scholarly journals ENDOGENIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH TECHNOLOGY-ORIENTED STARTUPS: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE UNITED STATES, LESSONS FOR UKRAINE

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (11) ◽  
pp. 60-86
Author(s):  
Olena SALIKHOVA ◽  
◽  
Olena KURCHENKO ◽  

Since the 1950s, the US leadership has pursued a purposeful policy of encouraging the creation of startups by inventors. This process took the form of technology transfer from science to the real sector of the economy, contributed to the market introduction of technologically sophisticatedinnovative products, moving up the value-added ladder, creating new jobs, accelerating the endogenization of economic development. The evolution of mechanisms of state influence on the development of startups in the United States is shown. It is substantiated that at the initial stage the policy measures were aimed at promoting the development of the industry and reducing dependence on technology imports; the creation of startups accelerated the development of scientific achievements in the production, resulting from the increase in the 1940s of funding for R&D defense universities; contributed to the employment of highly qualified professionals, including immigrants. Today, with a well-developed industry with a high absorption capacity for innovation, the country's leadership sets economic and technological priorities to solve problems and reap the benefits of American companies; based on these priorities contributes to the formation of human resources (including, as before, by attracting skilled immigrants), identifies areas of research and financially promotes the creation of startups in priority areas. It is shown that the US leadership has created the appropriate legal and institutional framework that has accelerated the commercialization of startup developments, and opened the public procurement market for them. It is substantiated that the central element of the state policy of encouraging innovative entrepreneurship in Ukraine should be the development of technology-oriented startups (TOS), aimed at creating products, processes, services based on their own developments. It is recommended to create basic documents: the draft Law on technology-oriented startups and the draft Strategy for the development of technology-oriented startups in the interests of innovative development of Ukraine's economy. It is shown that in determining the conceptual foundations and provisions of these documents it is necessary to take into account endogenous barriers and exogenous threats that today complicate the development of TOS in Ukraine.

Author(s):  
Gilles Duruflé ◽  
Thomas Hellmann ◽  
Karen Wilson

This chapter examines the challenge for entrepreneurial companies of going beyond the start-up phase and growing into large successful companies. We examine the long-term financing of these so-called scale-up companies, focusing on the United States, Europe, and Canada. The chapter first provides a conceptual framework for understanding the challenges of financing scale-ups. It emphasizes the need for investors with deep pockets, for smart money, for investor networks, and for patient money. It then shows some data about the various aspects of financing scale-ups in the United States, Europe, and Canada, showing how Europe and Canada are lagging behind the US relatively more at the scale-up than the start-up stage. Finally, the chapter raises the question of long-term public policies for supporting the creation of a better scale-up environment.


Significance At the same time as pursuing peace talks with the Afghan government, the Taliban are using calibrated armed force to push the United States into withdrawing all its troops. In an incontrovertible breach of their agreement with Washington, the insurgents launched their largest military offensive in years in October. As though this were not happening, President Donald Trump ordered the US force in Afghanistan to be reduced to 2,500 by the end of his term. Impacts NATO and other coalition allies in Afghanistan will mirror the US exit with proportionate troop drawdowns. Opposition to talks is hardening in Kabul as sceptics claim the Taliban are acting in bad faith. Reverses suffered by the Afghan security forces will focus debate on whether they can cope once US forces leave. The Afghan president is accelerating the creation of the 'Territorial Army', recruited from the militias of former warlords.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
MAHMOUD AHMAD RABAYA FUAD ◽  

The urgency of the issue is determined by the disregard of the international community, especially the United States and its allies, of the will of the Palestinian people to create their own state. The article is devoted to the problem of creating a sovereign Palestinian state. Palestine currently remains a hostage of intermediary States, especially the United States, which does not allow direct negotiations with Israel on the return of the occupied territories, the solution of the refugee issue, the regulation of the status of Jerusalem, and other problems. The Palestinian authority does not have state sovereignty as an integral state entity. The author, after analyzing various projects on the settlement of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, comes to a disappointing conclusion that it is impossible to achieve the goal of creating a Palestinian state through the assistance of the international community, primarily the United States and the European Union. Due to the current circumstances, it is not possible to hold direct Palestinian-Israeli negotiations. As a conclusion, it is noted that the us monopoly influence on the negotiation process is not productive. To solve this problem, we need a wider range of intermediaries, including international organizations, global and regional actors. Success is possible if the leadership of Israel is inclined to compromise, agreement is reached in Israeli society on the creation of a Palestinian state, and internal contradictions are overcome in the Palestinian society, first of all, the intra-elite split, which further pushes the prospect of the creation of a state of Palestine. The work is based on General scientific research methods and works of Russian and foreign researchers. Empirical data are taken from open sources.


