scholarly journals Modification of Qualia Structures Using Relative Adjectives in Lithuanian, Russian and German

2020 ◽  
pp. 40-53
Author(s):  
Vasiliy Glushak ◽  
Vilma Kaladytė ◽  
Olga Gowin
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Representation ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Constitutive Properties ◽  
Linguistic Units ◽  
Qualia Structure

Relative adjectives are immediate nominal explicators (nouns) that play a key role in meaningful structures in the Russian, Lithuanian, and German languages. This article investigates the semantic representation of a noun in an attribute group with relative adjectives comparatively using the Qualia structure and its modifications. The most commonly used 150 relative adjectives in the electronic corpora of the Russian written language were selected for analysis. They are compared with Lithuanian and German examples. Relative adjectives are classified as quality structures and are considered to imply objective constitutive properties (matter and origin), formal attributes (physical parameters, colour, time, and place) and telic attributes. Other correlating linguistic units, namely, genitive constructs and composites, are also analysed describing the expected realizations of Qualia structures in the noun group.

scholarly journals Implementation of qualia structures provided by relative adjectives and composites in German

2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 16-23
Author(s):  
V. M. Glushak
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Representation ◽  
Causal Chain ◽  
German Language ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Generative Lexicon ◽  
Nominal Groups ◽  
And Function ◽  
Linguistic Units ◽  
Constitutive Material

The present paper deals with the semantic representation of attributive elements in the nominative group − relative adjectives and composites. The aim of the present study is to analyze the semantic representation of a predominantly noun in an attributive group with reference to Qualia structures, as applied in J. Pustejovsky’s theory of generative lexicon, and their realization through relative adjectives and composites, which are direct explicators of the semantic structure of predominant words (nouns). The study is based on the 150 most frequent relative adjectives identified on the basis of the electronic corpus of the German language. Relative adjectives qualify as Qualia structures and can denote objective constitutive (material and origin), formal (physical parameters, colour, time, place), telic (purpose and function of an object) and agentive (information about the creator, artifact, natural genus and causal chain) properties. The system of relative adjectives demonstrates a wide range of semantic meanings that are expressed in German by other linguistic means, e.g. composites. When describing the possibility of implementing Qualia structures in the noun group, other correlative linguistic units, such as composites, are analyzed. The variation in the use of nouns in composites and relative adjectives formed from them helps to actualize the presence of a feature in a particular situation, to give the nominal groups a terminological character and to make the transition from one qualification group to another.

scholarly journals Spoken language usage events

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALAN CIENKI
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Linguistic Meaning ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Language Usage ◽  
Conceptual Content ◽  
Language Structure ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Linguistic Units

abstractAs an explicitly usage-based model of language structure (Barlow & Kemmer, 2000), cognitive grammar draws on the notion of ‘usage events’ of language as the starting point from which linguistic units are schematized by language users. To be true to this claim for spoken languages, phenomena such as non-lexical sounds, intonation patterns, and certain uses of gesture should be taken into account to the degree to which they constitute the phonological pole of signs, paired in entrenched ways with conceptual content. Following through on this view of usage events also means realizing the gradable nature of signs. In addition, taking linguistic meaning as consisting of not only conceptual content but also a particular way of construing that content (Langacker, 2008, p. 43), we find that the forms of expression mentioned above play a prominent role in highlighting the ways in which speakers construe what they are talking about, in terms of different degrees of specificity, focusing, prominence, and perspective. Viewed in this way, usage events of spoken language are quite different in nature from those of written language, a point which highlights the need for differentiated accounts of the grammar of these two forms of expression taken by many languages.

