Separation and characterization of biomass components (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) from corn stalk

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 7205-7219
Author(s):  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Huile Wang ◽  
Xindi Sun ◽  
Yifan Wang ◽  
Zhong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Main Chain ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Corn Stalk ◽  
Chemical Content ◽  
Biomass Components ◽  
Chemical Groups ◽  
Glucosidic Bond

Representative hemicellulose, milled wood lignin (MWL), and cellulose were directly separated from corn stalk, and their main chemical content was determined using NREL methods. The chemical elements, chemical groups, and molecular structure of corn stalk biomass components (hemicellulose, MWL, and cellulose) were analyzed by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analyses．The results showed that the purity of the biomass components separated from corn stalk was high, the degree of damage was relatively small, and their own structural characteristics were relatively intact. The hemicellulose that was separated from corn stalk was mainly composed of L-arabino-β-(1→4)-D-glucuronoxylan units. There were also sugar residues attached to the main chain in the form of side chains, such as D-glucopyranose, galactose, glucuronic acid, and galacturonic acid. The isolated cellulose consisted of glucosyl linked by β-(1→4)-glucosidic bond. The MWL separated from corn stalk has a GSH-type of β-O-4 structure, and the contents were as follows, in order of more to less: guaiacyl (G), p-hydroxyphenyl (H), and syringyl (S) units. Biomass components with high purity were separated from corn stalk, and their respective structure and composition were understood, which provides a foundation for the subsequent high-value utilization of corn stalk.

Characterization of liquefied products from corn stalk and its biomass components by polyhydric alcohols with phosphoric acid

2019 ◽  
Vol 215 ◽  
pp. 170-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Zhong Liu ◽  
Haitang Liu ◽  
Lanfeng Hui ◽  
Huimei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Corn Stalk ◽  
Polyhydric Alcohols ◽  
Biomass Components

Characterization of the Structures of Diene Polymers by NMR

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 769-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. James Harwood
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Specific Topic ◽  
Elastomeric Chains ◽  
Nuclear Magnetic

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) has become a very powerful tool for characterizing the structures of elastomers, providing information about their compositions and the arrangements of their constituents along their chains. Elastomers derived from diene monomers by homopolymerization or copolymerization can be very difficult to characterize because of the large number of structural features that may be present. Dienes can be incorporated as 1,2, 3,4, cis-1,4, or trans-1,4 units, and also as cis-4,1 or trans-4,1 units in some cases, for example. This leads to the possibility of head-head and tail-tail linkages as well as head-tail linkages and to the possibility of several stereochemical arrangements existing between pairs of 1,2-units. In spite of this difficulty, quantitative information about the structural characteristics of polymers derived from dienes can be obtained from their NMR spectra, and this information has been very useful in studies on polymerization mechanisms and elastomer properties. In some cases, it is possible to study the structures of growing chain ends by NMR spectroscopy. This, of course, provides valuable information about the polymerization mechanism. Nuclear magnetic resonance can be used to monitor chemical changes occurring in elastomers, such as oxidation or vulcanization. It can also provide information about the dynamic characteristics of elastomeric chains. Reviews on the characterization of elastomer structure by nuclear magnetic resonance are available, but developments in the characterization of polymers derived from dienes have occurred so rapidly that it is appropriate to review this specific topic at this time.

scholarly journals Characterization of the liquefaction residue from corn stalk and its biomass components using polyhydric alcohols with phosphoric acid

BioResources ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 2684-2706
Author(s):  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Zhong Liu ◽  
Haitang Liu ◽  
Lanfeng Hui ◽  
Huimei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Corn Stalk ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
Large Molecules ◽  
Polyhydric Alcohols ◽  
Condensation Polymers ◽  
Major Process ◽  
Biomass Components

Biomass liquefaction is a major process used to obtain fuel additives, valuable chemicals, and high-quality activated carbon. In this work, three major biomass components (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) and corn stalk were liquefied, and the corresponding liquefaction residue yields were 0.62%, 14.56%, 1.98%, and 1.29%, respectively, using polyhydric alcohols and acid catalysis under atmospheric pressure. The liquefaction residues from the corn stalk and biomass components were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis, pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the corn stalk residues were mainly large molecules produced by interactions of some small molecules and incompletely degraded cellulose; condensation polymers generated from the reaction of degraded substances derived from lignin or hemicellulose; and insoluble components containing reactants from the degraded substances of the three major components and the insoluble substances generated by the liquefaction agents during the process.

Functional characterization of flavorings in electronic cigarette refill liquids by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 611-619
Author(s):  
Oluwabunmi M. Dada ◽  
Marie-Cecile G. Chalbot ◽  
Ilias G. Kavouras
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Electronic Cigarette ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Chemical Content

The chemical content of electronic cigarette liquids (e-liquids) was determined by NMR spectroscopy.

