scholarly journals KOGNITYVIOJI PSICHOLOGIJA IR MORALĖS FILOSOFIJA: AR TVIRTOS KOGNITYVINĖS IR MORALINĖS RAIDOS PARALELĖS?

Problemos ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 150-161
Author(s):  
Evaldas Kazlauskas ◽  
Mindaugas Briedis
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Moral Development ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
Moral Problems

Straipsnyje analizuojami argumentai, pagrindžiantys paralelizmą tarp kognityvinės ir moralinės raidos. Keliamas klausimas, ar šios dvi universalios raidos formos yra fundamentaliai tarpusavyje susijusios, jei taip, tai kokiu būdu? Straipsnyje keliamiems uždaviniams spręsti visų pirma privalu pateikti universalius šio paralelizmo tipus. Tam geriausiai pasitarnauja Lawrenso Kohlbergo pateikta chrestomatine tapusi kognityvinės ir moralinės raidos komplementarumo hierarchija, savo ruožtu įkvėpta J. Piaget idėjų. Nors Kohlbergo sistema padeda struktūruoti psichologinius ir moralinius procesus, konstruoti praktinę veiklą numatančius argumentus, joje yra daug keblumų, kuriuos ir pasistengsime išryškinti bei aptarti. Visų pirma, straipsnyje kritiškai analizuojami pamatiniai Kohlbergo pateikti asmens raidos viziją apibūdinantys principai. Antra, kvestionuojamas bendrasis šios vizijos principas, tai yra paralelizmas tarp kognityvinės ir moralinės brandos. Pamatinių Kohlbergo sistemos aspektų pristatymas, revizija, kritika ir yra šio straipsnio probleminė ašis. Moralės filosofijos bei kognityviosios psichologijos gretinimas iš naujo pateikia pamatinius šių disciplinų teorinės žiūros objektus – žmogaus pažintinę veiklą ir moralinę brandą. Tai leidžia ne tik praplėsti kognityviosios psichologijos nagrinėjamų problemų lauką, bet ir parodyti, kaip naudojant kognityviosios psichologijos metodologiją, psichologija gali prisidėti prie moralės filosofijos problemų sprendimo. Straipsnio tematika reikalauja tarpdisciplininio požiūrio, todėl leidžia svarbiausiuose probleminiuose kognityvumo ir moralės problematikos laukuose sudurti filosofiją ir psichologiją, kartu numatant platesnes išvadas šių disciplinų savivokos klausimais. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: moralinė raida, kognityvinė raida, raidos stadijos, moralės filosofija, psichologija.Cognitive Psychology and Moral Philosophy: How Strong are Parallels between Cognitive and Moral Development?Evaldas Kazlauskas, Mindaugas Briedis Summary The analysis presented in the article is devoted to the implied parallelism between cognitive and moral development. We discuss whether these universal aspects of human development are fundamentally interrelated, and if the answer is yes, then how this is possible. In order to reach our tasks, we refer to the widely known theory of cognitive and moral development formulated by Lawrence Kohlberg who was directly influenced by the prominent Swiss scientist Jean Piaget. Kohlberg’s theory of moral development emphasizes cognitive processes as the key component in moral judgments. Development of cognitive abilities has a huge impact on moral development. Although Kohlberg’s stages of moral development enable to structure cognitive and in a broader sense the psychological processes and probably help to predict moral actions, there are a number of weak arguments in his theory which we discuss in thes article. Presentation of Kohlberg’s theory, as well as its revision, and critics are the key points of the article. A juxtaposition of moral philosophy and cognitive psychology reveals new trends in the analysis of relevant moral issues, while the main focus of these different fields is still contradictory – human cognitive processes and moral maturity. Utilization of cognitive psychology defining moral issues while using cognitive methods definitely broadens the scope of cognitive psychology, and contributes to moral philosophy. The interdisciplinary approach to psychology and philosophy which we choose in the article enables us to confront the complex issues of cognition and the moral problems using different approaches, and at the same time we conclude that this discussion contributes to a broader understanding of the role and boundaries of both psychology and philosophy. Keywords: moral development, cognitive development, stages of development, moral philosophy, psychology.

Social Issues and Moral Scrutiny: Cragg and Narveson

Dialogue ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-290
Author(s):  
Jerome E. Bickenbach
Keyword(s):  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Capital Punishment ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Social Ethics ◽  
Applied Ethics ◽  
Biomedical Ethics ◽  
Ethical Theories ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
Moral Problems ◽  
Ethics Courses

For several years philosophy departments across this continent have offered undergraduate philosophy courses designed to acquaint students with philosophical techniques and fundamental ethical theories in the context of concrete moral problems. These “applied ethics” courses go by various names: “Contemporary Moral Issues”, “Practical Ethics”, “Social Ethics”, “Issues in Applied Ethics”, “Current Moral and Legal Problems”, “Moral Philosophy and Medicine”, “Biomedical Ethics”, and so on. I have taught several versions of applied ethics courses many times and have always enjoyed them. Typically they are popular courses, drawing students from many disciplines and backgrounds, most of whom have never taken philosophy before. The range of possible “applied ethics” topics available is limited only by the instructor's imagination, although there is a fascination for the thanatological—hence the pride of place usually given to discussions of abortion, suicide, euthanasia, world starvation, war, and capital punishment.