Segmentatie Van Gesproken Nederlands En Chinees

2010 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
pp. 79-89
Author(s):  
Dorina Veldhuis ◽  
Jinling Li ◽  
Jeanne Kurvers
Keyword(s):  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Written Texts ◽  
Linguistic Units

Words' are often regarded as the basic units of language. Previous studies into metalinguistic and metalexical development have shown, however, that people are only able to segment words from written language if words are salient linguistic units in writing in their mother-tongue. And even then the question can be asked whether it is indeed someone's mother-tongue which affects the ability to segment language into words, or whether literacy and experience with a specific writing system are more influential. In two experiments, we investigated this influence from literacy and knowledge of a specific writing system on children's word-awareness in Dutch. What is more, we also tested bilingual children's character(zi)-awareness in Chinese. By comparing the results from these experiments, we could conclude that there seems to be some 'graphic relativity', which makes that people segment languages according to the lines given in lay-outs of written texts that they can read and write.

scholarly journals The Use of Phonetically Reduced Modals in Present-day English: A Corpus-Based Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 134
Author(s):  
Ikmi Nur Oktavianti
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Text Type ◽  
Academic Texts ◽  
Usage Frequency ◽  
Text Genre ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Linguistic Units

This paper examines the usage frequency of phonetically reduced modals (i.e. gonna, wanna, gotta) in Present-day English. It is assumed that in distinct sociolinguistic and discourse contexts, the use of reduced modals is dynamic. To collect the data, there are two corpora used in this study, Corpus of Contemporary American English and Global Web-Based English as the representatives of Present-day English. The analysis focuses on usage frequency of phonetically reduced modals over period of time, in different regions, different medium of language use, and different text types. The frequencies were further interpreted based on sociolinguistics and text genre perspective to reveal the factors triggering the dynamic of use. The results of this study show the use of reduced modals is dramatically escalating in the last decades. According to regional observation, the use of reduced modals is more frequent in the United States than in other English-speaking countries. In relation to medium of language use, reduced modals are more commonly used in spoken language than in written language. As for text type, the usage frequency of reduced modal in fiction texts is the highest compared to academic texts and news texts. Academic texts seem to avoid these linguistic units since this sort of text must obey the use of standard language in which reduced forms are less standard and more colloquial. This phonetic reduction is plausible to occur since language system and language use apply economy principle. The use of phonetically reduced modals, however, varies in different context, varies in different context, influenced by colloquialization: the more colloquial the context is, the more frequent they are. In general, language use is phonetically simplified and sociolinguistically colloquialized. 

scholarly journals Disputes over the Pronouns Sei and Onyi (Russian ‘This One’ and ‘That One’) in the History of Russian Culture and Standard Language in the 18th–19th Centuries

Slovene ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-364
Author(s):  
Lyubov G. Chapaeva
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Standard Form ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Complex Approach ◽  
Demonstrative Pronouns ◽  
History Of ◽  
Linguistic Units

Under all circumstances, native speakers continue to evaluate the state of standard language during various stages of its existence. Reflection about written language composition, its rules, and its stylistic features can result in changes in at least some elements or links of the system. In the history of the standard Russian language, which had absorbed the Church Slavonic and Russian language environments, the Slavism issue has been causing disputes since the 1730s. Different attitudes toward Slavisms acquired ideological qualities; some of the most archaic linguistic units became symbols of the fight for freeing the language from the old, for its modernization, and for bringing it closer to the spoken word. The pronouns sei and onyi acted as such symbols for almost a century. The stylistic characteristics of demonstrative pronouns turn out to be inextricably intertwined with basic cultural oppositions: ours‒theirs, new‒old. The article utilizes well-known sources containing various kinds of speculations about the possibility and impossibility of using archaic pronouns, as well as sources that are less known or have not been used previously. This complex approach to analyzing one link of the language system is based on the close collaboration between the language and the culture during the evolution of the standard form of people’s language, and takes into account the influence of metalinguistic activity (expressed language reflection) on changes in the standard language.

Some Results of the Spectroscopic Study of Four Close Binary Systems of Early Spectral Types

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 120-130
Author(s):  
T. S. Galkina
Keyword(s):  
Spectroscopic Study ◽  
Spectral Type ◽  
Spectroscopic Investigation ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Close Binary ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Absorption And Emission ◽  
Close Binary Systems ◽  
Quantitative Estimates

It is necessary to have quantitative estimates of the intensity of lines (both absorption and emission) to obtain the physical parameters of the atmosphere of components.Some years ago at the Crimean observatory we began the spectroscopic investigation of close binary systems of the early spectral type with components WR, Of, O, B to try and obtain more quantitative information from the study of the spectra of the components.