The Chemical Bond Across the Periodic Table: Part 1 – First Row and Simple Metals

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Freire Sanzovo Fernandes ◽  
Leonardo dos Anjos Cunha ◽  
Francisco Bolivar Correto Machado ◽  
Luiz Ferrão
Keyword(s):  
Physical Chemistry ◽  
Chemical Bond ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Orbital Theory ◽  
Solid State Physics ◽  
Band Theory ◽  
Van Der Waals Clusters ◽  
Earth Systems ◽  
Chemical Content

<p>Chemical bond plays a central role in the description of the physicochemical properties of molecules and solids and it is essential to several fields in science and engineering, governing the material’s mechanical, electrical, catalytic and optoelectronic properties, among others. Due to this indisputable importance, a proper description of chemical bond is needed, commonly obtained through solving the Schrödinger equation of the system with either molecular orbital theory (molecules) or band theory (solids). However, connecting these seemingly different concepts is not a straightforward task for students and there is a gap in the available textbooks concerning this subject. This work presents a chemical content to be added in the physical chemistry undergraduate courses, in which the framework of molecular orbitals was used to qualitatively explain the standard state of the chemical elements and some properties of the resulting material, such as gas or crystalline solids. Here in Part 1, we were able to show the transition from Van der Waals clusters to metal in alkali and alkaline earth systems. In Part 2 and 3 of this three-part work, the present framework is applied to main group elements and transition metals. The original content discussed here can be adapted and incorporated in undergraduate and graduate physical chemistry and/or materials science textbooks and also serves as a conceptual guide to subsequent disciplines such as quantum chemistry, quantum mechanics and solid-state physics.</p>

scholarly journals First Insight into Nutraceutical Properties of Local Salento Cichorium intybus Varieties: NMR-Based Metabolomic Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4057
Author(s):  
Chiara Roberta Girelli ◽  
Francesca Serio ◽  
Rita Accogli ◽  
Federica Angilè ◽  
Antonella De Donno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
1H Nmr ◽  
Cichorium Intybus ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Metabolic Profiles ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Different Content ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Nutraceutical Properties ◽  
Metabolomic Approach

Background: Plants of genus Cichorium are known for their therapeutic and nutraceutical properties determined by a wealth of phytochemical substances contained in the whole plant. The aim of this paper was to characterize the metabolic profiles of local Salento chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) varieties (“Bianca”, “Galatina”, “Leccese”, and “Otranto”) in order to describe their metabolites composition together with possible bioactivity and health beneficial properties. Methods: The investigation was performed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis (MVA), by which the metabolic profiles of the samples were easily obtained and compared. Results: The supervised Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) analysis showed as “Bianca” and “Galatina” samples grouped together separated by “Leccese” and “Otranto” varieties. A different content of free amino acids and organic acids was observed among the varieties. In particular a high content of cichoric and monocaffeoyl tartaric acid was observed for the “Leccese” variety. The presence of secondary metabolites adds significant interest in the investigation of Cichorium inthybus, as this vegetable may benefit human health when incorporated into the diet. Conclusions: The 1H-NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy) based characterization of Salento chicory varieties allowed us to determine the potential usefulness and nutraceutical properties of the product, also providing a method to guarantee its authenticity on a molecular scale.

scholarly journals An Untargeted Metabolomics Investigation of Milk from Dairy Cows with Clinical Mastitis by 1H-NMR

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1707
Author(s):  
Chenglin Zhu ◽  
Kaiwei Tang ◽  
Xuan Lu ◽  
Junni Tang ◽  
Luca Laghi
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
1H Nmr ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Mastitic Milk ◽  
Chemical Groups

Mastitis is one of the diseases with the highest incidence in dairy cows, causing huge economic losses to the dairy industry all over the world. The aim of the study was to characterize mastitic milk metabolome through untargeted nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). Taking advantage of the high reproducibility of 1H-NMR, we had the opportunity to provide quantitative information for all the metabolites identified. Fifty-four molecules were characterized, sorted mainly into the chemical groups, namely amino acids, peptides and analogues, carbohydrates and derivates, organic acids and derivates, nucleosides, nucleotides and analogues. Combined with serum metabolomic investigations, several pathways were addressed to explain the mechanisms of milk metabolome variation affected by clinical mastitis, such as tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) and phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis. These results provide a further understanding of milk metabolome altered by clinical mastitis, which can be used as a reference for the further milk metabolome investigations.

scholarly journals Exploiting the Amazing Diversity of Natural Source-Derived Polysaccharides: Modern Procedures of Isolation, Engineering, and Optimization of Antiviral Activities

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Bimalendu Ray ◽  
Martin Schütz ◽  
Shuvam Mukherjee ◽  
Subrata Jana ◽  
Sayani Ray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Natural Source ◽  
Target Interaction ◽  
Charge Densities ◽  
Linkage Pattern ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Antiviral Activities ◽  
One Step

Naturally occurring polysaccharide sulfates are highly diverse, owning variations in the backbone structure, linkage pattern and stereochemistry, branching diversity, sulfate content and positions of sulfate group(s). These structural characteristics bring about diverse sulfated polymers with dissimilar negative charge densities and structure–activity relationships. Herein, we start with a short discussion of techniques needed for extraction, purification, chemical sulfation, and structural characterization of polysaccharides. Processes of isolation and sulfation of plant-derived polysaccharides are challenging and usually involve two steps. In this context, we describe an integrated extraction-sulfation procedure that produces polysaccharide sulfates from natural products in one step, thereby generating additional pharmacological activities. Finally, we provide examples of the spectrum of natural source-derived polysaccharides possessing specific features of bioactivity, in particular focusing on current aspects of antiviral drug development and drug–target interaction. Thus, the review presents a detailed view on chemically engineered polysaccharides, especially sulfated derivatives, and underlines their promising biomedical perspectives.

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