scholarly journals Disputes over the Pronouns Sei and Onyi (Russian ‘This One’ and ‘That One’) in the History of Russian Culture and Standard Language in the 18th–19th Centuries

Slovene ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-364
Author(s):  
Lyubov G. Chapaeva
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Standard Form ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Complex Approach ◽  
Demonstrative Pronouns ◽  
History Of ◽  
Linguistic Units

Under all circumstances, native speakers continue to evaluate the state of standard language during various stages of its existence. Reflection about written language composition, its rules, and its stylistic features can result in changes in at least some elements or links of the system. In the history of the standard Russian language, which had absorbed the Church Slavonic and Russian language environments, the Slavism issue has been causing disputes since the 1730s. Different attitudes toward Slavisms acquired ideological qualities; some of the most archaic linguistic units became symbols of the fight for freeing the language from the old, for its modernization, and for bringing it closer to the spoken word. The pronouns sei and onyi acted as such symbols for almost a century. The stylistic characteristics of demonstrative pronouns turn out to be inextricably intertwined with basic cultural oppositions: ours‒theirs, new‒old. The article utilizes well-known sources containing various kinds of speculations about the possibility and impossibility of using archaic pronouns, as well as sources that are less known or have not been used previously. This complex approach to analyzing one link of the language system is based on the close collaboration between the language and the culture during the evolution of the standard form of people’s language, and takes into account the influence of metalinguistic activity (expressed language reflection) on changes in the standard language.

scholarly journals New phraseology in modern communicative space (to the question of replenishment of the corpus of chunks of language by phraseologisms with a component “electronic”)

Litera ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 27-38
Author(s):  
Oksana Evgen'evna Chernova ◽  
Aleksandra Anatol'evna Osipova ◽  
Dar'ya Sergeevna Buzhinskaya
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Electronic Journal ◽  
Electronic Book ◽  
Electronic Library ◽  
Electronic Textbook ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Linguistic Units ◽  
Communicative Space

Phraseological corpus of Russian language of the late XX – early XXI centuries has been enriched with multiple phraseological units. The subject of this research became neophraseologisms with “electronic” as the key component, actively used in modern publicistic discourse (electronic book, electronic textbook, electronic journal, electronic wallet, electronic library, and others). In Russia, the system of gradual fixation of emergence of new suprawords linguistic units did not form, thus composers of even the modern phraseological dictionaries include neologisms carefully, “sparsely”, often without due “linkage” to time and circumstances of their emergence, not fully answering the needs of a modern user. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that there is a need to conduct linguistic qualification and dictionary description of the Russian phraseological neologisms, emerged in the conditions of “digital pivot” of culture and formation of global communicative space. Abundance of supraword neologisms, which sensitively react to all changes in the life of society, is connected to a number of causes. On the one hand, on the background of geopolitical “redivisions” came drastic changes in the sociopolitical and socioeconomic life of the Russian native speakers. On the other hand, modern humanity is undergoing civilizational changes, caused by the “digital pivot” as coined by the renowned Polish phraseologist Wojciech Chlebda, driving formation of a global information network.

scholarly journals Bell Names in the History of the Russian Language (Linguistic and Cultural Aspect)

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 01018
Author(s):  
Oksana Franchuk ◽  
Aleksandra Osipova
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Analysis ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Unique Element ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Linguistic Units ◽  
The Russian Language

The paper considers principles of naming the bells and the main features, according to which the bell could get either name. Scientists believe that to a greater extent the structure of such onym units characterizes the specifics of how the bells were treated in Kievan Rus and the overall attitude of the Russians to them. The study was based on the analysis of the unique catalogue containing linguistic units and reflecting the history of bells, bell ringing and bell casting. The main sources of the study included compiled chronicles, archive materials, register of monastic and temple property, inscriptions on bells, and church charters. The study was conducted through comparative-historical, linguistic and cultural analysis, as well as field analysis within the cognitive stylistics. As a result, 51 bell names and their historical background were analyzed. The authors conclude that the study of linguistic units related to the history of bells and bell ringing in Russia alongside with their casting features will make it possible to bridge the historical knowledge gap and to draw some conclusions on the way the Russians perceive the linguistic worldview of this unique element of the Russian culture.

