scholarly journals Investigation on Gender and Learners-Centered Teaching Strategies Toward Learners' Writing Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-296
Author(s):  
Nursamsu Nursamsu
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Strategies ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
State Institution ◽  
Discovery Learning ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Self Directed Learning ◽  
Writing Performance ◽  
Learner Centered ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Directed Learning

ABSTRACTThis research investigated the interaction effects between gender and Learner-Centered Teaching Strategies toward learners' writing performance. The study was a quasi-experiment using tests as the research instrument. The participants were 72 learners of the English Department at a state institution consisting of 34 males and 38 females. The class was classified into two parts: experiment groups consisting of self-directed learning class (SDL), discovery learning class (DL), and small group discussion class (SGD); and a control group: lecturing class (L). A two-way ANOVA was used for data analysis. The findings confirmed a significant difference by gender (F=10.629. Sig. 0.002<0.05); and Learner-Centered Teaching Strategies F=20.658. Sig. 0.000<0.050) on the learners' writing performance. It also indicated that females (means score 73.46) were higher than males (means score 64.45). In contrast, no interaction effect simultaneously occurred among gender and the Learner-Centered Teaching Strategies (F 2.70) = 2.301. Sig. 0.086>0.050).  Both of them did not contribute simultaneously to writing performance. Lastly, the r squared was 0.574 indicating a high correlation of teaching strategies and gender (57%). The teachers were suggested to apply learner-centered teaching strategies in an L2 writing class at a higher education level.ABSTRAKPenelitian ini menyelidiki pengaruh interaksi antara gender dan strategi pengajaran terpusat pada peserta didik terhadap kinerja menulis peserta didik. Jenis penelitian ini adalah kuasi eksperimen dengan instrument yang digunakan adalah tes. Partisipan berjumlah 72 mahasiswa Jurusan Bahasa Inggris di sebuah universitas  negeri yang terdiri dari 34 laki-laki dan 38 perempuan. Kelas diklasifikasikan menjadi dua bagian: kelompok eksperimen yang terdiri dari kelas self-directed learning (SDL), kelas discovery learning (DL), ; kelas diskusi kelompok kecil (SGD); dan kelompok kontrol: kelas kuliah (L). Anova dua jalur digunakan pada analisis data. Temuan mengkonfirmasi perbedaan yang signifikan terjadi untuk jenis kelamin (F = 10,629. Sig. 0,002 <0,05); dan strategi pengajaran terpusat pada peserta didik F=20.658. Sig. 0,000<0,050) terhadap kemampuan menulis siswa. Hal ini juga menunjukkan bahwa perempuan (rata-rata skor 73,46) lebih tinggi daripada laki-laki (rata-rata skor 64,45). Sebaliknya, tidak ada efek interaksi yang terjadi secara simultan antara gender dan strategi pengajaran terpusat pada peserta didik (F 2,70) = 2,301. Tanda tangan. 0,086>0,050). Keduanya tidak berkontribusi secara bersamaan pada kinerja menulis. Terakhir, nilai r kuadrat adalah 0,574 yang menunjukkan korelasi tinggi antara strategi pengajaran dan gender (57%). Para guru disarankan untuk menerapkan strategi pengajaran yang berpusat pada peserta didik di kelas menulis L2 di pendidikan tinggi.

Application of 3D Modeling and Fusion Technology of Medical Image Data in Image Teaching

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quan Yuan ◽  
Xiaomei Chen ◽  
Jian Zhai ◽  
Yadi Chen ◽  
Qingxiang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Imaging ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
The Self ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Learning Behavior ◽  
Self Directed Learning ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Directed Learning

Abstract Backgroundwe combined anatomy with imaging, transformed the 2D information of various imaging techniques into 3D information, and form the assessment system of real medical imaging cases in order to make up for the deficiencies in the current teaching of the medical imaging technology students. MethodsA total of 460 medical imaging students were selected and randomly divided into two groups. The research group received the teaching of the fusion of the original CT and MR data 3D model and the original image combined with 3D anatomical image. Statistical analysis Academic self-efficacy scale and Self-directed learning ability scale was adopted by self-directed learning evaluation scale between two groups.ResultsCompare the theoretical scores and case analysis scores of the two groups. The scores of the study and control groups were significantly higher than those of the control group.Before the experiment, no significant difference was detected in the self-efficacy of learning ability and learning behavior between the two groups , while after the experiment, these differences between the two groups were statistically significan. Moreover, the learning ability self-efficacy and learning behavior of the two groups of students after the experiment was significantly higher than that before the experiment. The self-efficacy of the learning behavior of the control group was higher after the experiment than that before the experiment, albeit the difference was not statistically significant . ConclusionsThe modern, information-based and humanized experimental teaching mode will be constantly improved under the support of PACS system in order to optimize the medical imaging teaching activities for the development of modern medical education.

