scholarly journals Modern view on steel desulfurization

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 33-44
Author(s):  
O.S. Vodennikova ◽  
◽  
P.V. Holovkov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Sulfur Removal ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Steel Making ◽  
Desulfurization Process ◽  
Current Production ◽  
Solid Slag ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Steel Treatment ◽  
Steel Works

Modern technological schemes of steel production do not allow to achieve low (< 0.01 % S) and ultra-low (<0.005 % S) sulfur content on the production of in the metal directly. That is why out-of-furnace steel treatment is often used to remove sulfur. Desulfurization process of steel depends on the chemical composition of the slag, the time of its formation in the ladle, metal oxidation, conditions of mixing of steel in a ladle, additional technological operations and ladle metal processing. Methods are widely used for desulfurization of steel treatment of steel with solid slag-forming mixtures, synthetic slag, lime-aluminous slag, silico-calcium and other powdered materials. Modern approaches to the process of steel desulfurization in conditions steel production are analyzed in the Study. In particular, the Ukrainian (on the example of PJSC ‘Azovstal Iron & Steel Works’ and PJSC ‘Dneprovsky Integrated Iron & Steel Works named after Dzershinsky’) and foreign (on the example of PJSC ‘Severstal’ and PJSC ‘Magnitogorsk Iron & Steel Works’) experience of desulfurization under oxygen converter production. The use of technological complexes ‘Installation of pig iron desulfurization steel making unit’ and ‘Cast iron desulfurization installation steel making unit is ‘oven-bucket’ installation’ provides a deeper desulfurization of steel, the possibility of optimizing the cost of steel production, expands range of scarce products and eliminates a number of restrictive conditions that complicate current production. The analysis of steel C80D desulfurization process is given in the conditions of JSC ‘Moldova Steel Works’, in which partial sulfur removal occurs in an arc steel making furnace, and the ultra-low content is achieved by creating a highly basic refining slag in the process out-of-furnace processing of steel. The study of the kinetics of the desulfurization process of 20GL steel in the conditions of JSC ‘Tashkent Mechanical Plant’ with the use of solid slag-forming mixtures and modification of steel with rare-earth metals is analyzed. The issue of desulfurization of electric steel in the conditions of OJSC ‘Byelorussian Steel Works’ with injection of powdered materials through the installation ‘Velko’ during out-of-furnace processing of steel is considered. Keywords: steel desulfurization, desulfurizer reagent, degree of desulfurization, cast iron desulfurization installation, out-of-furnace processing of steel, ‘‘oven-bucket’’ installation.

scholarly journals Prospects for using boron in metallurgy. Report 1

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 471-476
Author(s):  
V. I. Zhuchkov ◽  
O. V. Zayakin ◽  
A. A. Akberdin
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Boron Oxide ◽  
Sulfur Removal ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Liquid Phase Sintering ◽  
Blast Furnace Smelting ◽  
Technical And Economic Indicators ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Metallurgical Processes

On the basis of literature and our own data, the effect of boron on characteristics of all stages of metallurgical processes (from sintering, smelting of cast iron and ferroalloys, to steel production) and on the properties of the resulting slag and metal was studied. To intensify the pellets hardening at the stage of liquid-phase sintering and to improve their metallurgical properties, it is sufficient to have 0.20 – 0.35 % of boron oxide in them. According to the laboratory studies, the presence of boron oxide in pellets increases their compressive strength by 1.5 – 1.7 times and hot strength by 3 – 4 times. While studying the mechanism and kinetics of sulfur removal, it was shown that the presence of boric anhydride significantly intensifies processes of pellets desulfurization. Their intensive progress goes to the zones of lower temperatures of 1050 – 1100 °С. To increase the sinter strength characteristics, it is possible to add B2O3 to the charge. The introduction of 0.44 % of B2O3 does not affect the sinter abrasion. The content of fines (0 – 5 mm) in comparison with the base sample is reduced by 1.5 times. The use of boron pellets in blast-furnace smelting makes it possible to increase the basicity of the final slag from 1.10 to 1.16. In this regard, the sulfur distribution coefficient increases from 48 to 74. The sulfur content in cast iron decreases by 0.005 %. The possibility of using boron and its compounds to improve the technical and economic indicators of production and the quality of pellets, sinter and cast iron is shown on the base of the presented theoretical, laboratory-experimental and industrial data.

scholarly journals Technology Solutions: Cutting the cost of sulfur removal

2003 ◽  
Vol 37 (17) ◽  
pp. 319A-320A ◽  
Author(s):  
Britt E. Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Removal ◽  
The Cost

Evaluating Design Alternatives of an Extruded Food Production Line Using Simulation