The Ethics of Life and Death

1985 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 603-611
Author(s):  
John J. Haldane
Keyword(s):  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
Moral Intuitions ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
The Public ◽  
Moral Problems

Moral Philosophy begins with moral intuitions and then, by arguments, either confirms or refutes them. There was a time, not so very long ago, when it was not thought to be so. For, until recently it was the orthodoxy that philosophers qua philosophers ought not to concern themselves with actual moral problems, but should instead only analyse and produce theories of the language of ethics.2 Those bad days are gone, and a mark of their passing is the frequent involvement of philosophers in the public debate of social and moral issues.

A Hero of Conscience: Samson Agonistes and Casuistry

PMLA ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille W. Slights
Keyword(s):  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Moral Law ◽  
Samson Agonistes ◽  
Human Power ◽  
Moral Problems ◽  
The Individual

AbstractRenaissance English casuistry, the branch of moral philosophy that applies general principles to particular cases, supplies a significant context for Milton’s Samson Agonistes. In subject matter, structure, and language, Milton’s tragedy resembles the prose cases of conscience in which casuists showed how to overcome doubt and despair and gain peaceful consciences by resolving difficult moral problems. Such casuistical concepts as the supremacy of the individual conscience, the relevance of circumstances to moral law, and the role of reason in resolving doubt illuminate the conflicting moral judgments that form the dramatic texture of Samson Agonistes. Samson learns how to judge his own actions in particular circumstances, and by doing so, learns to repent of his past sin, overcome his sense of powerlessness, and act with a clear conscience. The drama goes beyond conventional casuistry in its uncompromising assertion of the supremacy of the individual conscience and its unflinching recognition of the tragic limits of human power.

Framing Morality: How Antecedent-Focused Strategies Can Shape Moral Judgments

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Kappes ◽  
Jay Joseph Van Bavel
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Moral Decision ◽  
Process Dissociation ◽  
Moral Decision Making ◽  
First Response ◽  
High Conflict

From moral philosophy to programming driverless cars, scholars have long been interested in how to shape moral decision-making. We examine how framing can impact moral judgments either by shaping which emotional reactions are evoked in a situation (antecedent-focused) or by changing how people respond to their emotional reactions (response-focused). In three experiments, we manipulated the framing of a moral decision-making task before participants judged a series of moral dilemmas. Participants encouraged to go “with their first” response beforehand favored emotion-driven judgments on high-conflict moral dilemmas. In contrast, participants who were instructed to give a “thoughtful” response beforehand or who did not receive instructions on how to approach the dilemmas favored reason-driven judgments. There was no difference in response-focused control during moral judgements. Process-dissociation confirmed that people instructed to go with their first response had stronger emotion-driven intuitions than other conditions. Our results suggest that task framing can alter moral intuitions.

Socializing for Authentic Caring Engagement in Nursing Practice: Nursing Student Moral Development in Preceptorship

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Vihos ◽  
Florence Myrick ◽  
Olive Yonge
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Students ◽  
Moral Development ◽  
Nursing Student ◽  
Nursing Practice ◽  
Moral Identity ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
Undergraduate Nursing ◽  
Patient’S Experience ◽  
Authentic Caring

Background The purpose of this study was to explore the basic psychosocial process of undergraduate nursing student moral development in clinical preceptorship. Method A grounded theory approach was used to explore the process within the context of clinical practice and the student–preceptor–faculty member relationship. Results Socializing for authentic caring engagement in nursing practice emerged from the data as the basic psychosocial process of nursing student moral development in preceptorship. This process included four key categories: (a) distinguishing nursing and moral identity in practice, (b) learning to recognize the patient’s experience, (c) identifying moral issues in practice and creating meaning of practice encounters, and (d) becoming an advocate and reconciling moral issues in practice. Conclusion Findings emerging from this study illustrate the processes of how nursing students work through moral issues and the role of faculty and preceptors in engaging students with moral encounters in the context of preceptorship.

scholarly journals An earlier role for intent in children’s partner choice versus punishment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Martin ◽  
Kyleigh Leddy ◽  
Liane Young ◽  
Katherine McAuliffe
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Partner Choice ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Equal Weight ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
The Many ◽  
Insight Into