scholarly journals Political, media, everyday discourse: points of contact and language reflexes (on the basis of “The explanatory dictionary of russian everyday speech”)

2019 ◽  
pp. 42-56
Author(s):  
Elena Valentinovna Kakorina
Keyword(s):  
Russian Language ◽  
National Language ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Public Speech ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
Political Media ◽  
Institutional Communication ◽  
The Russian Language

The article addresses the problem of the interaction of political, media and everyday discourse. The object of the research is words and expressions from a politician’s idiolect that become precedential phenomena of the Russian language and facts of the Russian culture. These are peculiar language labels, aphorisms, which are associated in the consciousness of society with the name of a certain political person. The “Explanatory Dictionary of Russian Everyday Speech”, by virtue of its specificity, allows not only fixing such words, but also to note (in special areas of the dictionary) the stylistic, pragmatic features of a particular lexeme, and also briefly describe the history of their use in Russian. As a rule, such words are borrowed from distant, stylistically alien for public speech spheres of communication, such as everyday discourse or social and professional jargons. These language units, replicating through the media, are involved in common usage, which can lead to their rooting in the national language, the loss of slang or colloquial status, and other changes. The use of such words to make speech more expressive usually implies deviations from the standard language norm, as well as communicative norms of institutional communication. The article provides the analysis of speech manner of Soviet and modern politicians (N. Khruschev, B. Yeltsyn, V. Putin and others), mostly on the basis of the entries from The “Explanatory Dictionary of Russian Everyday Speech”

Connotative proper names of the post-Soviet period: features of understanding and reproducibility

2021 ◽  
pp. 177-190
Author(s):  
Irina V. Kryukova ◽  
◽  
Oksana V. Vrublevskaya ◽  
Tamara V. Khvesko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Proper Names ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Post Soviet Period

The paper presents the results of an experimental study of the proper names that have changed or acquired emotional and evaluative connotations over the last 30 years (the connotative names used in a figurative sense in the texts of different genres). The experiment, 200 respondents from Volgograd and Tyumen involved two stages: first, the degree of names recognition was determined, second, the level of reproducibility of these names in a figurative meaning was identified. Socio-political situation changes tend to lead to significant semantic shifts in the meaning of well-known connotative names. Of particular relevance is the post-Soviet period, a new stage in the history of modern Russia, due to having affected both the economic and political processes in the country and the value priorities of Russian society reflected in the language of the last three decades. Psycholinguistic methods for studying lexical semantics, namely, the method of addition and synonymous replacement and the method of restoring incomplete utterance, were applied to establish the features of understanding and reproducibility of connotative names of the post-Soviet period by native speakers of the Russian language. The results allow ranking the names according to the degree of recognition (low, medium, or high) and marking the levels of reproducibility (names with stable or lost connotations). The regional and age peculiarities of understanding and reproducing the connotative names of the post-Soviet period are noted. The prospects and relevance of the lexicographic description of the connotative names are determined.

scholarly journals LINGUOMENTAL CATEGORY OF RELEVANCE AND LEXICAL MEANS OF ITS REPRESENTATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-96
Author(s):  
Наталия Владимировна Черникова ◽  
Николай Юрьевич Рассказов ◽  
Ирина Александровна Орлова
Keyword(s):  
Active Layer ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Dynamic Processes ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Linguistic Units