SIMULATION ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 78 (10) ◽  
pp. 626-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen F. Owens ◽  
Reuven R. Levary
Keyword(s):  
Production Line ◽  
Food Production ◽  
System Throughput ◽  
Unit Operations ◽  
Manufacturing Line ◽  
Design Alternatives ◽  
Current Design ◽  
Current Production ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Line Design

Several designs of a manufacturing line for the production of extruded foods were developed and compared with the current production line design. The manufacturing line consisted of six unit operations: batching, grinding, extruding, drying, further processing, and packing. The authors performed the comparisons by simulating the current design and the proposed alternatives. The alternatives consisted of modifications to the extruder-dryer and/or packing line designs. The simulation results indicated that all the alternate designs roughly doubled system throughput compared to current designs but did not differ significantly in performance among themselves. The doubled output is worth about $2.5 million per year. This is easily enough to justify the cost of new equipment. One design would cost less to implement than the others and thus was the preferred option.

scholarly journals Application of the optimally alloyed cast irons in order to increase the durability and to ensure the cost reduction of mining and metallurgical products

2021 ◽  
Vol 303 ◽  
pp. 01005
Author(s):  
Dmitry Lubyanoi ◽  
Evgeny Pudov ◽  
Evgeny Kuzin ◽  
Olga Semenova
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
Operational Reliability ◽  
Cast Irons ◽  
Metallurgical Production ◽  
Alloyed Cast ◽  
Alloyed Cast Iron ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Working Bodies ◽  
The Cost

The article shows the relevance of the use of alloyed cast iron in mining and metallurgical engineering. The article discusses the technologies for producing naturally alloyed cast iron. For working bodies and friction units of mining machines, such as pumps, coal pumps, hydrocyclones, crushers and mills. The main type of wear for them is abrasive. To increase the wear resistance of cast iron the production of cast iron has not been sufficiently studied yet. Although the use of cast iron in a complex alloyed with manganese, silicon, chromium, titanium and vanadium has been studied. The article studies the influence of manganese, titanium and vanadium on the mechanical properties and performance of machine parts and products of mining and metallurgical production in contact with high-temperature and highly abrasive media. The rational content of titanium and vanadium in gray cast irons is established in the range of 0.05-0.1%, which ensures their heat resistance and increases their wear resistance. The content of these elements can be increased to 0.07-0.12%. Bushings made of this cast iron have the required wear resistance and can increase the operational reliability of the equipment in the conditions of mining and metallurgical production. They also replace non-ferrous metals, as well as products obtained by powder metallurgy methods.

Sensorless electric drive of the mixture supply system in the mold of the continuous steel casting installation

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
K. V. Litsin ◽  
D. M. Utyamishev
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Casting ◽  
Electric Drive ◽  
Continuous Casting Machine ◽  
Casting Machine ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Angular Speed ◽  
Quality Level ◽  
Actual Direction ◽  
Vector Control System ◽  
The Cost

The system of automatic feeding of the slag-forming mixture into the mold of the continuous casting machine was investigated in this article. The necessity of using a slag-forming mixture in the process of steel production has been substantiated. The proofs are given that the consumption of the slag-forming mixture significantly affects the cost of the final product. The quality level of the final product depends on the uniformity and consistency of the mixture supply to the crystallizer. Therefore, the actual direction is the automation of the process of feeding the slag-forming mixture into the mold of the continuous casting machine. The description of the developed automatic installation, which implements the supply of slag-forming mixture, is presented. The necessity of using a sensorless electric drive for moving the trolley has been substantiated. A simulation model of a bogie electric drive with a vector control system based on sensorless determination of the angular speed of the engine has been developed. The description of the method for determining the angular speed of the motor based on the known values of phase voltages is given. The simulation of the developed electric drive system in the Matlab Simulink program, confirming the adequacy of the developed system. The introduction of a sensorless electric drive into the system for feeding the mixture into the mold of the continuous casting machine will increase the reliability of the entire system and reduce its weight and dimensions.

Specialty of Сarbon-Carbid-Silicic Mixture Using (UKKS) as Substitute of Re-Carburizing Agent and Ferrosilicon for Grey Iron Melting

2019 ◽  
Vol 946 ◽  
pp. 696-701
Author(s):  
Viktor A. Kukartsev ◽  
Vladislav V. Kukartsev ◽  
Vadim S. Tynchenko
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Cost Comparison ◽  
Pig Iron ◽  
Induction Crucible Furnaces ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Technology Of Production ◽  
Grey Iron ◽  
Industrial Frequency

