scholarly journals Syntactic information in bilingual Lithuanian lexicography

2013 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Aurelija Griškevičienė
Keyword(s):  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Bilingual Dictionaries ◽  
Syntactic Features ◽  
Syntactic Information ◽  
Syntactic Differences ◽  
Bilingual Lexicography

The main aim of the article is to analyse which types of syntactic information should be included in bilingual dictionaries where Lithuanian is the target language. The article discusses specific features of bidirectional dictionaries and differences between the syntactic information given in bilingual and monolingual dictionaries. Also discussed are principles for selecting syntactic information on Lithuanian as a target language, general syntactic features which are relevant in lexicography, ways of presenting government and valency and the importance of contrastive analysis for bilingual lexicography. Although syntactic information on lemmas and their equivalents is not a new subject in lexicographic theory and practice, syntactic information on Lithuanian as a target language has not yet been investigated, as no dictionaries for foreign users of Lithuanian have been compiled and published. The investigation is mostly based on experience and empirical data from the “Norwegian-Lithuanian dictionary”.The analysis leads to the conclusion that the most important information to provide about Lithuanian equivalents in bilingual dictionaries is verb government and valency. The most valuable information for the users of bilingual dictionaries illustrates the syntactic differences between the source and the target language, and this information can be identified by applying a contrastive method. The relevant syntactic information can be given next to the equivalents or in the examples. Case marking, obligatory use with prepositions as well as subordination of infinitive constructions can be shown next to the equivalents. As a minimum, the syntactic information on Lithuanian verbs should state if the verb takes another object case than the accusative. It is necessary to provide equivalents with the obligatory components of valency, while facultative components might be shown in the examples. Syntactic information should be provided for phrases as well as for single-word equivalents. In the examples one can show the variety of the syntactic features of the Lithuanian equivalents and highlight the differences between the syntactic features of the Norwegian lemmas and their Lithuanian equivalents. Examples can also be used to show specific syntactic constructions which do not exist in Lithuanian and provide information on congruous syntactic features of both languages.It is hardly possible to present the syntactic features of both languages equally detailed in bilingual bidirectional dictionaries. As lemma lists and examples are usually compiled on the basis of the source language, it usually turns out that the target language is provided with less information, and it is complicated to analyse and highlight the grammar of all the equivalents of the source language.

scholarly journals THE EQUIVALENCE IN TRANSLATION OF PUJA TRI SANDHYA FROM INDONESIAN TO ENGLISH

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Anak Agung Inten Mayuni
Keyword(s):  
Native Language ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
Dynamic Equivalence ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Universal Language ◽  
The World ◽  
Major Reform ◽  
The Government

Puja Tri Sandhya is Hindus prayer known in all countries. The original prayer came in Sanskrit language, but every Hindus believer already translate the prayer into their native language. In 1950, Balinese Hindus used Puja Tri Sandhya to get the recognition from the government allowing Parisada Hindu Dharma Indonesia (PHDI)—the major reform movement and Hindus organization in Indonesia—to translate Puja Tri Sandhya into Indonesian. This translation aimed to make every Hindus believer in Indonesia knows about the meaning of the mantras. Besides Indonesian, Puja Tri Sandhya is also translated into the universal language that 20 percent of the world spoke, English. English is believed to give the best medium to other people who want to learn more about Hindus or simply just curious. As a reminder, in this paper Indonesian will be the source language (SL) and English will be the result of the translation so we shall call it target language (TL). In translation, equivalency will be the point to show if the translation is well translated or not. In their book The Theory and Practice of Translation (1959), Nida and Taber state two kinds of equivalency that the translator can use as their reference they are: formal and dynamic equivalence. Here, Puja Tri Sandhya in Indonesian and English versions will be analyzed using 2 kinds of equivalences by Nida and Taber.

