scholarly journals Mečys Mačernis in the didactics of mathematics

2012 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Algirdas Ažubalis
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Elementary Mathematics ◽  
Teaching Mathematics ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Pedagogical Institute ◽  
Didactics Of Mathematics ◽  
Scientific Pedagogical

Mečys Mačernis (1897–1968) taught elementary Mathematics and Didactics at the Republican Pedagogical Institute of Klaipėda during the years 1935–1939. He studied at universities of Berlin and Königsberg, during the period of time from 1926 to 1934 he worked as a head master of teachers’ seminary in Tauragė. In 1935–1935 M. Mačernis worked as a vice-director of the Republican Pedagogical Institute of Klaipėda and since 1937 he worked there in the position of a director. Even in 1926 for students of the Teachers’ seminary, he published a methodical textbook of teaching Arithmetics. During 1925–1928 he published 3 articles about mathematics didactics. During his activity in Klaipėda, M. Mačernis prepared and in 1940 published for students of the institute a methodical textbook of teaching Arithmetics and Geometry. In 1938–1939 he completed a work about pedagogy of the Middle Ages and a large, three volume work titled ‘Didactics’. Together withthe Institute, M.Mačernis left Klaipėda that was separated from Lithuania by Hitler and went to Panevėžys, and later to Vilnius that was returned back to Lithuania. When Lithuania was occupied by the Bolsheviks, M. Mačernis was dismissed from the director position. In 1941 he was arrested and deported to far inland Russia. After the World War II he worked as a teacher of Mathematics in the Karaganda region. When M. Mačernis returned to Lithuania after deportation, he worked as a teacher of Mathematics at school in Plungė. After the year 1940 M. Mačernis did not write any scientific pedagogical work. Methodical textbooks of teaching Mathematics written by M. Mačernis presented the teachers of Lithuania actual ideas of connections established between teaching and practice, internal and inter-subjective integration that were widely discussed in Western Europe of that time.

scholarly journals Sanatoria in the first half of the XX century in the province of Vojvodina

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dusanka Dobanovacki ◽  
Milan Breberina ◽  
Bozica Vujosevic ◽  
Marija Pecanac ◽  
Nenad Zakula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Concentration Camps ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Novi Sad ◽  
The City

Following the shift in therapy of tuberculosis in the mid-19th century, by the beginning of the 20th century numerous tuberculosis sanatoria were established in Western Europe. Being an institutional novelty in the medical practice, sanatoria spread within the first 20 years of the 20th century to Central and Eastern Europe, including the southern region of the Panonian plain, the present-day Province of Vojvodina in Serbia north of the rivers Sava and Danube. The health policy and regulations of the newly built state - the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians/Yugoslavia, provided a rather liberal framework for introducing the concept of sanatorium. Soon after the World War I there were 14 sanatoria in this region, and the period of their expansion was between 1920 and 1939 when at least 27 sanatoria were founded, more than half of the total number of 46 sanatoria in the whole state in that period. However, only two of these were for pulmonary diseases. One of them was privately owned the open public sanatorium the English-Yugoslav Hospital for Paediatric Osteo-Articular Tuberculosis in Sremska Kamenica, and the other was state-run (at Iriski venac, on the Fruska Gora mountain, as a unit of the Department for Lung Disease of the Main Regional Hospital). All the others were actually small private specialized hospitals in 6 towns (Novi Sad, Subotica, Sombor, Vrbas, Vrsac, Pancevo,) providing medical treatment of well-off, mostly gynaecological and surgical patients. The majority of sanatoria founded in the period 1920-1939 were in or close to the city of Novi Sad, the administrative headquarters of the province (the Danube Banovina at that time) with a growing population. A total of 10 sanatoria were open in the city of Novi Sad, with cumulative bed capacity varying from 60 to 130. None of these worked in newly built buildings, but in private houses adapted for medical purpose in accordance with legal requirements. The decline of sanatoria in Vojvodina began with the very outbreak of the World War II and they never regained their social role. Soon after the Hungarian fascist occupation the majority of owners/ founders were terrorized and forced to close their sanatoria, some of them to leave country and some were even killed or deported to concentration camps.

scholarly journals Pacyfizm i antymilitaryzm w Europie Zachodniej w latach 1918–1939

2021 ◽  
Vol 148 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-558
Author(s):  
Remigiusz Kasprzycki
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
European Countries ◽  
World Peace ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Views ◽  
The World ◽  
The Military

Pacifism and anti-militarism in Western Europe, 1918–1939 As the consequence of the events of 1914–1918, the pacifism was on the rise in Western Europe. Societies of England, France and Germany as well as other Western European countries, set themselves the goal of preventing another war from breaking out. International congresses and conventions were organized. They were attended by peace advocates representing various social and political views, which made cooperation difficult. These meetings did not prevent the Spanish Civil War, the aggression against Abyssinia and the outbreak of World War II. In addition to moderate pacifists, Western Europe was also home to radical anti-militarists who believed that way to the world peace led through the abolition of military service. The pacifists in Britain and France were satisfied with their politicians’ submissiveness and indecision toward Hitler during the 1930s. Pacifism and radical anti-militarism also fitted perfectly into the plans of the Comintern. With its help, the USSR weakened the military potential of Western Europe.

scholarly journals Does Europe Mean Americanization? The Case of Competition

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Laure Djelic
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Oligopolistic Competition ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Europe Today ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Rules Of The Game

