«On the Model of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania»: Prospects of Integration of Cossack Ukraine into Compound of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1658–1659 (Expectations and Realities)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (6) ◽  
pp. 84-100
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Hazin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Prime Factor ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
State Development ◽  
Successful Development ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
The Church ◽  
Grand Duchy

The article explores the discursive questions connected with the preparation and conclusion of the Ukrainian-Polish treaty of Hadiach in 1658. In particular, the content of the agreement and factors that led to the fact that the idea of the Hadiach treaty (realignment of the Commonwealth into a state of three nationalities) remained unrealised are analysed. The attention was paid to the fact that Polish-Ukrainian negotiations and the conclusion of the agreement in the set near Hadiach in 1658 were conditioned by a number of factors relating to the current Ukrainian-Polish, Ukrainian-Moscow and Polish-Moscow relations. The prime factor that made the Hetman’s government of Ivan Vyhovsky negotiate with the authorities of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was the fact that it looked for a medium of reconciliation and further state development of Ukraine because there was a growing threat from Moscow. In Warsaw, in return, having made the most from the dire situation of Ukraine, the authorities longed for solving the “Ukrainian question” by the peaceful return of the lost Ukrainian territories in 1648. They also hoped that in the context of successful development of negotiations with Chigirin, it would be possible to get an advantage over Moscow in the long-running confrontation over dominance in CEE. The content of the treaty of Hadiach that was worked out during the long negotiations mirrored the trend when the Ukrainian part, which was more interested and acted with a weak diplomatic hand, had to agree to the terms dictated by Warsaw. Although, in general, the position of Ukraine in the reformed Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth should have resembled the position of Lithuania, Chigirin was forced to accept territorial restrictions, Warsaw's refusal to liquidate the church union, and so on. The author concluded that the prime factor, which eventually led to the collapse of the idea of Hadiach, was the reluctance of the Polish political elite to recognise equal rights for Ukraine and the Cossacks, and the fact that Warsaw sleepwalked when Moscow troops invaded Ukraine and Hetman Vyhovsky desperately needed the promised help.

scholarly journals Pomiędzy tradycją zakonu a tradycją rodu – treści ideowe fasady kościoła Benedyktynek pw. św. Katarzyny w Wilnie

Artifex Novus ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 58-75
Author(s):  
Anna Sylwia Czyż
Keyword(s):  
Community Life ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Common ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
The One ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Church ◽  
Grand Duchy

