scholarly journals The Application of the Strict Liability Principle in The Indemnity Laws for Livelihoods in Indonesia; Analysis of The Supreme Court’s Decision Number 1794K/PDT/G/2004

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Tholabi Kharlie
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Management ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Strict Liability ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Illegal Acts ◽  
Laws And Regulations

AbstractThis study is applied a descriptive-normative method which used to explain, describe, and analyze a particular event that is a proceeding submitted by the plaintiff against environmental pollution and damage, namely landslides on Mount Mandalawangi, using the concept of illegal acts The results of this study are: First, the compensation applied in the case of the Mount Mandalawangi landslide is based on the strict liability principle. The implication of the theory stated that the injured complainant is not required to prove the mistakes made by the defendant. Even if the defendant can prove that he is blameless, but there is a clear and proven impact of the loss in court, the defendant still obliged to pay for the compensation. Secondly, the Supreme Court's cassation decision is in accordance with the provisions of the prevailing laws and regulations in Indonesia, especially in the case of illegal acts, both confirmed in Article 1365 of the Civil Code (KUHPer) or regulated in the Protection Law and Environmental Management (UU-PPLH).Keywords: Environmental law, strict liability, claim for compensation, Supreme Court

scholarly journals The Impact of Environmental Management Plans on Firms’ Compliance with Governmental Regulations and Environmental Laws

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Hlamulo Reply Makelane
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Management ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Environmental Standards ◽  
Environmental Laws ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Laws And Regulations

<p class="emsd"><span lang="EN-GB">Many developed and developing countries have enacted environmental laws and regulations to control water quality and the environment. However, human activities, such as agriculture, urban and industrial development, mining, and recreation, significantly alter the quality of natural environments and their potential use. The compliance of firms with environmental laws is of great concern to scientists, governments, and regulatory agencies. The presence of hazardous chemicals in water resources even in small amounts may cause massive environmental damage. Thus, governments pass environmental laws and regulations to monitor human activity and enforce compliance with environmental standards. This study investigates the potential to improve firms’ compliance with environmental standards by implementing an environmental management plan (EMP) within a public firm and a private firm in South Africa. EMP implementation is required to mitigate and manage environmental risk. This study asks the following research question: To what extent does EMP implementation enhance a firm’s compliance to environmental laws and regulations? Further, to what extent are the specific characteristics of a firm associated with various EMP categories? The study used methods of inspection, observation, impact assessment, implementation, and monitoring to answer the research question. In both firms under study, the results showed no compliance with environmental law during initial site inspection and impact assessment. However, the implementation of EMPs in both firms improved compliance with environmental laws to nearly one hundred percent. As a result, EMPs were successfully implemented and monitored, improving the firms’ compliance with environmental laws and reducing negative environmental impacts to an insignificant level.</span></p>

scholarly journals The Legal Review of Petroleum Spill Case (Pertamina Oil Spill in Kalimantan)

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Birkah Latif ◽  
Ade Kurniawan ◽  
Iyas Manggala Ayubi
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Management ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Strict Liability ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Oil Pipeline ◽  
East Kalimantan ◽  
Spilled Oil

At the end of March 2018, there was an accident in the sea of Kalimantan-Balikpapan where a Panamanian-flagged vessel caused a leak over the oil pipeline. The pipeline connects the Crude Lawe-lawe Terminal to Pertamina's Balikpapan Plant. As a result, spilled oil is estimated at 40,000 barrels and resulted in five deaths.  The aim of this study is to examine the regulation on environmental protection, especially on the oil and gas natural resources and what form the accountability of the oil spill on the shore. This paper is structured using a normative juridical approach to seek solutions to legal issues arising from such environmental cases. The study shows that the use of natural resources, which produce metals, coal, and minerals as a source of energy, oil and geothermal, should be based on the principles of environmental management, namely: equity, balances, democracy (democracy), and sustainability (sustainable) between generations. In terms of accountability both in civil liability, criminal, and an environment in accordance with the principle of direct liability (strict liability) with the occurrence of environmental pollution caused by the oil spill so legally PT Pertamina Regional East Kalimantan may be subject to the principle.