scholarly journals Self-directed learning by video as a means to improve technical skills in surgery residents: a randomized controlled trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Geneviève Chartrand ◽  
Mikael Soucisse ◽  
Pierre Dubé ◽  
Jean-Sébastien Trépanier ◽  
Pierre Drolet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Intestinal Anastomosis ◽  
Technical Skills ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Global Evaluation ◽  
Self Directed Learning ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Directed Learning

Abstract Background With their demanding schedules, surgical residents have limited time to practice techniques. The aim is to evaluate the pedagogic model of self-directed learning using video in surgery residents. Methods Informed consent was obtained from all the participants. A randomized controlled trial was conducted in 2018 at Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (University of Montreal). Participants were general surgery residents. There were 27 eligible residents; 22 completed the study. They were filmed performing an intestinal anastomosis on cadaveric pig bowel. The self-directed learning by video (SDL-V) group was given an expert video, which demonstrated the technique performed by an experienced surgeon. The control group continued with their regular duties. Three weeks later, participants performed a second filmed anastomosis. Two attending surgeons evaluated the residents’ filmed anastomosis using the Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills scale. After their second anastomosis, all participants had access to the expert video and completed a survey. Results Score did not differ significantly between groups during the first (control: 23.6 (4.5) vs. SDL-V: 23.9 (4.5), p = 0.99, presented as mean (SD)) or second filmed anastomosis procedure (control: 27.1 (3.9) vs. SDL-V: 29.6 (3.4) p = 0.28). Both groups improved significantly from pre- to post-intervention (mean difference between the two anastomosis procedure with 95% CI for control: 3.5, [1.1; 5.9] and for SDL-V: 5.8, [3.4: 8.2]). Correlation between the evaluators for score was moderate (r = 0.6, 95% CI: [0.3: 0.8]). The pass/fail global evaluation exhibited poor inter-rater reliability (Kappa: 0.105, 95% CI: [− 0.2:0.4]). On the survey, all participants wanted more expert-made videos of specific surgical techniques. Conclusions Despite a higher final OSATS score for the intervention group, self-directed learning by video failed to produce a statistically significant difference on the overall OSATS scores between the two groups in this small cohort.

scholarly journals PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN TERHADAP KEMANDIRIAN BELAJAR DAN PEMAHAMAN KONSEP PESERTA DIDIK KELAS XI MIA SMA NEGERI 2 GOWA TAHUN AJARAN 2017/2018 (STUDI MATERI POKOK LARUTAN PENYANGGA)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Laylah Fiamanillah Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Danial ◽  
Tabrani Gani
Keyword(s):  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
Discovery Learning ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Instructional Model ◽  
Instructional Models ◽  
Self Directed Learning ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Equivalent Control ◽  
Directed Learning ◽  
Direct Learning

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh model pembelajaran terhadap kemandirian belajar peserta didik dan mengetahui pengaruh model pembelajaran terhadap pemahaman konsep peserta didik kelas XI MIA di SMA Negeri 2 Gowa pada materi larutan penyangga. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian quasi eksperimen. Desain penelitian adalah non-equivalent control group. Terdapat dua variable yaitu, variabel bebas adalah model pembelajaran yang terdapat dua varians yaitu kelas eksperimen dengan model discovery learning dan kelas eksperimen dengan model pembelajaran langsung. Variabel terikat adalah kemandirian belajar dan pemahaman konsep.  Metode pengumpulan data melalui pengambilan data dengan cara data tes hasil belajar dan pemberian angket kemandirian belajar dianalisis. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan nilai thitung pada uji hipotesis pengaruh model pembelajaran dengan kemandirian belajar sebesar 0,572 dengan pvalue > 0,05 yaitu 0,570. Pada uji hipotesis pengaruh model pembelajaran dengan pemahaman konsep menunjukkan nilai thitung sebesar 3,275 dengan pvalue < 0,05 yaitu 0,002. Kata kunci: model pembelajaran, kemandirian belajar, pemahaman konsep, larutan penyangga.  ABSTRACTThis study aims to determine the effect of instructional model toward self-directed learning and concepts understanding of student’s grade XI MIA SMA NEGERI 2 GOWA study on buffer solution’s subject. This research was quasi-experimental. The research design was a non-equivalent control group. There are two variables; the independent variable was the instructional model that has two variances, namely the experimental classes with discovery learning and experimental classes with direct learning models. The dependent variable was self-direct learning and understanding of concepts. Methods of collected data through data collection by means of learning outcomes test data and the provision of learning independence questionnaires was analyzed. The results of the study reveals the value of tcount in the hypothesis test of the effect instructional models with self-directed learning shown 0.572 with pvalue > 0.05 is 0.570. In the hypothesis test the influence of the instructional models with understanding the concept reveals the value of tcount of 3.275 with pvalue  < 0.05 is 0.002. Keywords: instructional model, self-directed learning, understanding concept, buffer solution.