Among the many factors that influence our moral judgments, two are especially important: whether the person caused a bad outcome and whether they intended for it to happen. Notably, the weight accorded to these factors in adulthood varies by the type of judgment being made. For punishment decisions, intentions and outcomes carry relatively equal weight; for partner choice decisions (i.e., deciding whether or not to interact with someone again), intentions are weighted much more heavily. These behavioral differences in punishment and partner choice judgments may also reflect more fundamental differences in the cognitive processes supporting these decisions. Exploring how punishment and partner choice emerge in development provides important and unique insight into these processes as they emerge and mature. Here, we explore the developmental emergence of punishment and partner choice decisions in 4- to 9-year-old children. Given the importance of intentions for partner choice decisions¬–from both theoretical and empirical perspectives–we targeted the sensitivity of these two responses to others’ intentions as well as outcomes caused. Our punishment results replicate past work: young children are more focused on outcomes caused and become increasingly sensitive to intentions with age. In contrast, partner choice judgments exhibit sensitivity to intentions at an earlier age than punishment judgments, manifesting as earlier partner choice in cases of attempted violations. These results reveal distinct developmental trajectories for punishment and partner choice judgments, with implications for our understanding of the processes underlying these two responses as well as the development of moral judgment more broadly.

scholarly journals Public Morality as a Legitimate Aim to Limit Rights and Freedoms in the National and International Legal Order

2019 ◽  
pp. 10-20
Author(s):  
Anna Młynarska-Sobaczewska ◽  
Katarzyna Kubuj ◽  
Aleksandra Mężykowska
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
National Courts ◽  
European Court ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
International Legal Order ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
Human Rights Standards ◽  
The Impact

Domestic legislation and international instruments designed for the protection of human rights provide for general clauses allowing limitations of rights and freedoms, e.g. public morals. A preliminary analysis of the case-law leads to the observation that both national courts and the European Court of Human Rights, when dealing with cases concerning sensitive moral issues, introduce varied argumentation methods allowing them to avoid making direct moral judgments and relying on the legitimate aim of protecting morality. In the article the Authors analyse selected judicial rulings in which moral issues may have played an important role. The scrutiny is done in order to identify and briefly discuss some examples of ways of argumentation used in the area under discussion by domestic and international courts. The identification of the courts’ methods of reasoning enables us in turn to make a preliminary assessment of the real role that the morality plays in the interpretation of human rights standards. It also constitutes a starting point for further consideration of the impact of ideological and cultural connotations on moral judgments, and on the establishment of a common moral standard to be applied in cases in which restriction on human rights and freedoms are considered.

The Moribund Moralist: Ethical Lessons in Calvin's Commentary On Joshua

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-168
Author(s):  
Raymond A. Blacketer
Keyword(s):  
Wars Of Religion ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
Moral Problems ◽  
The Law

AbstractCalvin's final commentary, an exposition of the book of Joshua, reflects both Calvin's immersion in and dialogue with the exegctical and theological tradition, as well as his concern with the image and identity of Reformed believers, and especially the Huguenots of France. Prominent in this commentary is Calvin's wrestling with moral issues that arise in the text. Calvin's scrupulous treatment of these moral problems reflects his concern to depict Reformed believers as people who are loyal and obedient to the authorities and to the law, and as people who are truthful and avoid deception and duplicity. It also reflects his concern that his coreligionists actually strive to live up to that image. On occasion Calvin's treatment of these moral issues ends in an unresolved tension — a tension that reflects the moral and political ambiguities that French Reformed believers faced at the beginning of the Wars of Religion in France.

The Philosophy of Moral Development

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-86
Author(s):  
Anna Abram
Keyword(s):  
Moral Development ◽  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Moral Psychology ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Philosophy Of Education ◽  
Moral Failure ◽  
Personal Interaction ◽  
Interdisciplinary Study

This article presents a view of moral development based on the interdisciplinary study of moral psychology and virtue ethics. It suggests that a successful account of moral development has to go beyond what the developmental psychology and virtue ethics advocate and find ways of incorporating ideas, such as “moral failure” and “unpredictability of life.” It proposes to recognize the concept of moral development as an essential concept for ethics, moral philosophy and philosophy of education, and as a useful tool for anyone who wants to engage constructively in dialogues of religions, cultures and personal interaction.

Scientific approaches to the analysis of problems of citizenship and patriotism in modern humanitarian discourse

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-73
Author(s):  
L. Drobizheva-Razumovskaya ◽  
A. Lisenkova ◽  
M. Pismanik
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Policy ◽  
National Strategy ◽  
Great Contribution ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
State Institute ◽  
Russian Scientific ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Moral Problems ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Practical Conference

The paper analyzes the vectors of development of the strategy of the state national and cultural policy of the Russian Federation in the last decade (2009–2019), presented in the materials of the plenary and sectional reports of the participants of the all-Russian scientific and practical conference “Cultural, religious and moral problems of formation of citizenship” of the Perm state Institute of culture. Since 2009, the Institute has organized twelve all-Russian scientific and practical conferences and round tables with the participation of leading Russian scientists-humanitarians who have made a great contribution to understanding and forecasting possible risks and opening prospects related to topical issues of implementing the national strategy of civil unity and inter-confessional interaction. Every year, based on the results of round tables and plenary sessions, the organizing Committee develops a package of proposals for optimizing and improving the effectiveness of the measures presented in the strategy, which is sent to state authorities and public organizations. This paper presents a wide range of topics that were reflected in the last conference, focusing on the understanding of cultural, religious and moral issues related to the formation of citizenship of Russians.

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