ABSTRAKT Sprowadzone do Wilna między 1616 a 1618 r. benedyktynki utworzyły niewielką i skromnie uposażoną wspólnotę. Ich sytuacja zmieniła się w 1692 r., kiedy to dzięki bogatym zapisom Feliksa Jana Paca mogły wystawić murowany kościół konsekrowany w 1703 r. Hojność podkomorzego litewskiego nie była przypadkowa, bowiem do wileńskich benedyktynek wstąpiły jego córki Sybilla i Anna, jedyne potomstwo jakie po sobiepozostawił. Z nich szczególne znaczenie dla dziejów klasztoru miała Sybilla (Magdalena) Pacówna, która w 1704 r. została wybrana ksienią. Nie tylko odnowiła ona życie wspólnoty, ale stała się również jedną z najważniejszych postaci ówczesnego Wilna. Po pożarze w 1737 r. Sybilla Pacówna energicznie przystąpiła do odbudowy klasztoru i kościoła, którą kończyła już jej następczyni Joanna Rejtanówna. Wzniesioną wówczas według projektu Jana Krzysztofa Glaubitza fasadę ozdobiono stiukowo-metalową dekoracją o indywidualnie zaplanowanym programie ideowym odwołującym się i do tradycji zakonnej i rodowej – pacowskiej. W fasadzie wyeksponowano ideały związane z życiem benedyktyńskim sytuując je wśród aluzji o konieczności walki na płaszczyźnie ducha i ciała, włączając w militarną symbolikę także konieczność walki z wrogami Kościoła i ojczyzny oraz charakterystyczną dla duchowości benedyktyńskiej pobożność związaną z krzyżem w typie karawaka oraz zOpatrznością Bożą. Jednocześnie przypominano o bogactwie powołań w klasztorze benedyktynek wileńskich przyrównując mniszki do lilii. Porównanie to dzięki obecności w fasadzie herbu Gozdawa (podwójna lilia) oraz powszechnego w XVII i XVIII w. zwyczaju określania Paców „Liliatami” można było odnosić także do ich rodu, w tym do zasłużonej dla klasztoru ksieni Sybilli. Tak mocne wyeksponowanie fundatorów było nie tylko chęciąupamiętnia darczyńców, ale wraz z całym architektonicznym i plastycznym wystrojem świątyni wiązało się z koniecznością stworzenia przeciwwagi dla nowego i prężnie rozwijającego się pod patronatem elity litewskiej klasztoru Wwizytek w Wilnie. Przy tym charakter dekoracji fasady kościoła pw. św. Katarzyny wpisuje się w inne fundacje Paców: kościół pw. św. Teresy i kościół pw. śś. Piotra i Pawła będąc ostatnią ważną inicjatywą artystyczną rodu w stolicy Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. SUMMARY The Benedictines, who had been brought to Vilnius between 1616 and 1618, formed a small and modest community. Thanks to the generous legacy of Feliks Jan Pac, in 1692 their situation changed as they could erect a brick church, which was then consecrated in 1703. The generosity of the Lithuanian chamberlain was not a coincidence; his two daughters, Sybilla and Anna, the only offspring he left, had joined the Benedictine Sisters in Vilnius. Sybilla (Magdalena) Pac, who became an abbess in 1704, was particularly important for the history of the monastery. Not only did she renew the community life, but she also became one of the most important personalities of the then Vilnius. After the fire in 1737 Sybilla Pac vigorously started rebuilding the monastery and the church, which was completed by her successor, Joanna Rejtan. The facade which was then erected after Johann Christoph Glaubitz’s design was adorned with stucco and metal decorations with a perfectly devised ideological programme which referred to the tradition of the order and to the one of the Pac family. The facade presented ideals connected with the Benedictine life, which placed them among the hints of having to fight at the level of spirit and body, incorporating among the military symbols also the need to fight the enemies of the Church and the state, and the typical for the Benedictine spirituality piety connected with the Caravaca cross and the Divine Providence. At the same time, it reminded of the Benedictine vocations comparing nuns to lilies. This comparison, due to the presence of the Gozdawa coat-of-arms (double lilie) and the common nickname of the Pac family in the 17th and 18th cc. “the Liliats”, could also apply to their lineage, including the abbess Sybilla and her services to the monastery. Exposing founders in such an emphatic way was not only the will to immortalise them, but was also, together with the entire architectural and artistic decor of the church, connected with the need to counterbalance the new and dynamicallydeveloping Visitation Monastery in Vilnius. At the same time, the nature of the facade decoration of the Church of St. Catherine is in line with other foundations of the Pac family: St Theresa’s Church and the St Peter and St Paul Church, and was the last significant artistic initiative of the family in thecapital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

scholarly journals The social biography of the Lublin Diet’s participant (1569): Peter Kisel and Cimafiej Hurka

2019 ◽  
pp. 10-21
Author(s):  
U. A. Padalinski
Keyword(s):  
Personal Experience ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Political Events ◽  
The Social ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
The Military ◽  
Grand Duchy

The article explores the biographies of Peter Kisel and Cimafiej Hurka, who represented the Viciebsk district at the Diet of 1569 and directly participated in the conclusion of the Union of Lublin. For a long time in historiography, attention was paid only to the most influential figures of this Diet. However, the simple, «unremarkable» representatives of the wide circles of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania’ nobility played their role in the negotiations on the union. Interests and ideas, conscious and values, and finally, the personal experience of these people directly determined their social and political position, and therefore, to one degree or another, the life of the entire state. The aim of research is to reflect the most important forms of social activity of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania’ petty and middle nobility in the second half of the 16th century on the example of two Viciebsk noblemen’s unique destinies. It shows the influence of the military and political events of the 1560s on political activities of Peter Kisel and Cimafiej Hurka. The Livonian War’s experience definitely influenced their position on the conclusion of the union between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish Kingdom in 1569. The author concludes that it was the cardinal transformations of the 1560s (state reforms, the establishment of the Commonwealth) that allowed them to actively participate in a public life of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It also enabled Kisel and Hurka noble families to take a firm place among the political elite of the Viciebsk district for a long time. It is emphasized that a detailed study of «unremarkable» noblemen’s biographies provides advanced research of the noble estate of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

scholarly journals The Book of Psalms in the Church Slavonic Language from Norov´s Book Collection

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-53
Author(s):  
Jelena Celunova
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Slavonic Language ◽  
State Library ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Church ◽  
Grand Duchy