This paper traces the process whereby competition has come to be valued in our economies. Taking a step back in history, we show how it all started not with competition but with cooperation in fact, in the last decades of the 19th century. Comparing Germany and the USA, we then show how national paths diverged after that. While cooperation remained the accepted and dominant rule in Europe, a particular understanding of competition, what we call oligopolistic competition, came to triumph in the United States. After World War II, this particular understanding was diffused to other parts of the world and particularly to Western Europe. When it comes to competition, we thus show that the basic and formal rules of the game that structure Europe today owe a lot, historically, to American models. However, we ponder in the conclusion on the limits to that process of “soft convergence”.

scholarly journals On the ethnogenetic processes in Pancevo and its surroundings

2004 ◽  
pp. 269-288
Author(s):  
Mirko Barjaktarovic
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
World War ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Danube Region

This paper discusses inter-ethnic contacts and ethonogenetic processes in lower Banat. This part of the Danube region attracted various nations (the Dacians, Romans, Celts, Avars, Slavs, Hungarians, Romanians, Germans) from ancient times. From the 18th century, one could follow the cultural influences of western Europe which came with the settled Germans. After World War II, the Serbs, Macedonians, Moslems were settled there instead of the emigrated Germans. Thus the inter-ethnic contacts of different nations continued further on. Still, in this part of Banat, from Middle Ages the basic ethnic characteristics have been related to the Serbs.

scholarly journals Jonas Mašiotas the mathematics teacher

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Algirdas Ažubalis
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Mathematics Teacher ◽  
School Curriculum ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Didactics Of Mathematics

Mathematics teacher Jonas Mašiotas (1897–1953) was the son of Pranas Mašiotas (1863–1940) – the famous Lithuania author of mathematical coursebooks and didactic articles as well as the a creator of books for children. JonasMašiotas studied mathematics in Germany and Switzerland. Prior to the studies, he was engaged as a teacher in Marijampol˙e, after completion of the studies – in Kaunas and during the World War II – in Vilkija. He published 2 articles in didactics of mathematics and 5 coursebooks (including one that consisted of 7 parts), edited and published the coursebook in trigonometry prepared by his father P. Mašiotas. He was one of the enthusiasts for introducing the concept of a function into the school curriculum in mathematics.

EMIGRANT RESEARCHERS OF OLD LITERATURE

2019 ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
Joanna Krauze-Karpińska
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
World War ◽  
European Universities ◽  
The World ◽  
Polish Government

In the geopolitical area of Eastern and Central Europe 20th century was a period of unwilling and un- planned migration of huge numbers of individuals, groups of people, societies or even whole nations, and the displace- ment of borders and states. Two destructive wars, two totalitarian systems fighting against each other forced millions of human beings to change the place of living. Especially the experience of the World War II settled the fate of many people in the region and caused several waves of political emigration. The author uses the term ‘old literature’ in broad sense, including also 19th century literary output, as for the big number of young researchers this period of history seems to be a very old one. Among the Polish refugees fleeing the country in various times and circumstances there were also politicians, soldiers, artist, writers, people of culture and scholars. The article presents and reminds of some Polish researchers of literature who had to change their country of living by political reasons, but did not abandon their research. The first group of emigrants formed those who left Poland short before or during the world war II. Some of them worked as professors at west European universities, an decided not to returned into the country occupied by Germans or emigrated with Polish Government, others get in Western Europe leaving Soviet Union with the Polish army formed by general Anders. They continued scholar work abroad and took part in formation of several new generations of researchers in Slavonic litera- ture. Another wave of emigration took place after the war, in late 40. and included mainly Polish citizens of Jewish origin who in spite of surviving the holocaust and returning home decided to leave Poland for fear of communism. A numerous emigration of Polish Jews was also provoked by communist government of Poland in march 1968. The author presents briefly the silhouettes of such scholars as Stanisław Kot, Wacław Lednicki, Józef Trypućko, Wiktor Weintraub, Jadwiga Maurer, Rachmiel Brandwajn and Jan Kott. The situation of 20th century Polish emigrants seems very similar to that of 19th and also represents the common experience of many Eastern and Central European countries and societies. Losing the homeland scholars of these countries also lost the close contact with their cultural roots, but on the other hand they gained a wider glance, distanced outlook of national literature and art and common platform of dialog and confrontation. Many times the foreign Universities, where they found the possibility to provide their research and meet the representative émigrés of other nations, became for them such places as Collège de France for Adam Mickiewicz and constitute the space where they all could meet together without mutual distrust and give lectures about Slavonic literature and culture for German, British of American students, inspiring them to pursue studies in Slavonic philology.

THE ROLE AND ROLE OF OIL POLICY IN SAUDI ARABIA IN POST WORLD WAR II ECONOMIC LIFE

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-41
Author(s):  
Maftuna Sanoqulova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
World War ◽  
Post World War Ii ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Oil Policy

This article consists of the politics which connected with oil in Saudi Arabia after the World war II , the relations of economical cooperations on this matter and the place of oil in the history of world economics

A war hero or a Hitler soldier?

2019 ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
Pavel Gotovetsky
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
National Committee ◽  
World War ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
The Third Reich

The article is devoted to the biography of General Pavlo Shandruk, an Ukrainian officer who served as a Polish contract officer in the interwar period and at the beginning of the World War II, and in 1945 became the organizer and commander of the Ukrainian National Army fighting alongside the Third Reich in the last months of the war. The author focuses on the symbolic event of 1961, which was the decoration of General Shandruk with the highest Polish (émigré) military decoration – the Virtuti Militari order, for his heroic military service in 1939. By describing the controversy and emotions among Poles and Ukrainians, which accompanied the award of the former Hitler's soldier, the author tries to answer the question of how the General Shandruk’s activities should be assessed in the perspective of the uneasy Twentieth-Century Polish-Ukrainian relations. Keywords: Pavlo Shandruk, Władysław Anders, Virtuti Militari, Ukrainian National Army, Ukrainian National Committee, contract officer.

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