scholarly journals Refining micropore capacity of activated carbon derived from coconut shell via deashing post-treatment

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 7749-7769
Author(s):  
Kit Ling Chin ◽  
Chuan Li Lee ◽  
Paik San H'ng ◽  
Umer Rashid ◽  
Md Tahir Paridah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Coconut Shell Activated Carbon

The discovery of new methods to control porosity and microarchitecture may lead to the refinement of carbon materials from lignocellulose as advanced functional materials. However, the high ash content on the surface of lignocellulosic biomass reduces the surface area and adsorption properties of the activated carbon. This study presents a novel approach, using a deashing post-treatment as the pore generator, to increase the quality of the activated carbon. The micropore capacity was improved by deashing post-treatment with distilled water, where 80% of the total pore ratio of the activated carbon was occupied with micropores. Ultrasonic treatment was able to penetrate deeper into the structure of coconut shell activated carbon, creating cavities and pores, thus increasing the surface area. Understanding the effects of these new controlling methods on pore refinement can elucidate the microporous fabrication of other activated carbons from high ash-content lignocellulosic biomass.

scholarly journals LiOH/Coconut Shell Activated Carbon Ratio Effect on the Electrical Conductivity of Lithium Ion Battery Anode Active Material

Molekul ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 235
Author(s):  
Annisa Syifaurrahma ◽  
Arnelli Arnelli ◽  
Yayuk Astuti
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Lithium Ion Battery ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Coconut Shell Activated Carbon ◽  
Anode Active Material ◽  
Battery Anode

A lithium ion battery anode active material comprised of LiOH (Li) and coconut shell activated carbon (AC) has been synthesized with Li/AC ratios of (w/w) 1/1, 2/1, 3/1, and 4/1 through the sol gel method. The present study aims to ascertain the best Li/AC ratio that produces an anode active material with the best electrical conductivity value and determine the characteristics of the anode active material in terms of functional groups, surface area, crystallinity, and capacity. Based on the electrical conductivity test using LCR, the active material Li/AC 2/1 had the highest electrical conductivity with a value of 2.064x10-3 Sm-1. The conductivity achieved was slightly smaller than that of the active material with no addition of LiOH on the activated carbon at an electrical conductivity of 5.434x10-3 Sm-1. The FTIR spectra of the activated carbon and Li/AC 2/1 showed differences with in the Li-O-C group absorption at 1075 cm-1 wavenumber and the wide absorption in the area of 547.5 cm-1 that represents Li-O vibration. Based on the results of SAA, the activated carbon had a larger surface area than Li/AC 2/1 at 17.057 m2g-1 and 5.615 m2g-1, respectively. The crystallinity of both active materials was low shown by the widening of the diffraction peaks. Tests with cyclic voltammetry (CV) proved that there was a reduction-oxidation reaction for the two samples in the first cycle with a large charge and discharge capacities of the activated carbon of 150.989 mAh and 92.040 mAh, while for Li/AC 2/1 they were 91.103 mAh and 47.580 mAh.

The Effect of Activated Carbon Properties on the Adsorption of Toxic Substances

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Diamadopoulos ◽  
P. Samaras ◽  
G. P. Sakellaropoulos
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Fulvic Acid ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Adsorptive Capacity ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Carbon Loading

The objectives of this work were to relate the activated carbon properties to its adsorptive capacity. The activated carbon needed was produced in the lab from Greek lignite coal. Subsequently, adsorption studies were performed in order to evaluate the efficiency of the various activated carbons to remove toxic substances from water. Two organic substances were used. These were phenol and fulvic acid. Additionally, the adsorption of arsenic (V) was, also, investigated. It was found that the adsorptive capacity of the activated carbons depended primarily on the ash content and the compound. The capacity of the carbon to remove phenol, expressed as mg of phenol removed per g of activated carbon (carbon loading), decreased linearly as the amount of ash in the activated carbon increased. Ash-free activated carbons could adsorb 4 times as much phenol as the activated carbons with a high ash content. On the other hand, fulvic acid and arsenic adsorbed poorly on the ash-free activated carbons. Even for the high surface area activated carbons (over 1000 m2/g), the quantity of fulvic acid or arsenic adsorbed was significantly less than that exhibited by the high ash activated carbons (maximum surface area measured hardly exceeded 300 m2/g). As the amount of ash in the carbon increased, the carbon loading increased as well, up to a certain level, beyond which the amount of ash played no significant role. The beneficial role of ash was explained by the ability of the fulvic acid and arsenic to interact with metal oxides and metal ions, which constitute a significant fraction of the ash.