Part VIII Compliance, Implementation, and Effectiveness, Ch.58 International Environmental Responsibility and Liability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Voigt Christina
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Strict Liability ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Environmental Harm ◽  
State Responsibility ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Illegal Acts ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter analyses the relationship between international environmental law and state responsibility, considering primary obligations, environmental harm, and the standard of care/due diligence. Accountability for internationally illegal acts, such as breach of a treaty or the violation of customary law rules, is relatively well developed in general international law under the concept of state responsibility, though not in a codified, treaty-based manner and some uncertainties exist. In general, ‘state responsibility’ refers to the accountability of a state for a violation of international law and is premised upon an internationally wrongful act which can be attributed to a state. The consequences of international responsibility for a wrongful act are the obligation of the wrongdoer to cease that act, to offer assurances of non-repetition, and to make full reparation of the injury caused by the internationally wrongful act, including compensation for environmental damage. On the other hand, rules for strict liability for environmental harm resulting from lawful activities are not so well established, and remain singular and exceptional.

Compliance with the Time Limit of Article 129 (4) of the Act of 27 April 2017 the Environmental Law in the Case-Law of the Supreme Court

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 299-305
Author(s):  
Jarosław Szczechowicz
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Legal Issue ◽  
Current Case ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Supreme Court

The study discusses issues related to maintaining the deadline for suing claims due to restrictions on the use of real estate provided for in Article 129 (1–3) of the Environmental Protection Law. Provided for in the provisions of Articles 129–136 of the Environmental Protection Law liability for damages was formed as a statutory obligation to compensate for damages resulting to property owners (holders of perpetual usufruct) from the introduction of legal regulations that narrow down the possibilities of using these properties. The conditions for liability are: entry into force of a regulation or act of local law resulting in a limitation on the way the property is used, damage suffered by the owner of the property, the holder of perpetual usufruct or the person holding property law, and a causal link between the restriction on the use of the property and the damage. Claims for damages derived from these sources meet the requirements of Articles 361–363 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Poland. They are property claims, subject to limitation (art. 117 § 1 of the Civil Code), however — without being tort claims — they are subject to limitation on general principles arising from Article 118 of the Civil Code. An important legal issue is whether, and if so, to what extent, it is possible to apply by analogy provisions on suspension or interruption of the limitation period to the preclusion period contained in Article 129 (4) of the Environmental Protection Law. The starting point for reflection on this issue are the arguments originating from the current case law of the Supreme Court. Based on the views and arguments of the Supreme Court, the author tries to answer the question on the conditions that meet the three-year period provided for in Article 129 (4) of the Environmental Protection Law asserting claims for restrictions on the use of real estate

scholarly journals Discourse on Creating a Special Environmental Court in Indonesia to Resolve Environmental Disputes

BESTUUR ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Suwari Akhmaddhian
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Justice ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Rational Analysis ◽  
Environmental Disputes ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
The Government ◽  
Laws And Regulations

<p>The purpose of this study is to determine the regulation of laws and regulations regarding environmental justice in Indonesia and how the concept of building environmental justice in the justice system in Indonesia. This research can be useful both practically and theoretically, practically. The research method used by researchers is the evaluative analysis method, which is a method of gathering and presenting data obtained to analyze the actual situation and then rational analysis is carried out based on juridical references through library research. The results of the research Regulations on the environment are already available namely Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and building an environmental justice system starting from improving human resources namely the Supreme Court by consistently educating and training judges with knowledge of aspects of environmental law life that will later handle environmental cases; The Supreme Court makes a special assembly that handles environmental cases; The Supreme Court creates a special chamber that is integrated with the general court that handles environmental cases; The government is amending the 1945 Constitution specifically Article 24 by adding the judicial environment to the environmental court. The conclusion of the legislation is already available and must be used as well as possible and amend the laws and regulations so that bias can be created specifically for environmental justice.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Building; Environmental; Justice System.</p>

scholarly journals PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PIDANA KORPORASI DALAM TINDAK PIDANA LINGKUNGAN HIDUP BERDASARKAN ASAS STRICT LIABILITY (STUDI KASUS PENCEMARAN LINGKUNGAN OLEH PT. RAYON UTAMA MAKMUR (RUM) KABUPATEN SUKOHARJO)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Henny Yunita Fitriani
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Strict Liability ◽  
Main Element ◽  
Mens Rea ◽  
Civil Lawsuit ◽  
Actus Reus ◽  
Relationship Of