2021 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 09009
Author(s):  
Irina Minakova ◽  
Tatyana Bukreeva ◽  
Olga Solodukhina ◽  
Artyom Golovin

Research background. Due to the significant role that the United States, Russia and China play in the world political and economic processes, US-Russia-China relations can be recognized as the most important interstate relations in the world, setting the direction for the transformation of the international system. Nowadays, the study of these trilateral relations is a relevant scientific task. The authors, on a systematic basis, have investigated the aspects of interaction between the USA, Russia and China in the modern economy, which opened the way for solving the key issues of international relations. The authors have published several papers on this issue in Russia and abroad, including publications in Scopus and Web of Science indexed journals. Purpose of the article is to analyse the US-Russia-China relations and to determine the directions of their development in the context of globalization of the world economy. Methods. To analyse the interests, a systematic method was used that allows considering the interests of the United States, China and Russia as an holistic, complex mechanism with elements constantly interacting with each other. Findings & Value added. Despite geographical, linguistic, religious, and other distinctions, the United States, China, and Russia have a lot in common. There were historical periods of active and positive cooperation between these three major superpowers. In our opinion, in spite of the current contradictions between the parties, Russia, China and the United States have a mutual concern in harmonizing trilateral interests. However, the existed contradictions are not insoluble.


2019 ◽  
pp. 140-175
Author(s):  
V.I. Zhuravleva

This article examines images of the Russian revolution in American representations from 1905 until 1917 on the base of socialconstructivist paradigm to the study of international relations and appeals to the conceptual pair the American Self the Russian Other . As it watched the Russian revolution unfold, the American society lived through its first and second cycles of hopes (concerning the prospects of Russias revolution) and disappointments (with its results) as a consequences Russia became the object of the US worldreforming mission. This article is structured in such a manner as to follow these cycles through the analysis of primary and secondary sources with special ascents on political cartoons and travelogues. As author demonstrated, on the stage of hopes prevailed the Liberaluniversalist myth about the Russian Revolution, on the stage of disappointments the Conservativepessimist one. The former included the faith in the capacity of the Russian people to carry out a Westernstyle revolution under leadership of the Russian liberals and to create the United States of Russia , the conviction that the Russian society was democratic by nature and oppressed by a retrograde and xenophobic government, and the belief that Russias historic destiny was to follow the trail blazed by the Western countries, with the US in the lead. The Conservativepessimist myth portrayed the Russianstyle revolution (invariable circular movement, bypassing freedom and moving right into dictatorship) and Russia as a country forever kept behind by its nonWestern traditions and culture, linked the authoritarian nature of its political system to the peculiarities of its national character. At the same time, representatives from various currents of American radicalism, Socialist or not, constructed the Radical myth and their own ideological identities as they reflected upon the Russian revolution. They saw its importance in the uniqueness of the social message it was sending to the entire humanity, and not in a movement for the creation of the United States of Russia . The Revolution of 1905 1907 and both revolutions of 1917 turned the dilemma of Russian progress into the subject of American sociopolitical discourse and became the culmination of Americas first and second crusades for the creation of a democratic Russia. The fixation of the demonic and the romantic images of Russias revolution in American public conscience made a significant contribution to the shaping of American national identity. Americans invented these mental images on the basis of their ideology of progress and expansion, their own vision of ideal political and social arrangements, true revolution, the place of the US in the world, and its role in the process of its democratization and harmonization.В данной статье рассматриваются образы русской революции в американских представлениях с 1905 по 1917 гг. на основе социальноконструктивистской парадигмы к изучению международных отношений и обращения к концептуальной паре американское Я русский другой . Наблюдая за развитием русской революции, американское общество переживало свой первый и второй циклы надежд (относительно перспектив российской революции) и разочарований (с ее результатами) в результате Россия стала объектом миссии США по реформированию мира. Данная статья построена таким образом, чтобы проследить эти циклы через анализ первичных и вторичных источников с особыми восхождениями на политические карикатуры и травелоги. Как показал автор, на стадии надежд преобладал Либеральноуниверсалистский миф о русской революции, на стадии разочарований консервативнопессимистический. Первая включала веру в способность русского народа осуществить революцию западного типа под руководством российских либералов и создать Соединенные Штаты России, убежденность в том, что российское общество было демократическим по своей природе и угнеталось ретроградным и ксенофобным правительством, и веру в то, что историческая судьба России должна была следовать по следу, проложенному западными странами, с США во главе. Консервативнопессимистический миф изображал русскую революцию (неизменное круговое движение, обход свободы и переход прямо в диктатуру) и Россию как страну, навсегда отстающую от своих незападных традиций и культуры, связывал авторитарный характер своей политической системы с особенностями ее национального характера. В то же время представители различных течений американского радикализма, социалистического или нет, конструировали радикальный миф и свои собственные идеологические идентичности, размышляя о русской революции. Они видели ее важность в уникальности социального послания, которое она посылала всему человечеству, а не в движении за создание Соединенных Штатов России . Революция 19051907 годов и обе революции 1917 года превратили дилемму русского прогресса в предмет американского общественнополитического дискурса и стали кульминацией первого и второго крестовых походов Америки за создание демократической России. Фиксация демонических и романтических образов русской революции в американском общественном сознании внесла значительный вклад в формирование американской национальной идентичности. Американцы придумали эти ментальные образы на основе своей идеологии прогресса и экспансии, собственного видения идеального политического и социального устройства, истинной революции, места США в мире и своей роли в процессе его демократизации и гармонизации.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (02) ◽  
pp. 114-118
Author(s):  
Natalia Antonova ◽  
Valery Grebennikov ◽  
Tatjana Ilina ◽  
Victoria Kalinovskaya ◽  
Daniel Petrosyants

The article examines the history of the creation and development of the Attorney Service in the United States, which has no analogues in other states, but due to its functions in criminal prosecution, it is often referred to the prosecutor’s office. The article deals with the organization and activities of prosecutorial supervision in the United States. The authors analyze the functions of the institution of the prosecutor’s office in the state, highlight the stages of activity and investigate the problematic aspects of the work of the prosecutor’s office. As a result of the analysis, the conceptual historical features of the US Prosecutor’s Office were determined.