scholarly journals Comparison of Students’ Characteristics, Self-Motivation, and Readiness of Self-Directed Learning Implementation among Medical Students at Maranatha Christian University

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rimonta F Gunanegara ◽  
Mardiastuti H Wahid ◽  
Indah S Widyahening
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
First Year ◽  
Mixed Method Research ◽  
Self Directed Learning ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Directed Learning

Self-Directed Learning (SDL) is an important skill that must be achieved by medical students.The aim of this study is to identify the level of self-motivation and SDL readiness in the medicalstudents as well as to identify factors affecting SDL. This is is a mixed method research,involving first-year and clinical year medical students. A quantitative research is conducted bydistributing self-motivation (MSLQ) and SDL questionnaire (SDLRS). A total sampling isapplied to select the respondents. Furthermore, focus group discussion (FGD) on students andtutors/preceptors is carried out. Informants are chosen by purposive sampling method. Thisresearch reveals that most of medical students have a good level of self-motivation but a lowlevel of SDL readiness. Nevertheless, the mean scores of SDL readiness in both groups showsno significant differences. The research also identifies four major factors affecting the SDLreadiness, namely the students’ characteristics, learning process, the role of tutors/preceptorsand supporting facilities for learning. There is no significant difference between SDL readinessof the first-year and clinical year of medical students. Unprepared students’ characteristics,sub-optimal learning process, unsupported role of tutors/preceptors and inadequate learningresources are found to be the mayor factors influencing SDL readiness.Keywords: self-directed learning readiness; self-motivation; problem-based learning

scholarly journals Application of 3D modeling and fusion technology of medical image data in image teaching

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Quan Yuan ◽  
Xiaomei Chen ◽  
Jian Zhai ◽  
Yadi Chen ◽  
Qingxiang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Imaging ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
The Self ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Learning Behavior ◽  
Self Directed Learning ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Directed Learning

Abstract Background We combined anatomy with imaging, transformed the 2D information of various imaging techniques into 3D information, and form the assessment system of real medical imaging cases in order to make up for the deficiencies in the current teaching of the medical imaging technology students. Methods A total of 460 medical imaging students were selected and randomly divided into two groups. The research group received the teaching of the fusion of the original CT and MR data 3D model and the original image combined with 3D anatomical image. CT and MRI data are imported through load DICOM of 3D slicer. Different tissues and organs are segmented by threshold and watershed algorithm of segment editor module. Models are exported through export / import models and label maps in segmentation. Save the NHDR file of the original data and Obj file of the corresponding model through save the NHDR and corresponding Obj files are loaded into probe 1.0 software. The software can give different colors to the three-dimensional models of different organs or tissues to display the stereo models and related data, and display the hook edges of organ models on coronal, sagittal and axial images. At the same time, annotation can be established in the corresponding anatomical position. Finally, it can be saved as a single file of Hwl, and the teaching can be opened at any time through the program of probe 1.0. Statistical analysis Academic self-efficacy scale and Self-directed learning ability scale was adopted by self-directed learning evaluation scale between two groups. Results Compare the theoretical scores and case analysis scores of the two groups. The scores of the study and control groups were significantly higher than those of the control group. Before the experiment, no significant difference was detected in the self-efficacy of learning ability and learning behavior between the two groups, while after the experiment, these differences between the two groups were statistically significan. Moreover, the learning ability self-efficacy and learning behavior of the two groups of students after the experiment was significantly higher than that before the experiment. The self-efficacy of the learning behavior of the control group was higher after the experiment than that before the experiment, albeit the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions The modern, information-based and humanized experimental teaching mode will be constantly improved under the support of PACS system in order to optimize the medical imaging teaching activities for the development of modern medical education.