scholarly journals Equilibrium and Kinetics of CO2 Adsorption by Coconut Shell Activated Carbon Impregnated with Sodium Hydroxide

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
Chaiyot Tangsathitkulchai ◽  
Suravit Naksusuk ◽  
Atichat Wongkoblap ◽  
Poomiwat Phadungbut ◽  
Prapassorn Borisut
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Co2 Adsorption ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Type I ◽  
Equilibrium And Kinetics ◽  
Coconut Shell Activated Carbon ◽  
Kinetics Of

The equilibrium and kinetics of CO2 adsorption at 273 K by coconut-shell activated carbon impregnated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was investigated. Based on nitrogen adsorption isotherms, porous properties of the tested activated carbons decreased with the increase of NaOH loading, with the decrease resulting primarily from the reduction of pore space available for nitrogen adsorption. Equilibrium isotherms of CO2 adsorption by activated carbons impregnated with NaOH at 273 K and the pressure up to 100 kPa displayed an initial part of Type I isotherm with most adsorption taking place in micropores in the range of 0.7–0.9 nm by pore-filling mechanisms. The amount of CO2 adsorbed increased with the increase of NaOH loading and passed through a maximum at the optimum NaOH loading of 180 mg/g. The CO2 isotherm data were best fitted with the three-parameter Sips equation, followed by Freundlich and Langmuir equations. The pore diffusion model, characterized by the effective pore diffusivity (De), could well describe the adsorption kinetics of CO2 in activated carbons impregnated with NaOH. The variation of De with the amount of CO2 adsorbed showed three consecutive regions, consisting of a rapid decrease of De for CO2 loading less than 40 mg/g, a relatively constant value of De for the CO2 loading of 40–80 mg/g and a slow decrease of De for the CO2 loading of 80–200 mg/g. The maximum De occurred at the optimum NaOH loading of 180 mg/g, in line with the equilibrium adsorption results. The values of De varied from 1.1 × 10−9 to 5.5 × 10−9 m2/s, which are about four orders of magnitude smaller than the molecular diffusion of CO2 in air. An empirical correlation was developed for predicting the effective pore diffusivity with the amount of CO2 adsorbed and NaOH loading.

scholarly journals Surface Modification and Characterization of Coconut Shell-Based Activated Carbon Subjected to Acidic and Alkaline Treatments

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tan I. A. W. ◽  
Abdullah M. O. ◽  
Lim L. L. P. ◽  
Yeo T. H. C.
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Surface Chemistry ◽  
Pore Structure ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Textural Characterization

Activated carbon derived from agricultural biomass has been increasingly recognized as a multifunctional material for various applications according to its physicochemical characteristics. The application of activated carbon in adsorption process mainly depends on the surface chemistry and pore structure which is greatly influenced by the treatment method. This study aims to compare the textural characteristics, surface chemistry and surface morphology of coconut shell-based activated carbon modified using chemical surface treatments with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The untreated and treated activated carbons were characterized for their physical and chemical properties including the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and textural characterization. The FTIR spectra displayed bands confirming the presence of carboxyl, hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of the untreated activated carbon was 436 m2/g whereas the surface area of the activated carbon modified using 1M NaOH, 1M HCl and 2M HCl was 346, 525 and 372 m2/g, respectively. SEM micrographs showed that many large pores in a honeycomb shape were clearly found on the surface of 1M HCl sample. The pore structure of the activated carbon treated with 2M HCl and NaOH was partially destroyed or enlarged, which decreased the BET surface area. The modification of the coconut shell-based activated carbon with acidic and alkaline treatments has successfully altered the surface functional groups, surface morphology and textural properties of the activated carbon which could improve its adsorptive selectivity on a certain adsorbate.

Preparation of Capacitor’s Electrode from Coconut Shell

2014 ◽  
Vol 875-877 ◽  
pp. 1585-1589
Author(s):  
Arenst Andreas Arie ◽  
Joong Kee Lee
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Type I ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Bet Analysis

Activated carbons were prepared from coconut shell by chemical activation method and utilized as electrode materials for electrochemical double layer capacitor (EDLC). A preliminary characteristic of activated carbon from coconut shell includes the Brunnaeur Emmett Teller (BET) analysis and cyclic voltammetry measurements. The BET surface area is not affected by the variation of activation temperature as both of the samples showed BET surface area of about 850-870 m2g-1. The N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms showed that the sample exhibited type I characteristics according to IUPAC classification, which confirms its micro-porosity. Compared with the un-activated carbon samples, the activated ones exhibited the better electrochemical properties with a specific capacitance of 150 F g−1 at a scan rate of 2 mV s−1. The good performance of activated carbon is attributed to the enhancement of surface area due to the KOH pretreatment which can open new pores accessible for the ionic transport

scholarly journals Rice Straw: A Major Renewable Lignocellulosic Biomass for Value-Added Carbonaceous Materials