<p>Abstract<br />Criminal act formulated in Environmental Protection Law Number 32 Year 2009 still contains an  element of error (mens rea) as the main element that must be proven. In the case of environmental criminal acts committed by corporations, it is difficult to prove the causal relationship of the element of error with the criminal law act (actus reus). The strict liability doctrine can be applied as a basis for corporate criminal responsibility that commits environmental crimes by revising criminal provisions in environmental law (UUPPLH) by removing mens rea element, because the current UUPPLH only provides a basis for implementing strict liability in settling disputes through courts with a civil lawsuit mechanism. The expansion of the principle of strict liability in criminal law will more effectively impose corporate criminal responsibility, including in this paper the case of environmental pollution by PT. Rayon Utama Makmur (RUM) Sukoharjo.<br /><br /></p><p>Abstrak<br />Perumusan tindak pidana dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan  dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup masih mengandung unsur kesalahan (mens rea) sebagai unsur pokok yang harus dibuktikan. Dalam kasus tindak pidana lingkungan yang dilakukan korporasi sulit untuk membuktikan hubungan kausal unsur kesalahan tersebut dengan perbuatan hukum pidana (actus reus). Doktrin strict liability dapat diterapkan sebagai dasar pertanggungjawaban pidana korporasi yang melakukan tindak pidana lingkungan hidup dengan cara merevisi ketentuan pidana dalam hukum lingkungan (UUPPLH) dengan menghapus unsur kesalahan, karena UUPPLH saat ini hanya memberikan dasar penerapan strict liability dalam penyelesaian sengketa melalui pengadilan dengan mekanisme gugatan perdata. Perluasan asas strict liability dalam ranah pidana akan membebankan pertanggungjawaban pidana korporasi secara lebih efektif, termasuk dalam makalah ini kasus pencemaran lingkungan oleh PT. Rayon Utama Makmur (RUM) Sukoharjo. <br /><br /></p>

scholarly journals IMPLIKASI POLITIK PENEGAKAN HUKUM PIDANA DALAM UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 32 TAHUN 2009TENTANG PERLINDUNGAN DAN PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP TERHADAP UPAYA PENEGAKAN HUKUM LINGKUNGAN HIDUP

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
David Aprizon Putra
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Management ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
Procedural Law ◽  
Laws And Regulations

Abstract: Since 1982 in Law Number 4 of 1982 concerning Environmental Management Principles which was later amended in 1997 to become Law Number 27 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management, legal politics regarding criminal law policy has been carried out. Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Protection and Management of the Environment (UUPPLH) as the latest generation, has included criminal provisions in Chapter XV, which consists of 23 articles. The results of the study show that criminal law enforcement against formal offenses has a special procedural law, because it relates to the principle of ultimum remedium, meaning that the use of criminal law against formal offenses must wait until administrative law enforcement is declared ineffective. In order to avoid difficulties in enforcing environmental law that is sometimes used by certain elites to seek profits by looking at the gap in the weak regulations in the laws and regulations, the legislation, especially regarding formal law, must be clearly arranged, firm, not multiple interpretations.Keywords: Politic Criminal Law Enforcement, Environmental Law Enforcement

scholarly journals PENEGAKAN HUKUM DALAM TINDAK PIDANA PENCEMARAN LINGKUNGAN (Studi Kasus Putusan Nomor 55/Pid.B/LH/2016/PN.Pwk)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Indrianita Melissa Purnamasari
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Environmental Crime ◽  
Corporate Management ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Case Number ◽  
Environmental Crimes ◽  
Laws And Regulations