PROBLEMS OF LEXICAL EQUIVALENTING OF RUSSIAN PARTICLES IN A BILINGUAL DICTIONARY

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 99-107
Author(s):  
Larisa Alimpieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Bilingual Dictionary ◽  
Bilingual Dictionaries ◽  
Communicative Act ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Bilingual Lexicography

In the process of communicative act Russian particles concurrently fulfil different functions. It makes Russian particles an important unit of functional-pragmatic sphere of the Russian language which is characterized by its national specifics and connotativity. The problem of codification of Russian particles in bilingual lexicography is complicated. The main problem at compiling a dictionary lemma is filiation (division of meanings) of Russian particles and their rendering by lexical means of a foreign language. The existing lexicographic descriptions of Russian particles in bilingual dictionaries irrelevantly reflect the structure and contents of their meanings. The aim of the article is to consider some theoretical problems of description of Russian particles by means of a second (target) language in dictionary lemmas of bilingual dictionaries.

scholarly journals Examples in Igbo-English Dictionaries

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-198
Author(s):  
Mbanefo Chukwuogor
Keyword(s):  
Target Language ◽  
Authentic Material ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Bilingual Dictionary ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Bilingual Dictionaries ◽  
Information Amount

A bilingual dictionary example is a verbal or non-verbal phrase or a grammatically complete sentence that includes the lemma and is translated from the source language to the target language or vice versa (Toope 1996). The use of examples in bilingual dictionaries has been an issue of discussion for many lexicographers like Al Kasimi (1977), Zofgen (1991), Jacobsen et al (1991), and Nielsen (2014) among others. This issue includes questions like ‘What is an effective example?’, ‘Should examples be based on authentic material or should they be written (invented) by the lexicographer? This paper reviews metalexicographic literature on examples in bilingual dictionaries while focusing on two Igbo-English dictionaries with a view to finding out if certain considerations were taken into account in the use of examples. Consequently, it is observed that factors such as availability of space, dictionary type as well as idiosyncratic information, amount of information to be given and the need for generalization all influence the use of examples in both dictionaries thereby leading the researcher to conclude that the use of examples in Igbo-English dictionaries does not deviate but aligns with the norms reviewed in the literature. Keywords: Bilingual Dictionary, Metalexicography, Lemma, Examples

scholarly journals Lexicographic Approaches to Sense Disambiguation in Monolingual Dictionaries and Equivalent Differentiation in Bilingual Dictionaries

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-73
Author(s):  
Marjeta Vrbinc
Keyword(s):  
Native Language ◽  
Target Audience ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Bilingual Dictionaries ◽  
Sense Disambiguation

The article discusses methods of sense disambiguation in monolingual dictionaries and equivalent differentiation in bilingual dictionaries. In current dictionaries, sense disambiguation and equivalent differentiation is presented in the form of specifiers or glosses, collocators or indications of context, (domain) labels, metalinguistic and encyclopaedic information. Each method is presented and illustrated by actual samples of dictionary articles taken from mono and bilingual dictionaries. The last part of the article is devoted to equivalent differentiation in bilingual decoding dictionaries. In bilingual dictionaries, equivalent differentiation is often needed to describe the lack of agreement between the source language (SL) and target language (TL). The article concludes by stating that equivalent differentiation should be written in the native language of the target audience and sense indicators in a monolingual learner’s dictionary should be words that the users are most familiar with.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION BETWEEN THE SOURCE LANGUAGE (SL) AND THE TARGET LANGUAGE (TL) IN TAGORE’S POETRY: GITANJALI, SONGS OF OFFERINGS

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
I Komang Sumaryana Putra ◽  
Dian Rahmani Putri
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Rabindranath Tagore ◽  
Philosophical Thought ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Poetry Translation

The long lyrical poem entitled Gitanjali, Songs of Offerings written by Rabindranath Tagore (1861 – 1941) is very interesting and has a deep philosophical thought. In this occasion, Part LVII is selected to be analysed. This poetry was translated into Indonesian by Amal Hamzah in 1952, which is used as the target language (TL). The approach us ed is from literary criticism (intrinsic and extrinsic) and from perspective of translation theories. Based on the analysis, obviously, we can see that a single word may have various senses and those are signalled by the context. Especially in poetry, it is enriched by figurative senses. The process of translating poetry absolutely cannot ignore the message of the source language (SL); however, reminding that there is no 100% synonymy between words in every language, the translating process must notice the intrinsic sight of the poem. We cannot judge whether a translation is bad, better or good, especially translation in poetry, particularly the lyrical poem. In this case, some strategies can be conducted such as: translation shifts, lexical translation, idiomatic translation, borrowing, etc., which can be used to naturalize the poetry translation and to achieve the best readability of the TL text.Keywords: Gitanjali, Lyrical Poem, Source Language, Target Language