This article is devoted to the research of the Book of Psalms manuscript from A. S. Norovʼs book collection stored in the Department of manuscripts of the Russian State Library. The manuscript is written in the beginning of the 18th century in Church Slavonic language Polish letters. This manuscript has never been studied before, it is nonetheless of interest primarily as a Latin-graphic text, which is a transliteration of the originals in Church Slavonic. Very few such texts have survived, and almost all of them were created in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The article provides a complete description of the manuscript and analyses of its language peculiarities. The analysis has made it possible to identify Church Slavonic protographs of the manuscript, and also to establish that the manuscript was written by women (most likely nuns) for private use. Since the authors of the transliteration themselves had very good command of Church Slavonic, it can be assumed that the text was written to order. Against the background of the cultural and historical context of the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries it can be assumed that the manuscript was written by the nuns of one of the southwestern Russian Uniate monasteries who had moved to one of the monasteries in Russia at that time.

scholarly journals Genealogical Links in Samogitian Nobility Heraldry Sources in the Second Half of the 16th–18th Centuries

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 148-166
Author(s):  
Gabrielė Jasiūnienė
Keyword(s):  
Focus Of Attention ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
The Political ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Specific Individual ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Coats Of Arms ◽  
Grand Duchy

Heraldry and its research have deep traditions in Europe, making it a certain focus of attention among researchers. The interest in this field in Lithuania is a more recent phenomenon. The late beginning of heraldry research was partly influenced by Lithuania’s loss of independence. At present, researchers’ attention is focused mainly on the periods of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, also looking at Lithuanian heraldry from the 20th–21st centuries, and conducting thorough research of the coats of arms of the state, cities, and towns. Research of the heraldry of the nobility is also being conducted, such as the heraldry of the political elite in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania – the Goštautas, Pacas, Radvila, Sapiega families, etc. The heraldry of representatives of the lower gentry, especially among the Samogitian families, has received less attention. Many unanswered questions and undeveloped themes remain in the field of the Samogitian nobility’s heraldry, overlooked in research for a long time. This article analyzes how genealogical links were reflected in Samogitian nobility heraldry sources in the second half of the 16th–18th centuries. Having analyzed the heraldic sources of the Samogitian nobility, it was found that these reflected not only information about a specific individual, but also their broader origins, family and marital lines. The coats of arms of the Samogitian nobility in time became a unique means of representation. The coats of arms of the Samogitian nobility were depicted in seals, literature, portraits, architecture, and elsewhere.

VEIKLIOS MOTERS KASDIENYBĖ: EPIZODAS IŠ IZABELĖS LIUDVIKOS BORCH-PLIATERIENĖS (1752–1813) GYVENIMO

2018 ◽  
pp. 116-143
Author(s):  
Ramunė Šmigelskytė-stukienė
Keyword(s):  
Time Management ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
History Of ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Home Space ◽  
Grand Duchy

On the basis of empirical sources the article analyses the daily life of a noblewoman from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Izabela Ludwika Borch Platerowa (1752–1813), with a special focus on several elements of the daily life of the late eighteenth century woman of the elite: time management and daily routine, food and diet, health (illnesses and their treatment), and relationships with family members (husband, children, parents) and the near environment. The article underlines the network of communication of the duchess Platerowa in a given period, covering not only family members or the spiritual and political elite of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Livonia but also artists residing in Warsaw, among them closest being Italian born artist and poet Antoni Albertrandy (ca. 1733–1795) from the court of the King Stanislaw August, and his family. Despite the micro-world of Izabela Ludwika Platerowa being framed within two socially important factors of the time, i.e. social status of a noblewoman and her gender, which would confine the field of activities of a woman to the privacy of a home-space, the ties of partnership, love and respect, linking husband and wife in the Plater family, opened wide opportunities for the creative activities of the woman. As active and educated woman of the Enlightenment, she managed to cross the frame of her home-space and dedicate large portion of her time to important public activities: editing of a special reading publication for children Przyjaciel dzieci (A Friend of Children), on which she intensely worked 6–8 hours every day. Schedule of the duchess was occupied with Masses, teaching of children and translations. Personal needs and entertainment received very little attention, only from a quarter to half an hour a day. In the period of Lent very strict fasting was observed, as well as abstinence from any entertainment, including full renouncing of music. Keywords: Izabela Ludwika Borch Platerowa (1752–1813), daily life, family, history of women.

The Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Retrospective of Comparative Historical Sociology of Empires

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zenonas Norkus
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Historical Sociology ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Structure Characteristic ◽  
Socialist Revolution ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Comparative Historical Sociology ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

The article discusses the problem that was recently raised in Lithuanian historical literature and public discourse by G. Beresnevi?ius, A. Bumblauskas, S.C. Rowell: was the medieval Lithuanian state (Grand Duchy of Lithuania; GDL) an empire? Traditional historiography did not use concepts of ``empire" and ``imperialism" in the work on GDL. For Non-Marxist Russian historians, GDL was simply another Russian state, so there could not be Russian imperialism against Russians. For Marxist historians, imperialism was a phase in the ``capitalist formation," immediately preceding the socialist revolution and bound to the specific period of world history, so the research on precapitalist empires and imperialism was suspect of anachronism. For the opposite reason, deriving from the hermeneutic methodology, the talk about how the medieval Lithuanian empire and imperialism was an anachronism for Non-Marxist Polish and German historians too, because they considered as Empires only polities that claimed to be successors to Roman Empire. However, the Lithuanian political elite never raised such claims, although theory of the Lithuanian descent from Romans (Legend of Palemon) could be used for this goal. Using the recent work in comparative historical sociology of empires by S.N. Eisenstadt, I. Wallerstein, A. Motyl, B. Buzan, R. Little, A. Watson, M. Beissinger, Ch. Tilly, Th.J. Barfield and M. Doyle, the author argues that GDL was an empire because it was (1) the greatest state in Europe in the late 14-early 15th century, (2) militarily expansive in all directions if not held in check by superior military power, (3) displayed the territorial structure characteristic for empires, consisting of metropole and periphery, (4) had an informal empire and sphere of hegemony, (5) established imperial ``Pax Lituanica" on broad territories securing long-distance trade roads. Typologically, it was a patrimonial empire, typologically distinct from the ``barbarian kingdoms" created by ancient Germans and Vikings. After the internal crisis in 1432-1440 that is interpreted as ``Augustan threshold" (in M. Doyle's sense), the Lithuanian empire evolved into a federal state by the early 16th century. Drawing on the distinction between ``primary empires" and ``shadow empires" proposed by Th.J. Barfield, GDL is classified as subtype of ``shadow empires," called ``vulture empires." GDL started as a ``vulture empire," using for its expansion a geopolitical situation created by the decline of the Mongol empire and aspiring to unite under its power all lands of the former Kiev Russia. The most important outcome of the failure of the Lithuanian imperial project is the emergence of the three different Eastern Slave peoples (Belorussian, Ukrainian, Great Russian), while the probable outcome of its success would be the continuation of the undivided old Russian ethnicity.

scholarly journals Modelling the interreligious relations in the early Orthodox polemics after the Union of Brest

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-24
Author(s):  
Oleg B. Nemensky
Keyword(s):  
Initial Period ◽  
Past Experience ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
The Past ◽  
Interfaith Relations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
The Church ◽  
Grand Duchy

The article dwells upon the Orthodox polemics on the relations with Catholics and the state power of Rzeczpospolita in the initial period after the Church Union of Brest in 1596. Two models of interfaith relations are distinguished, based on fundamentally diff erent assessments of the past experience under Catholic rule and the nature of the modern confl ict. The territorial divergence of these lines of controversy is determined, connected with the two main centers of public activity of the Orthodox population of the country. The highlighted dissimilarities were determined by signifi cant diff erences in the history of the entry into the Polish state of the aforementioned lands with a predominantly Eastern Christian popula-tion. The nature of the problems of the Orthodox population of these lands was largely determined by the diff erence in their historical experience and the confessional structure of their upper class. Already at the early stages of the debate (based on materials written before 1610), we can talk about the formation of two models of interfaith relations in the Orthodox milieu. One of them turned out to be associated mainly with the Vilna fraternal environment and was represented mainly by Orthodox fi gures in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the second — with the southeastern lands of the country, mainly with Lvov and the Ostrog circle.

scholarly journals Lithuanian Statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania through the Prism of Gender Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 72-86
Author(s):  
Iryna Voronchuk
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Gender Analysis ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Gender History ◽  
Social Construct ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