В статье доказана правомерность выделения лингвоментальных категорий как совокупностей концептов и вербализующих их знаков (языковых единиц), которые характеризуются однородностью на основе общности определенного признака, фиксирующего результаты когнитивной деятельности человека. Обосновано выделение лингвоментальной категории актуальности, аккумулирующей социально значимые на конкретном историческом этапе концепты (ментальные знаки), которые репрезентированы языковыми единицами, образующими активный словарь носителей языка. Сформулировано определение аткуалемы - ментального знака, объективирующего категорию актуальности; охарактеризованы ее признаки, в числе которых хронологическая детерминированность, социокультурная маркированность, смысловая разносторонность, динамичность. Рассмотрен состав актуальной лексики современного русского языка, включающий лексические и семантические неологизмы, внешние и внутренние заимствования, актуализированную и номинативно переориентированную лексику. Установлено, что состав корпуса актуалем и репрезентирующих их языковых знаков детерминирован внешними (политическими, экономическими, социокультурными) факторами. Актуальность исследования обусловлена отсутствием системного изучения динамических процессов актуализации на русском языковом материале. The article proves the legitimacy of identifying linguomental categories as sets of concepts and their verbalizing signs (linguistic units). Concepts and their verbalizing signs are characterized by homogeneity based on the commonality of a certain feature. Certain feature fixes the results of human cognitive activity. The allocation of the linguomental category of relevance is substantiated. The linguomental category of relevance accumulates concepts (mental signs) that are socially significant at a particular historical stage, which are represented by linguistic units that form an active layer of native speakers. The definition of actualema is formulated. Actualema is a mental sign that objectifies the category of relevance; its features are characterized, including chronological determinism, sociocultural marking, semantic versatility, dynamism. The composition of the actual vocabulary of the modern Russian language is considered. The composition of the actual vocabulary includes lexical and semantic neologisms, external and internal borrowings, updated and nominatively reoriented vocabulary. It has been established that the composition of the corpus of the actual and the linguistic signs representing them is determined by external (political, economic, socio-cultural) factors. The relevance of the research is due to the lack of a systematic study of the dynamic processes of actualization in Russian language material.

scholarly journals SPELLING NORM AS SACRED PHENOMENON

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-13
Author(s):  
A.D. Vasilyev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Written Language ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Language

Statement of the problem. The norm is an extremely important category that serves to regulate the diverse activities of society. With the help of ideas about the norm, an axiological scale is formed. Depending on the fundamental circumstances this scale is subject to remarking: the sacred and the profane change places. This also applies to issues of language policy, most clearly found in the field of spelling. It is in establishing uniform rules of spelling and punctuation that the state manifests its will in the most visible way. The purpose of the article is sociolinguistic analysis of spelling reforms and their results. Research methodology. Sociolinguistic analysis involves the analysis of language phenomena on the basis of the stated concept in specific historical and social conditions, as well as taking into account social, psychological, and linguistic characteristics of the audience to which they are aimed. The results of the study. The history of the Russian language knows cases of radical spelling reforms. However, the most famous of them (1917), when spelling was drastically simplified to facilitate its mastering by people at large, entailed very negative psychosocial ramifications, in effect, a sharply contemptuous disregard of rules. The most recent example of the project for the Russian spelling reform in the 21 st century was developed in 2007, but did not receive official approval. Conclusions. Russian should be strictly regulated in accordance with the existing rules of the Russian written language, based on the sacred status of the Russian language as one of the key symbols of the state. It is also advisable to regularly publish constantly updated spelling dictionaries after their mandatory official approval.

scholarly journals TO THE HISTORY OF USING UDMURT LEXICAL DIALECTISMS IN EARLY TEXTS AND PATHS TO THEIR SYNONYMIZATION (Using example words with the meaning ’to deceive’)

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 785-803
Author(s):  
V.K. Kel'makov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
Subsequent Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Printed Materials ◽  
The 19Th Century