scholarly journals PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN SELF DIRECTED LEARNING DAN SMALL GROUP DISCUSSION TERHADAP NILAI MAHASISWA MATERI MEKATRONIK

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Wiji Lestariningsih ◽  
Ahsan Muafa
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Small Group Discussion ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Self Directed Learning ◽  
Directed Learning

Penelitian ini mempunyai tujuan menganalisis penilaian sikap, penilaian pengetahuan dan penilaian keterampilan pada materi Mekatronik  mahasiswa meggunakan model pembelajaran self directed learning (SDL) dan mahasiswa menggunakan model small group discussion (SGD). Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kuantitatif dengan jenis quasi eksperimental design. Penelitian ini menggunakan control group discussion pretest-postest design. Dari penelitian yang sudah dilakukan memperoleh hasil penilaian bahwa mahasiswa yang diajarkan dengan model SDL nilai rata-rata pengetahuan 81,53; nilai rata-rata keterampilan sebesar 81,76. Sedangkan pada mahasiswa yang diajarkan menggunakan SGD nilai rata-rata pengetahuan 77,25; nilai rata-rata mahasiswa keterampilan sebesar 72,97.

scholarly journals PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS PROYEK DAN INQUIRY TERBIMBING TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN LITERASI SAINS BERDASARKAN KEMANDIRIAN BELAJAR

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Hana Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Science Literacy ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Guided Inquiry ◽  
Self Directed Learning ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Result Show ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Directed Learning

The purpose of this reasearch are knowing effect of Self directed learning, PJBL model and Guided Inquiry to science literacy abilities. This study was conducted at SMA Taruna Andigha and SMA Bina Insani in April-May 2018. Design of this research is post-test only experiment and control group design. The method that used on this research was quasi experiment. Experiment class was treated by PJBL model, while control class was treated by Guided Inquiry model. This instruments consist questionnaire of self directed learning and science literacy abilities test. The instruments have been valid and reliable. Analysis data used by Anova 2 ways design (2x2 factorial). The result show that: 1) The ability of science literacy of student who are given PJBL model higher than the students who given Guided inquiry models. (2) There is an enhancement of science literacy of students effected by self directed learning and learning models. (3) The ability of science literacy of students with high self directed learning who given treatment PJBL model is higher than the students who are given Guided inquiry model. (4) There is no significant difference the abiility of science literacy between students low self directed learning who given treatment by PJBL model and students who are given treatment by Guided inquiry model.

scholarly journals Online Problem-Based Learning Intervention on Self-Directed Learning and Problem-Solving through Group Work: A Waitlist Controlled Trial

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 720
Author(s):  
Florence M. F. Wong ◽  
Crystal W. Y. Kan
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Group Work ◽  
Problem Based Learning ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Self Directed Learning ◽  
Small Group Work ◽  
Waitlist Control ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Directed Learning

Background: Small group work embraces independent study and interactive learning, which enhance knowledge acquisition and skills. Self-directed learning (SDL) and problem-solving (PS) are essential skills in the development of the nursing profession. During the coronavirus pandemic, virtual learning was indispensable. However, little is known about how students develop SDL and PS abilities through online learning through group work. Objective: To evaluate the effects of the online intervention on SDL and PS abilities through interactive group work. Methods: A randomised waitlist-control trial was carried out. A structured intervention using problem-based learning (PBL) as a guideline was used to direct student learning in small group work. Assessments were scheduled at Time 0 (baseline), Time 1 (8th week), Time 2 (16th week), and Time 3 (28th week). Results: The mean student age was 21.45 (SD = 0.86). About 78% of students were female. There was no significant difference in demographic characteristics and analysis at the baseline. Students in the intervention group reported greater improvement in the SDLRS and PSI at the 8th week, whereas those in the waitlist control group reported greater improvement in the SDLRS and PSI at the 16th week. Sustained effects in the SDLRS and PSI were observed in both the intervention and waitlist control groups at the 16th and 28th weeks, respectively. A repeated-measure analysis was performed to compare the SDLRS and PSI in different periods and revealed statistically significant results (p < 0.001) in all subscales of SDLRS and PSI in the four study periods. Conclusions: The guidelines appear to be an effective treatment for SDL and PS ability enhancement with sustainable effects through interactive group work. The guidelines with explicit instructions and learning objectives provide directions and guidance to students to learn more effectively. The educator plays a vital role in facilitating the students’ SDL and PS ability improvement.

scholarly journals Perbandingan Desain Pembelajaran ASSURE dan PPSI untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Matematis dan Kemandirian Belajar

