
pp. E512-E521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Spelios ◽  
Lauren A. Afinowicz ◽  
Regine C. Tipon ◽  
Eitan M. Akirav
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Human Islets ◽  
Glucose Sensing ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Glucose Levels

Three-dimensional (3D) pseudoislets (PIs) can be used for the study of insulin-producing β-cells in free-floating islet-like structures similar to that of primary islets. Previously, we demonstrated the ability of islet-derived endothelial cells (iECs) to induce PIs using murine insulinomas, where PI formation enhanced insulin production and glucose responsiveness. In this report, we examined the ability of iECs to spontaneously induce the formation of free-floating 3D PIs using the EndoC-βH1 human β-cell line murine MS1 iEC. Within 14 days, the coculturing of both cell types produced fully humanized EndoC-βH1 PIs with little to no contaminating murine iECs. The size and shape of these PIs were similar to primary human islets. iEC-induced PIs demonstrated reduced dysregulated insulin release under low glucose levels and higher insulin secretion in response to high glucose and exendin-4 [a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog] compared with monolayer cells cultured alone. Interestingly, iEC-PIs were also better at glucose sensing in the presence of extendin-4 compared with PIs generated on a low-adhesion surface plate in the absence of iECs and showed an overall improvement in cell viability. iEC-induced PIs exhibited increased expression of key genes involved in glucose transport, glucose sensing, β-cell differentiation, and insulin processing, with a concomitant decrease in glucagon mRNA expression. The enhanced responsiveness to exendin-4 was associated with increased protein expression of GLP-1 receptor and phosphokinase A. This rapid coculture system provides an unlimited number of human PIs with improved insulin secretion and GLP-1 responsiveness for the study of β-cell biology.

scholarly journals Spheroids as a Type of Three-Dimensional Cell Cultures—Examples of Methods of Preparation and the Most Important Application

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 6225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamila Białkowska ◽  
Piotr Komorowski ◽  
Maria Bryszewska ◽  
Katarzyna Miłowska
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Disease Modeling ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Culture ◽  
Matrix Interactions ◽  
Vitro Model ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Interactions ◽  
Natural Cell

Cell cultures are very important for testing materials and drugs, and in the examination of cell biology and special cell mechanisms. The most popular models of cell culture are two-dimensional (2D) as monolayers, but this does not mimic the natural cell environment. Cells are mostly deprived of cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix interactions. A much better in vitro model is three-dimensional (3D) culture. Because many cell lines have the ability to self-assemble, one 3D culturing method is to produce spheroids. There are several systems for culturing cells in spheroids, e.g., hanging drop, scaffolds and hydrogels, and these cultures have their applications in drug and nanoparticles testing, and disease modeling. In this paper we would like to present methods of preparation of spheroids in general and emphasize the most important applications.

scholarly journals Preconditioned Cell Array Optimized for a Three-Dimensional Culture of Hepatocytes

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 677-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshitaka Miyamoto ◽  
Takeshi Ikeya ◽  
Shin Enosawa
Keyword(s):  
Cell Biology ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Rat Hepatocytes ◽  
Cell Array ◽  
Cell Arrays ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Three Dimensional Culture ◽  
Hepatocyte Spheroids

Three-dimensional culture procedures have attracted attention in various fields of cell biology. A newly developed cell array assisted in the formation of hepatocyte spheroids by two innovations: 1) micropatterning by a hydrophilic polymer, and 2) the use of bovine carotid artery-derived HH cells as feeder cells. The former contributes to the standardization of the spheroid size and the latter to the maintenance of the spheroids. We created a way to provide a ready-to-use cell array by cryopreservation of an HH feeder cell cultured array. After inoculation of HH cells on the cell array, the culture medium was replaced by freezing medium containing dimethyl sulfoxide. Thereafter, the array was frozen and stored in a −80°C deep freezer. At the start of the hepatocyte culture, the cryopreserved HH cell array was thawed by adding warmed (37°C) culture medium. The morphology and biological activities of the cryopreserved HH cells were intact, as confirmed by phase contrast microscopy and functional staining with calcein and formazan. The rat hepatocytes formed perfect spheroids on the cryopreserved HH cell array without any differences from those on the freshly prepared HH cell array. The CYP3A drug metabolism activities of the hepatocytes were well maintained on the cryopreserved and fresh cell arrays. The present protocol greatly shortened the time and labor required to prepare a cell array for culturing hepatocytes.

scholarly journals Digital Spindle: A New Way to Explore Mitotic Functions by Whole Cell Data Collection and a Computational Approach

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1255
Author(s):  
Norio Yamashita ◽  
Masahiko Morita ◽  
Hideo Yokota ◽  
Yuko Mimori-Kiyosue
Keyword(s):  
Cell Biology ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Light Sheet ◽  
Live Imaging ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Complex Data ◽  
Spatiotemporal Resolution ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Light Sheet Microscopy

From cells to organisms, every living system is three-dimensional (3D), but the performance of fluorescence microscopy has been largely limited when attempting to obtain an overview of systems’ dynamic processes in three dimensions. Recently, advanced light-sheet illumination technologies, allowing drastic improvement in spatial discrimination, volumetric imaging times, and phototoxicity/photobleaching, have been making live imaging to collect precise and reliable 3D information increasingly feasible. In particular, lattice light-sheet microscopy (LLSM), using an ultrathin light-sheet, enables whole-cell 3D live imaging of cellular processes, including mitosis, at unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution for extended periods of time. This technology produces immense and complex data, including a significant amount of information, raising new challenges for big image data analysis and new possibilities for data utilization. Once the data are digitally archived in a computer, the data can be reused for various purposes by anyone at any time. Such an information science approach has the potential to revolutionize the use of bioimage data, and provides an alternative method for cell biology research in a data-driven manner. In this article, we introduce examples of analyzing digital mitotic spindles and discuss future perspectives in cell biology.

scholarly journals A Kinesthetic Model Demonstrating Molecular Interactions Involved in Anterior-Posterior Pattern Formation in Drosophila

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-81
Author(s):  
Kristin R. Douglas
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Molecular Interactions ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Introductory Courses ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Cellular Components ◽  
Anterior Posterior ◽  
Anterior Posterior Axis

Prerequisites for the Developmental Biology course at Augustana College are introductory courses in zoology and cell biology. After introductory courses students appreciate the fact that proteins have three-dimensional structures; however, they often fail to recognize how protein interactions with other cellular components can lead to specific cellular responses. One of the first topics covered in Augustana's Developmental Biology course is anterior-posterior axis determination in Drosophila. In the past, the subject was taught with a series of graphs demonstrating mRNA and protein concentrations along the anterior-posterior axis. However, this pedagogy was too conceptual for the majority of students enrolled in the course. To aid their understanding, a kinesthetic model of the molecular interactions involving bicoid, nanos, hunchback, and caudal transcripts and proteins utilizing colored pipe cleaners and beads was created. Students model molecular interactions between proteins (beads) and transcripts (pipe cleaners) by placing the appropriate bead on the appropriate pipe cleaner. After working with the model, the concept of molecular interactions became more concrete to students, and they were able to conceptualize anterior-posterior axis determination in Drosophila more clearly. Throughout the rest of the course, students were able to understand molecular interactions without the aid of additional models.

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