Due to the lack of a common Udmurt written language, the translated texts of the first half of the 19th century and the subsequent time up to the beginning of the 20th century were formally oriented towards the native speakers of separate Udmurt dialects and therefore, they were mainly based on the Sarapul, Glazov, Kazan, Yelabuga and other dialects. However, in most cases, these translated texts - even the earliest ones - were linguistically different in various degrees from the spoken variant of the original basic dialects, since translators and editors were forced to incorporate linguistic elements from other dialects, firstly, in order to make these translations accessible for the majority of the Udmurt readers, and secondly, to enhance the expressive capabilities of the literary Udmurt language. Consequently, even the very first as well as the following Udmurt translations of Russian and (partially) Christian Tatar religious texts introduced various dialectal inclusions, especially lexical ones. The article discusses the ways and methods of using inter-dialectical lexical parallels with special attention to one of them, consisting of lexical units with the common meaning “to deceive” (in the clerical literature also “seduce, tempt”): southern aldani̮, peripheral southern and central örekč́ani̮ and northern pöjani̮. In the end, these specific words and a number of other inter-dialectal correspondences close to each other in meaning were subjected in the Udmurt literary language to full or partial synonymization, as evidenced by the language of Udmurt printed materials of recent decades.

В дополнение к списку межславянских лексических заимствований в русском приказном языке XVII в.

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
Great Depth ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Slavic Language ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

Данная статья посвящена проблематике сложных межславянских языковых контактов в XVII в. и продолжает цикл публикаций автора на эту тему. Исследование опирается на историко-филологи-ческие методы, которые помогают установить направление языкового влияния при контактирова-нии генетически родственных языков. Успешному применению указанных методов способствует использование данных исторических словарей восточнославянских и западнославянских языков с большой глубиной диахронии и широким кругом памятников письменности разных жанров и различного происхождения. Эта информация помогает выявлять межславянские заимствования и верифицировать результаты предшествующих исследований.В публикации на материале дипломатической корреспонденции Московского государства рас-сматривается происхождение и история четырех лексем: навезенье ‘пребывание в неволе, в плену, в заключении’, надарити / надарыти ‘одарить, наделить чем-л.; подарить что-л.’, новокрещенецъ / но-вокщенецъ ‘тот, кто недавно крестился, принял христианство; лицо, перешедшее в христианство из другого вероисповедания’, новообранный ‘вновь избранный, новоизбранный’ во всех контактиро-вавших языках: русском, польском, письменности Великого княжества Литовского, а также белорус-ском и украинском языках. Цель автора – доказать, что эти слова являются лексическими заимство-ваниями из польского языка. Исследование основано на тщательном сопоставлении данных разного типа словарей русского, белорусского, украинского и польского языков, что позволило доказать неисконность рассматриваемых лексем в русском языке и установить источник заимствования, а также выявить посредническую роль письменности ВКЛ в польско-русских языковых контактах.В результате анализа материала было установлено, что все четыре лексемы, вероятнее всего, яв-ляются полонизмами, при этом слова надарити / надарыти, новокрещенецъ / новокщенецъ и ново-обранный проникли в русский письменный язык XVII в., по-видимому, благодаря посредничеству письменности ВКЛ. Кроме того, для лексемы надарити / надарыти была конкретизирована хро-нологическая характеристика, а для слова новообранный удревнено время появления его в русском письменном языке.Материалы данной публикации могут быть использованы для дополнения и уточнения информа-ции этимологических и исторических словарей славянских языков.This paper is devoted to the problems of complex inter-Slavic language contacts in the 17th century and continues the author’s cycle of publications on this topic. The study is based on historical and philological methods that help to establish the direction of language influence when genetically related languages contact. The successful application of these methods is facilitated by the use of historical dictionaries of the West Slavic and East Slavic languages with a great depth of diachrony and a wide range of written monuments of different genres and various origins. This information helps to identify inter-Slavic language borrowings and verify the results of previous studies.The paper examines the origin and history of four words found in the Muscovite diplomatic correspondence: navezenie ‘captivity, imprisonment’, nadariti / nadaryti ‘to give, to bestow’, novokreščeniec ‘neophyte; Anabaptist’, novoobrannyj ‘newly elected’ in all contacting languages: Russian, Polish, the written language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as well as Belarusian and Ukrainian. The author aims at proving that these words are lexical borrowings from the Polish language. The study is based on a careful comparison of data of various types of dictionaries of the Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, and Polish languages, which made it possible to prove the foreign origin of these tokens in the Russian language and to establish the source of borrowings as well as to identify the intermediary role of the written language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in Polish–Russian language contacts.As a result of the study, it was found that all four lexemes are Polonisms. It was also established that the words nadariti / nadaryti, novokreščeniec, and novoobrannyj were introduced to the Russian written language of the 17th century, most likely due to the mediation of the written language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In addition, the time of appearance of the word nadariti / nadaryti in the Russian written language was specified, and an earlier chronology was established for the word novoobrannyj.The materials in this publication can be used to supplement and clarify the information of the etymological and historical dictionaries of the Slavic languages.