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-303
Author(s):  
Mayanglambam Manolata Devi ◽  
Nidhi Aggarwal ◽  
Shunmugavel Saravanamurugan
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Carbonaceous Material ◽  
Carbonaceous Materials ◽  
Technology Applications

: Carbonaceous materials are proven to be vital in day-to-day life as well as in advanced science and technology applications. Rice straw, a secondary agricultural lignocellulosic biomass, has drawn great attention for the production of value-added carbonaceous material. Because, it can provide an alternative economic, greener and sustainable resource of carbon to non-renewable fossil fuelbased precursors while controlling the worsening situation of environmental pollution due to improper disposal and stubble burning. In this review, recent developments in the production of carbonaceous materials from rice straw are presented. Biochar and activated carbon were reported to be the prime carbonaceous materials prepared from the rice straw. Thus, pyrogenic preparation of biochar and the influence of its pyrolysis temperature to the yield, composition, surface area, porosity and morphology are preliminarily discussed. This is followed by a detailed discussion on the preparation of activated carbon with an emphasis on the influencing reaction factors for improving the characteristic properties of the activated carbons. Additionally, the major characterization techniques dealing with determining the surface area and porosity (BET analyzer) and microstructure (secondary electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM)) for both the carbonaceous materials are also discussed. Finally, major applications of both the carbonaceous materials are briefly reviewed. Thus, the present review clearly highlights the usefulness of agricultural lignocellulosic waste rice straw for the conversion of waste to value-added carbonaceous materials.

scholarly journals High-performance removal of methyl mercaptan by nitrogen-rich coconut shell activated carbon

RSC Advances ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (37) ◽  
pp. 22892-22899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Liu ◽  
Ming Ke ◽  
Feng Liu ◽  
Pei Yu ◽  
Haiqiang Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Methyl Mercaptan ◽  
Quaternary Nitrogen ◽  
Coconut Shell Activated Carbon ◽  
Pyridinic Nitrogen

Nitrogen-rich coconut shell activated carbons were prepared with high CH3SH capacity and easy regeneration. The catalytic activity is closely related to the contents of pyridinic nitrogen and quaternary nitrogen.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Activated Carbons from African Teak (Iroko) Wood and Coconut Shell in Palm Oil Bleaching

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davidson C Onwumelu
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Adsorbent Dosage ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Fuller’S Earth ◽  
Coconut Shell Activated Carbon

This study compares the effectiveness of activated carbons from the African Teak/Iroko wood (Milicia excelsia) and coconut shell as adsorbents in Crude Palm Oil (CPO) bleaching. This was done in order to source for local agro-waste substitutes for the imported Fuller’s earth. The materials were activated using analytical grade CaCl2 in 25% solution at a temperature of 109OC in a laboratory hot air oven. The obtained activated carbon samples were subjected to proximate analysis to ascertain their percentage ash, moisture, volatile matter and fixed carbon contents. The CPO to be analysed was degummed, neutralized and further bleached using 2g, 4g, 6g, 8g, 10g, 12g and 14g of the adsorbent samples at a temperature of 130OC after which the obtained oils were analysed and results plotted. It was observed that the bleached oil samples generally had reduced specific gravity, opacity, colour, and free fatty acid (FFA) compared to the CPO. It was also observed that the opacity, colour, and FFA reduced as the adsorbent dosage increased. Conversely, the percentage colour reduction and the percentage FFA reduction increased with adsorbent dosage. Overall, the oil samples bleached by activated carbon from the African Teak/Iroko wood exhibited more desirable properties than the ones bleached by the coconut shell activated carbon.

Sustainable development of coconut shell activated carbon (CSAC) & a magnetic coconut shell activated carbon (MCSAC) for phenol (2-nitrophenol) removal

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (88) ◽  
pp. 85390-85410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankur Sarswat ◽  
Dinesh Mohan
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Slow Pyrolysis ◽  
Coconut Shell Activated Carbon

Slow pyrolysis coconut shell (CSAC) and magnetic coconut shell (MCSAC) activated carbons were prepared, characterized and used for aqueous 2-nitrophenol (2-NP) removal.

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