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-154
Author(s):  
Rostina Sundayana
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Instructional Design ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Junior High ◽  
Problem Based Learning ◽  
Discovery Learning ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Self Directed Learning ◽  
Mathematics Skills ◽  
Directed Learning

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji peningkatan kemampuan pemecahan masalah dan kemandirian belajar matematika siswa kelas VII dengan menggunakan desain pembelajaran ASSURE. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuasi eksperimen, dengan desain kelompok kontrol pretes-postes. Pada kelompok kontrol, digunakan desain pembelajaran yang sedang berjalan yaitu desain Prosedur Pengembangan Sistem Instruksional (PPSI).Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri di Kabupaten Garut yang mencakup sekolah level bawah, tengah, dan atas.Dari masing-masing level tersebut, diambil sampel sebanyak tiga kelompok yaitu kelompok eksperimen 1 (siswa yang mendapat desain pembelajaran ASSURE dengan model Problem Based Learning/A-PBL); kelompok eksperimen 2 (siswa yang mendapat desain pembelajaran ASSURE dengan model Discovery Learning/A-DL) dan kelompok kontrol (siswa yang mendapat desain PPSI dengan model pembelajaran PBL dan DL). Dengan menggunakan teknik analisis data ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, Uji Tukey HSD, dan uji Perbandingan Berganda diperoleh  kesimpulan dari hasil penelitian ini, secara umum bahwa: peningkatan kemampuan pemecahan masalah dan kemandirian belajar matematika  siswa yang mendapat desain pembelajaran ASSURE lebih baik dari siswa yang mendapat PPSI. The Comparison of ASSURE and PPSI Model as Instructional Design to Increase Mathematics Skills in Problem Solving and Self-Directed LearningAbstractThis study is aimed at reviewing the increase of Junior High School Students’ Mathematics skills in problem solving and Self-directed learning by using ASSURE design (Analyze learner characteristics; State standards and objectives; Select methods, media and materials; Utilize media and materials; Require learner participation; and Evaluate and revise). This study used experimental method with pretest-posttest control group design. The population in this study was grade VII students of State Junior High Schools located in Garut Regency consisting of schools with lower level, middle level, and top level. From the schools which had been randomly selected, three classes were also randomly selected to take as sample. The first two classes used ASSURE model as instructional design by applying Problem Based Learning (A-PBL) and Discovery Learning (A-DL) respectively. Meanwhile, the third class used conventional instructional design by applying Problem Based Learning and Discovery Learning (K-PBL/DL). By using ANOVA data analysis techniques, Kruskal-Wallis, Tukey HSD Test, and Multiple Comparison tests are concluded in general, the conclusion drawn based on the results of this study is that the increase of students' Mathematics skills in problem solving and Self-directed learning who were taught by using ASSURE model showed better results than those who were taught by using conventional model.

scholarly journals Perbedaan Model Problem Based Learning dengan Discovery Learning terhadap Higher Order Thingking Skills dan Self Directed Learning di Sekolah Dasar

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 301-309
Author(s):  
Friska Efendi ◽  
Yanti Fitria ◽  
Farida F ◽  
Hadiyanto Hadiyanto
Keyword(s):  
Model Problem ◽  
Problem Based Learning ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Discovery Learning ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Self Directed Learning ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Equivalent Control ◽  
Directed Learning ◽  
High Order Thinking

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya perbedaan yang signifikan terhadap hasil belajar siswa menggunakan model Problem Based Learning (PBL) dan yang menggunakan model Discovery Learning (DL) pada pembelajaran tematik terpadu Kelas V di SD Negeri 03 Sintuak Toboh Gadang. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen dengan desain Quasi Exsperimental dengan bentuk non equivalent control group design. Teknik sampel yang digunakan yaitu teknik purposive sampling dengan berdasarkan hasil normalitas dan homogenitas maka terrpilihlah SDN 03 Sintuak Toboh Gadang dengan sampel yang terdiri dari dua kelas, yaitu kelas eksperimen I kelas V.A menggunakan model Problem Based Learning yang berjumlah 24 siswa dan kelas eksperimen II kelas V.B menggunakan model Discovery Learning yang berjumlah 24 siswa. Hasil penelitian terlihat bahwa hasil uji-t diperoleh thitung -3,6 < ttabel 1,7 maka Ho diterima. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan penggunaan model Problem Based Learning dengan Discovery Learning terhadap High Order Thinking Skills dan Self Directed Learning di kelas V Sekolah Dasar.

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