The article examines legislation of the early modern period, namely Lithuanian Statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania through the prism of gender analysis. The term “gender” is used not in the biological sense but as a system of interpersonal interactions, that is as a social construct which makes the basis for the stratification of society by gender. Gender is considered one of the three (along with race and class) most important elements which form synergetic systems of domination and subordination. Therefore, legislation of the 16th–17th centuries is considered in relation to equality of rights and possibilities for different sexes. Given the fact that the problem of relationships between a man and a woman lies in the plane of gender history, it should be studied by using gender history methods.The first (1529) and the second (1566) editions of the Lithuanian Statute are the subject matter of gender examination in this article. The third edition (1588) is not considered since Ukrainian lands became part of the Commonwealth as a result of the Union of Lublin (1569). Hence, the Statute of 1588 did not apply to those territories, whilst the Statute of 1566 continued to be in force there. The article analyses regulations of those parts of the Statute which formed foundations of social institutions and first of all that of the family and therefore directly affected gender relations.Having analysed legal regulations of the Lithuanian Statute, the author argues that legislation of the early modern period was based on gender norms and gender identities, ensured preferential attitude towards men and denied equal rights and opportunities for women. Thus, already at the legislative level regulations of the Lithuanian Statute laid conditions for gender asymmetry. That resulted in discrimination against women and dominance of men.

scholarly journals O tekście i źrόdłach "Punktόw Kazań" Konstantego Szyrwida

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 141-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginija Vasiliauskienė
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
Text Structure ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Church Fathers ◽  
Scientific Edition ◽  
Vilnius University ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
The Church ◽  
Grand Duchy

On the text structure and sources of K. Sirvydas’ book of sermons (Punktai sakymų – Punkty Kazań)The Jesuit priest Konstantinas Sirvydas (~1580–1631) was one of the most multitalented and creative intellectuals in Lithuania in the 17th century. Using his vast experience as a professor of Vilnius University and a preacher, he compiled two different versions of a trilingual Latin-Polish-Lithuanian dictionary (~1620 and 1631), and wrote the book of sermons Punktai sakymų (‘Points of Gospel’). The importance of this book of sermons for the Lithuanian culture is immeasurable and it is considered the first book of original sermons written in Lithuanian and the first translation from Lithuanian into another language, i.e. into Polish. This book is often deemed the first original book written in Lithuanian. Unfortunately, its textual structure and its sources have not been properly evaluated and described yet. When preparing this scientific edition of his book, it appeared that its text is mostly comprised of: (1) citations from the Holy Scriptures, and paraphrases and allusions to them; (2) citations and paraphrases or allusions to works by the Church Fathers, Saints, Roman authors, etc.; and, finally, (3) Sirvydas’ original text – his commentaries and interpretations on citations, etc. There are citations from most of the books of the Old and New Testament. In his book Sirvydas uses 150 different biblical names. He also quotes from the Church Fathers, French theologians and thinkers, and from the Saints. We mostly find exact word-byword citations from Vulgate in his sermons – not paraphrases or allusions. These citations are the first published fragments from the Holy Scriptures in Lithuanian in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. With this background information we may to hypothesize that during the first quarter of the 17th century, there might have existed an unknown translation (probably some manuscript) of the Holy Scriptures in Lithuanian. О тексте и источниках сборника проповедей Punktai sakymų (Punkty kazań) Константина ШирвидаKoнстантин Ширвид (~ 1580–1631) однa из самых универсальных и интеллектуальных личностей, живших и работавших в XVII веке в Литве. K. Ширвид подготовил два издания словаря Dicionarium trium linguarum (~ 1620, 1631) и издал проповеди в виде пунктов Punktai sakymų (PS). Значение PS для литовской культуры огромно. PS считаются первым оригинальным сборником проповедей в Литве и первой литовской книгой, переведенной на польский язык. Однако до сих пор cтoль важный для литовской культуры текст не был изучен и подробно описан. В процессе анализа текста выяснилось, что структура его довольно многогранна. Текст PS состоит из нескольких слоев: (1) цитат и аллюзий Библии; (2) цитат трудов отцов Церкви, цитат или аллюзий других авторов: римских писателей, протестантских авторов, святых; (3) авторского текста самого К. Ширвида, который часто принимает форму комментария к приведенным цитатам. Автор в тексте проповедей цитирует большинство книг Ветхого и Нового Завета. В проповеди упомянуто 150 библейских имен. К. Ширвид цитирует также отцов Церкви и французских богословов и мыслителей, святых. Цитаты из Ветхого и Нового Завета являются одним из первых фрагментов перевода на литовский язык Святого Писания в Великом княжестве Литовском.

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