'Je Zuivelste Toren Van Babel'

1991 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 93-100
Author(s):  
Anne Marie Chardon
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Word List ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Specific Domain ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Bilingual Dictionaries ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Master's Thesis

In my master's thesis, which is discussed in this article, I investigated the terminology that is used in French and Dutch for specific dairy products. This resulted in a Dutch/French encyclopedic word list, specialized in the industrial fabrication of consumption milk and milk products. The word list was made on the basis of existing monolingual or bilingual dictionaries completed by data from Dutch or French specialized literature. In this article, a certain number of problems with regard to equivalence between source language and target language in this specific domain are discussed. Furthermore, attention is given to the question whether the knowledge of a translator is generally sufficient to construct, with the help of all relevant documentation a reliable bilingual domain-specific word list.

Syntax and Translatability

Babel ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-132
Author(s):  
Laurence Wong
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Source Language ◽  
European Languages ◽  
The One ◽  
Syntactic Differences ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
European Family

Abstract This paper discusses the relationship between syntax and translatability, particularly in respect of literary texts. By translatability is meant the degree of ease with which one language lends itself to translation into another language. Through practice in the translation between Chinese and some of the major European languages, such as English, French, Italian, German, Spanish, Latin, and Greek, as well as between the European languages themselves, it can be found that translating between the European languages is much easier than translating between Chinese and any one of the European languages. Of all the factors that determine whether a language translates more readily or less readily into another language, syntactic differences constitute one of the most decisive. This is because the translator is, during the translation process, constantly dealing with syntax in two directions: the syntax of the source language on the one hand and the syntax of the target language on the other. As a result, problems arising from the syntactic differences between the two languages are bound to figure more prominently than those arising from the differences between individual lexical items and phrases or between cultures. In this paper, syntax will be studied and analysed with reference to Chinese, English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Latin, and Greek texts. Finally, it will be shown that, mainly because of syntactic differences, there is a higher degree of translatability between any two of the above European languages (which are members of the Indo-European family) than between Chinese (which is a member of the Sino-Tibetan family) and any one of these European languages, and that the syntax of any one of these European languages can cope comfortably with Chinese syntax, but not the other way round. Résumé Cet article traite de la relation entre la syntaxe et la traduisibilité, en particulier, en ce qui concerne les textes littéraires. On entend par traduisibilité le degré de facilité avec laquelle une langue se prête à la traduction dans une autre. Par la pratique de la traduction entre le chinois et quelques-unes des principales langues européennes, comme l’anglais, le français, l’italien, l’allemand, l’espagnol, le latin et le grec, ainsi qu’entre les langues européennes mêmes, on s’aperçoit qu’il est beaucoup plus facile de traduire entre les langues européennes qu’entre le chinois et n’importe quelle langue européenne. Parmi tous les facteurs qui déterminent si une langue se traduit plus ou moins aisément dans une autre, les différences syntactiques comptent parmi les plus décisifs. Ceci est dû au fait que le traducteur, pendant le processus de traduction, est constamment confronté à une syntaxe dans deux directions : la syntaxe de la langue source, d’une part, et la syntaxe de la langue cible, d’autre part. En conséquence, les problèmes dus à des différences syntactiques entre les deux langues doivent nécessairement apparaître de manière plus évidente que ceux provenant de différences entre les syntagmes et éléments lexicaux individuels ou entre les cultures. Dans cet article, la syntaxe sera étudiée et analysée en référence à des textes en chinois, anglais, français, allemand, italien, espagnol, latin et grec. Enfin, il montrera qu’en raison des différences syntactiques surtout, la traduisibilité est plus grande entre deux langues européennes précitées quelles qu’elles soient (qui appartiennent à la famille indo-européenne) qu’entre le chinois (qui appartient à la famille sino-tibétaine) et une quelconque de ces langues européennes. Il montrera que la syntaxe de toute langue européenne peut sans difficulté venir à bout de n’importe quelle syntaxe chinoise, mais que l’inverse n’est pas vrai.