In the transition to modern high intensive processes of smelting there had been reversed technologies structures to get carbon content in cast iron. A re-carburizing agent, that can be one of the most significant reasons of occurrence of defects of the cast, and deformed metal and decrease of the level of properties have been identified. There was not only made the decarburizing agent of modern technology of production of pig-iron essential element (particularly synthetic), but also resulted in many of variants of its realization from the standpoint of level decarburizing, type, using re-carburizing method of decarburizing technological phase, where enter of carbonaceous materials. Particularly sharply process of execution re-carburizing influences receipt of synthetic pig-iron in induction crucible furnaces of industrial frequency from metal works, which contained 80-90% of steel breakage. Then, it is necessary to raise the content of carbon from 0,3 to 3,0-3,8% (depending on the pig-iron mark). It forces foundry enterprises to approach with big care at a choice of existing materials, which it is possible to use as decarburizing and to verify carefully, which is appearing at the market. In work application there are considered variants of using carbon-carbide-silicon mixture UKKS-31 at melting of grey pig-iron in induction, crucible furnaces, intended for pig-iron melting. The cost comparison is presented between traditional technology and with using mix UKKS-31.

Possibilities Reducing of Energy Consumption by Cast Iron Production in Foundry

2020 ◽  
Vol 998 ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
Peter Futaš ◽  
Alena Pribulová ◽  
Marcela Pokusova
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Iron Production ◽  
Hot Metal ◽  
Metal Production ◽  
Material Efficiency ◽  
Electric Induction ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Metal Melting

Modern metal melting includes of cast iron production in different types furnaces with specific characteristics. Furnaces usually adopted are cupola and induction furnaces. Casting cast iron is a manufacturing process characterized by its energy-intensive nature (ie, the use of large amounts of energy per unit of product for main activities) and a long tradition. An example of the energy balance in a foundry is the design of procedures to reduce energy consumption. The most important is the consumption of energy in the production of hot metals (52%), therefore reducing the cost of preparing hot metal is especially important by reducing the energy consumption of metal melting. The most important energy cost practices are the consumption of hot metal to produce 1mt of high quality castings (often 1700 kg) and reduce the energy consumption of hot metal production that varies over a wide range (from 500 to 1300 kWh/mt). Although scientific and technological aspects are now well established, new studies seem to be needed to describe "foundry of the future", where energy and material efficiency is of great importance to ensure competitiveness alongside environmental protection. The paper presents specific procedures for reducing both economically important indicators in cupola and electric induction furnaces.

scholarly journals Changes of the varietal structure of vineyards in the Czech Republic

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 557-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Chládková ◽  
P. Tomšík ◽  
J. Sedlo
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Market Research ◽  
Consumer Behaviour ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Current Production ◽  
Total Acreage ◽  
The Cost

The paper describes changes in the structure of varieties grown in the Czech Republic. The authors examine the development taking place in this domain within the last 14 years (i.e. from 1997 to 2010). The paper analyses the reasons of these changes and tries to describe the future development expected after 2010. The article also examines the cost and profitability of growing grapes and wine prices. The current production potential of the Czech Republic is 19&nbsp;633.45 hectares of vineyards. As compared with 1960, the total acreage of vineyards increased nearly three times and the number of the most frequent varieties has also increased. As far as the percentages of M&uuml;ller Thurgau, Green Veltliner, Italian Riesling and Sankt Laurent varieties is concerned, it is anticipated that their acreages will further decrease, whereas those of Rhein Riesling, Sauvignon, Lemberger and Zweigeltrebe are expected to grow. The results from the survey of consumer behaviour in the wine market in the CR point to the connection between the structure of the vineyards and consumer demand. Lemberger, Cabernet Sauvignon, M&uuml;ller Thurgau, Gr&uuml;ner Veltliner, Pinot Blanc, Saint Laurent, Blue Portugal, Chardonnay, Riesling and Bohemia Sekt have been the most popular varieties of the market research. &nbsp;

Light Alloy Castings for Automotive Applications: The Case of Al vs. Mg

2006 ◽  
Vol 519-521 ◽  
pp. 1801-1808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos H. Cáceres
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Al Alloy ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Automotive Components ◽  
Casting Alloys ◽  
Structural Applications ◽  
Alloy Castings ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Alloy Cast

The economical and environmental effects of mass reduction through Al and Mg primary alloys substitutions for cast iron and steel in automotive components are discussed using M.F. Ashby’s penalty functions method. The viability of Mg alloy substitutions for existing Al alloy cast components is also considered. The cost analysis shows that direct, equal-volume, Al alloy substitutions for cast iron and steel are the most feasible in terms of the CAFE liability, followed by substitutions involving flat panels of prescribed stiffness. When the creation of CO2 associated to the production of Al and Mg is considered, the potential gasoline savings over the lifespan of the car compensate for the intrinsic environmental burden of Al in all applications, while electrolytic Mg substitutions for cast iron and steel are feasible for equal volume and panels only. Magnesium produced by the Pidgeon thermal process appears to be too primary energy intensive to be competitive in structural applications. Magnesium substitutions for existing Al alloy beams and panels are generally unviable. The current higher recycling efficiency of Al casting alloys confers Al a significant advantage over Mg alloys.

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