AbstrakArtikel ini membahas mengenai pengaturan pertanggungjawaban pidana pengurus korporasi dalam kejahatan lingkungan serta bagaimana penegakan hukum lingungan hidup dalam tindak pidana pencemaran lingkungan  Adapun dalam penelitian ini akan menggunakan sebuah kasus dengan nomor perkara  55/Pid.B/LH/2016/PN.Pwk sebagai acuan. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian normative yuridis dengan bentuk preskriptif, yang melakukan identifikasi pokok-pokok permasalahan yang hendak dibahas secara tuntas dengan norma hukum yang terdapat dalam peraturan perundang-undangan terkait. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pengurus dalam kasus lingkungkan hidup dapat  dimintakan pertanggungjawaban pidana karena sebagai pihak yang menjalankan perusahaan yang melakukan tindak pidana lingkungan hidup. Namun banyak dari penegakan kasus tindak pidana lingkungan hidup justru tidak meminta pertanggungjawaban korporasi sehingga memungkinkan korporasi yang sama melakukan tindak pidana lingkungan hidup. AbstractThis article discusses the regulation of criminal responsibility for corporate management in environmental crimes and how to enforce the environmental law in criminal acts of environmental pollution. In this study, we will use a case with case number 55 / Pid.B / LH / 2016 / PN.Pwk as a reference. This research is a juridical normative research in a prescriptive form, which identifies the main issues to be discussed thoroughly with the legal norms contained in the relevant laws and regulations. The results of this study found that management in environmental cases can be held responsible for the crime because they are the party who runs the company who has committed an environmental crime. However, many cases of environmental crime do not hold corporations accountable, allowing the same corporations to commit environmental crimes. 

scholarly journals Pengembangan Hukum Lingkungan Hidup Melalui Penegakan Hukum Perdata Di Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Prim Haryadi
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Strict Liability ◽  
District Court ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Judicial Activism ◽  
Environmental Enforcement ◽  
Civil Case ◽  
Authentication System ◽  
The Government

Dalam penegakan lingkungan hidup melalui pendekatan hak gugat perdata maka pihak penggugat tidak hanya menderita kerugian materiil akan tetapi dapat pula dirugikan atas rusaknya lingkungan hidup di sekitar tempat tinggalnya. Pada beberapa putusan perdata di bidang lingkungan hidup ditemukan adanya putusan yang merupakan hal yang baru dalam perkembangan hukum lingkungan di Indonesia. Dalam hal hak gugat, Pengadilan Negeri Samarinda telah mengakomodir hak gugat warga negara yang dikenal juga dengan citizen lawsuit (action popularis). Apabila gugatan diajukan oleh pemerintah melalui Kementrian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan (KLHK) maka perkembangannya mengarah pada pro natura yaitu sistem pembuktian yang menerapkan konsep strict liability sehingga KLHK sebagai penggugat tidak perlu lagi membuktikan tentang adanya kesalahan tergugat. Namun demikian tidak seluruh putusan tersebut diikuti dengan hukuman untuk memulihkan lingkungan yang telah rusak dan/atau tercemar, seperti Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Tanjung Pinang dan Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Utara. Putusan tersebut belum sejalan dengan ketentuan Pasal 54 UUPPLH yang mewajibkan kepada setiap pencemar dan/atau perusak lingkungan hidup untuk melakukan pemulihan fungsi lingkungan hidup. Putusan-putusan pengadilan tersebut menunjukkan bahwa majelis hakim dalam memeriksa dan memutus perkara lingkungan hidup belum memahami dan mengusai perhitungan biaya pemulihan lingkungan akibat pencemaran dan/atau perusakan lingkungan hidup. Oleh karena itu hakim dalam menangani perkara-perkara perdata lingkungan hidup tidak cukup dengan menerapkan ketentuan hukum yang telah ada, namun juga memerlukan suatu judicial activism sebagai upaya untuk mengembangkan hukum lingkungan hidup di Indonesia.In the environmental enforcement approach civil right to sue the plaintiff not only suffered material losses but can also be harmed by the destruction of the environment in the vicinity of his residence. In some civil verdict in the environmental field found any decision which is a new thing in the development of environmental law in Indonesia. In the case of right to sue, Samarinda District Court has accommodated right to sue a citizen also known as citizen lawsuit (action popularis). If the lawsuit filed by the government through the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK) then leads to the development of pro natura namely authentication system, which applies the concept of strict liability so KLHK as plaintiffs no longer need to prove the defendant’s guilt. However, not all the decision followed by the penalty to restore the environment that has been damaged and/or contaminated, such as the Tanjung Pinang District Court and District Court of North Jakarta. The verdict is not in line with the provisions of Article 54 UUPPLH which requires that every polluter and/or wrecking the environment for the restoration of the environment. Court decisions indicate that judges in examining and deciding environmental cases not yet understand and master the calculation of recovery costs due to environmental pollution and/or destruction of the environment. Hence judges in handling cases of environmental-civil case is not sufficient to apply the provisions of the existing law, but also requires a judicial activism in an effort to develop environmental law in Indonesia.

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