Creating ‘Union Ibo’: Missionaries and the Igbo language

Africa ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitri van den Bersselaar
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Government Schools ◽  
Mission Schools ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The People ◽  
Accepted Standard ◽  
History Of ◽  
Identity Markers

AbstractThe literature of ethnicity in Africa indicates a major role for Christian missionaries in the creation of languages in Africa. It has been argued that certain African ethnic groups owe their existence to the ‘invention’ of their language by missionaries who created a written dialect—based on one or more vernacular(s)—into which they translated the Bible. This language came to be used for education in mission schools and later also in government schools. The Bible dialect consequently became the accepted standard language of the ethnic group and acquired the function of one of the group's prime identity markers.In the case of the Igbo language, the history of the CMS missionaries' efforts at creating a written standard Igbo shows that the process was not always straightforward. The article describes the problematic process of creating a written language. The missionaries undertook continual attempts on the basis of several dialects, but it was half a century before they produced the first translation of the Bible. They complicated matters by working in different dialects, but eventually created a standard dialect which they named Union Ibo, a mixture based on several Igbo dialects.The missionaries were also confronted with resistance from at least part of the Igbo population, who contested their choice of dialect. However, it appears that the majority of the Igbo were simply not interested. The Igbo population were far more interested in education in English, and although the CMS missionaries forced some vernacular education upon the people, actual interest remained limited. It is thus not surprising that the Bible language did not become the accepted standard language of the Igbo ethnic group. The spoken Igbo language does nevertheless function as one of the prime identity markers of the group. The article argues that the importance of the Igbo language to Igbo identity is partly the result of the missionary activity.

scholarly journals Linguomental category of relevance and the technology of its study in the organization of scientific and educational activities

2020 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 18048
Author(s):  
Natalia Chernikova ◽  
Inna Sidorova ◽  
Alexander Fedotov
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Analysis ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Educational Activities ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Linguistic Units ◽  
Modern Russian

The legitimacy of identifying linguomental categories as a set of concepts and their verbalizing signs (linguistic units), which are characterized by homogeneity based on the commonality of a certain feature, fixing the results of human cognitive activity, has been proven. The identification of the linguomental category of relevance is substantiated, accumulating concepts (mental signs) that are socially significant at a particular historical stage, which are represented by linguistic units that form an active vocabulary of native speakers. The definition of actualema – a mental sign that objectifies the category of relevance is formulated, its features are characterized, including chronological determinism, sociocultural marking, semantic versatility, dynamism. The composition of the actual vocabulary of the modern Russian language is considered. It includes: lexical and semantic neologisms of the last decades, external borrowings, internal borrowing, updated vocabulary, nominally reoriented vocabulary. On the example of the study of the actual concept of charity and the linguistic units verbalizing it, the effectiveness of the linguo-conceptual analysis of the actualeme is shown, which revealed an obvious connection between actual concepts, language and the realities of the outside world, which is relevant both for the scientific sphere and for educational activities.

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