Corpus-based contrastive analysis and ­translation universals

Babel ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Rabadán ◽  
Belén Labrador ◽  
Noelia Ramón
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Foreign Language Teaching ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Translation Quality ◽  
Translation Practice ◽  
Translator Training ◽  
The University

Project) developed at the University of León (Spain) for identifying instances of low-quality rendering of grammatical features when translating from English into Spanish using translation universals. The analysis provides information about: i) the resources available (or absence thereof) in each of the languages to express a given meaning and their relative centrality; ii) the solutions favored by translators to bridge the cross-linguistic disparities and/or gaps; iii) the erroneous or non-existent uses and structures transferred from the source language into the target language. These results can be systematized in terms of simplification, interference, or unique grammatical features. Additional areas that can benefit from this type of research are translation practice, translator training and foreign language teaching (FLT). Assessing translation quality is generally seen as a difficult task because of the inadequacy of the tools available. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the usefulness of a corpus-based contrastive methodology (ACTRES

scholarly journals Quasi-ekwiwalenty związków frazeologicznych w teorii, frazeografii i translatoryce

2009 ◽  
pp. 323-346
Author(s):  
Joanna Szerszunowicz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Target Language ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Bilingual Dictionaries ◽  
Potential Problems ◽  
The Cross

Confrontative analyses show that some phraseological units have full equivalents, i.e. the units are similar in terms of form, semantics and stylistics, also called total equivalents. In fact, if a multi-aspectual confrontative analysis is conducted, it is it is hardly possible to find two units in the source language and the target language which are identical in all respects. They are bound to differ, for instance in frequency or gender restrictions. The paper presents the typology of quasi-equivalents, i.e. equivalents of phraseological units tra- ditionally called full or total equivalents, between which subtle differences are determined in a multi-aspectual analysis covering a number of criteria. As to the cross-linguistic differences, they manifest themselves in semantics, stylistics, variations, connotations and collocability of the phraseological units at issue. Another problem discussed is the phraseographic description of such units in bilingual dictionaries. Translation of units at issue is also discussed briefly in the paper to present potential problems and provide practical solutions. The choice of an appropriate cross-linguistic equivalent belonging to the group discussed depends on how subtle differences are actualized in a given context

scholarly journals Dicionários de James Curtius Hepburn e Wasaburô Ôtake: um pouco mais sobre os adjetivos

2016 ◽  
pp. 10-28
Author(s):  
Eliza Atsuko Tashiro
Keyword(s):  
Source Language ◽  
Bilingual Dictionaries ◽  
Syntactic Features ◽  
Japanese Immigration

Continuing the study on the dictionaries of Wasaburô Ôtake (1872-1994), one of the Japanese who were in Brazil 28 years prior to the official start of Japanese Immigration, in this article, we present the analysis of grammatical issues in the first bilingual dictionaries that have the Japanese as the source language. We emphasized the treatment given by the authors to the class of words that are equivalent to adjectives. As we all know, the adjectives and verbs of Japanese, called respectively keiyôshi/keiyôdôshi and dôshi in the school grammar, have many morphological and syntactic features in common. In the dictionaries of this research – those of James Curtius Hepburn (1815-1911), published in 1867, 1872 and 1886, and the Wa po jiten (Ôtake 1925) – there are various morphological forms of these words, either as entry words, or within the articles. Both authors maintain the prevalence of the adnominal functions of keiyôshi and keiyôdôshi, but also provide the forms in the adverbial function. We conclude that although the dictionaries provide the data of the grammatical forms of partial way – because they presented the adnominal forms (which is the same as the final or predicative form) and adverbial ones –, they do consistently. It helps the user comprehend one of the more basic questions of Japanese morphology.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document