A theory of contamination in electron microscopes by surface diffusion

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-117
Author(s):  
J.T. Fourie
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Surface Diffusion ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Ultra High Vacuum ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Carbon Compounds ◽  
Hydrocarbon Molecules ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Primary Electrons ◽  
Long Chain

Contamination in electron microscopes can be a serious problem in STEM or in situations where a number of high resolution micrographs are required of the same area in TEM. In modern instruments the environment around the specimen can be made free of the hydrocarbon molecules, which are responsible for contamination, by means of either ultra-high vacuum or cryo-pumping techniques. However, these techniques are not effective against hydrocarbon molecules adsorbed on the specimen surface before or during its introduction into the microscope. The present paper is concerned with a theory of how certain physical parameters can influence the surface diffusion of these adsorbed molecules into the electron beam where they are deposited in the form of long chain carbon compounds by interaction with the primary electrons.

Electron Microscopy in the Study of Natural Phytoplankton Assemblages

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 620-623
Author(s):  
Linda Sicko-Goad
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Phytoplankton Assemblages ◽  
Phytoplankton Productivity ◽  
Ecosystem Effects ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Species Specific

Although the use of electron microscopy and its varied methodologies is not usually associated with ecological studies, the types of species specific information that can be generated by these techniques are often quite useful in predicting long-term ecosystem effects. The utility of these techniques is especially apparent when one considers both the size range of particles found in the aquatic environment and the complexity of the phytoplankton assemblages.The size range and character of organisms found in the aquatic environment are dependent upon a variety of physical parameters that include sampling depth, location, and time of year. In the winter months, all the Laurentian Great Lakes are uniformly mixed and homothermous in the range of 1.1 to 1.7°C. During this time phytoplankton productivity is quite low.

A New Numerical Model for Electron-Probe Analysis at High Depth Resolution

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 490-491
Author(s):  
P.-F. Staub ◽  
C. Bonnelle ◽  
F. Vergand ◽  
P. Jonnard
Keyword(s):  
Electron Probe ◽  
Surface Segregation ◽  
Depth Distribution ◽  
Computing Time ◽  
Depth Resolution ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Electron Probe Analysis ◽  
Interface Phases ◽  
Excitation Conditions ◽  
High Depth

Characterizing dimensionally and chemically nanometric structures such as surface segregation or interface phases can be performed efficiently using electron probe (EP) techniques at very low excitation conditions, i.e. using small incident energies (0.5<E0<5 keV) and low incident overvoltages (1<U0<1.7). In such extreme conditions, classical analytical EP models are generally pushed to their validity limits in terms of accuracy and physical consistency, and Monte-Carlo simulations are not convenient solutions as routine tools, because of their cost in computing time. In this context, we have developed an intermediate procedure, called IntriX, in which the ionization depth distributions Φ(ρz) are numerically reconstructed by integration of basic macroscopic physical parameters describing the electron beam/matter interaction, all of them being available under pre-established analytical forms. IntriX’s procedure consists in dividing the ionization depth distribution into three separate contributions:

Word Prompt Programs

1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 57-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa A. Wood ◽  
Joan L. Rankin ◽  
David R. Beukelman
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Written Communication ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Basic Word ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Language Needs

Word prompt programs are computer software programs or program features that are used in addition to basic word processing. These programs provide word lists from which a user selects a desired word and inserts it into a line of text. This software is used to support individuals with severe speech, physical, and learning disabilities. This tutorial describes the features of a variety of word prompt programs and reviews the current literature on the use of these programs by people with oral and written language needs. In addition, a matrix that identifies the features contained in eight sample word prompt programs is provided. The descriptions of features and the matrix are designed to assist speech-language pathologists and teachers in evaluating and selecting word prompt programs to support their clients' oral and written communication.

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