Author(s):  
Paul Schor

This chapter discusses the creation of the federal census. The US census was created to put into operation the system of checks and balances. It attributed to each state through apportionment, a number of representatives in proportion to its population as well as a level of tax contribution, while the Three-Fifths Compromise required that slaves be counted as less than free people. The first US census took place in 1790, framed by a law passed by Congress, the First Census Act. This law inaugurated a tradition that continued up to the census of 1930: the list, the order, and the text of the questions on the schedules followed the text of the law, which meant that Congress played a central role in the preparation of the census. It added to the distinction of status (free or slave) a distinction of color to distinguish free blacks from whites.


Author(s):  
Frank D. McCann

World War II produced great change in Brazil. Its war effort improved its port facilities, left it with new modern airfields from Belém to Rio de Janeiro, as well as refurbished railroads, and stimulated manufacturing, agriculture, mining, and a burgeoning steel complex. Its army, air force, and navy gained combat experience and the latest equipment. Its international stature had reached new heights and its leaders foresaw an ever-greater role in world politics. The war era laid the foundations upon which Brazil’s remarkable development in the next half century took place. The Brazilian leadership prior to the war had linked national development and security with international trade and finance, and they were concerned not to endanger the country, but they saw themselves naturally on the side of the liberal powers, particularly the United States. Brazil’s contributions to the Allied victory were significant. Brazil hosted, at Natal, the largest US air base outside its own territory, and, at Recife, the US Fourth Fleet; and it tied its economy to the American war machine, sent its navy in pursuit of German U-boats, and provided an expeditionary force and a fighter squadron on the Italian front. It allowed the construction of the air bases before it severed relations with the Axis at the Rio conference in January 1942, and the army lost personnel, equipment, and families to submarine attacks before Brazil entered the war officially in August of that year. Brazil’s expeditionary force that saw combat as part of the US Fifth Army was the only Latin American ground force to fight in World War II. Brazil’s industrial development encouraged and supported by the United States laid the foundation for its post-war industrial transformation.


FLORESTA ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 001
Author(s):  
Jaqueline Valerius ◽  
João Carlos Garzel Leodoro Da Silva ◽  
Romano Timofiecsyk Júnior ◽  
Pedro José Steiner Neto

Conifer wood moldings are classified as high value-added wood products and are used for several purposes in civil construction. Brazil is the world’s leading exporter of this product and the United States are its main destination market. It is very important to analyze the behavior of such importations and exportations to set strategies to obtain or increase the competitive advantage and improve the commercialization of these products. The objective of this study was to analyze the US importation seasonality of conifer wood moldings from Brazil and Chile, the main competitor of the Brazilian product in the US market. To write this paper, monthly data of the quantity of US importations of Brazilian and Chilean moldings from the period of 2011 to 2017 were collected from the database of the United States Department of Agriculture/Foreign Agricultural Service. The methodology proposed by Hoffman (2006) was employed to calculate the seasonal and seasonality indexes. The results indicated that the US importation of conifer wood moldings, both from Brazil and Chile, have a seasonal behavior, with great variation of the seasonal index. 


2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Neil Baily ◽  
Barry P. Bosworth

The development of the US manufacturing sector over the last half-century displays two striking and somewhat contradictory features: 1) the growth of real output in the US manufacturing sector, measured by real value added, has equaled or exceeded that of total GDP, keeping the manufacturing share of the economy constant in price-adjusted terms; and 2) there is a long-standing decline in the share of total employment attributable to manufacturing. The persistence of these trends seems inconsistent with stories of a recent or sudden crisis in the US manufacturing sector. After all, as recently as 2010, the United States had the world's largest manufacturing sector measured by its valued-added, and while it has now been surpassed by China, the United States remains a very large manufacturer. On the other hand, there are some potential causes for concern. First, though manufacturing's output share of GDP has remained stable over 50 years, and manufacturing retains a reputation as a sector of rapid productivity improvements, this is largely due to the spectacular performance of one subsector of manufacturing: computers and electronics. Second, recently there has been a large drop in the absolute level of manufacturing employment that many find alarming. Third, the US manufacturing sector runs an enormous trade deficit, equaling $460 billion in 2012, which is also very concentrated in trade with Asia. Finally, we consider the future evolution of the manufacturing sector and its importance for the US economy. Many of the largest US corporations continue to shift their production facilities overseas. It is important to understand why the United States is not perceived to be an attractive base for their production.


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