scholarly journals Kesalehan dan Politik: Islam Indonesia

2018 ◽  
pp. 639-650
Author(s):  
Azyumardi Azra
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Political Behavior ◽  
Voting Behavior ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Preferences ◽  
Religious Piety ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Local Leaders

Thomas B. Pepinsky, R. William Liddle, and Saiful Mujani. 2018. Piety and Public Opinion: Understanding Indonesian Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press Saiful Mujani, R. William Liddl, and Kuskridho Ambardi. 2018. Voting Behavior in Indonesia since Democratization: Critical Democrats. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. This article aims to review two books written by four foremost scholars in the field of political science. In the context of understanding Islam and the culture of democracy, these two books can answer questions that are often discussed, that is the relationship between religious piety and political behavior in Indonesia. Quantitatively, 99.7% of total Muslims in Indonesia state that religion is an important element in their lives. However, in terms of political preferences, this fact does not have implications for the votes obtained by Islamic-based political parties, especially in the post-Soeharto elections. They, instead of carrying out their own candidates, tend to be supporters in the presidential election and local leaders elections. To figure out this puzzle, these books are very pivotal works to understand the relationship between Islamic piety and politics. Both of these books show that there has been an increase in the level of piety of the Indonesian Muslims in the past two or three decades. However, creating piety does not affect their political behavior - specifically their voting behavior in elections.

The New Progressive Dilemma through the Lens of Comparative Welfare State and Party Research

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis C. Spies
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Voting Behavior ◽  
Attitudinal Change ◽  
Welfare Institutions ◽  
The Us ◽  
Social Expenditures ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cross National

The chapter summarizes the New Progressive Dilemma (NPD) debate, identifying three arguments from comparative welfare state and party research likely to be relevant to the relationship between immigration and welfare state retrenchment: public opinion, welfare institutions, and political parties. Alignment of anti-immigrant sentiments and welfare support varies considerably between countries, especially between the US and Europe, leading to different party incentives vis-à-vis welfare state retrenchment. The chapter introduces insights from comparative welfare state and party research to the debate, discussing inter alia, political parties in terms of welfare retrenchment, immigrants as a voter group, and cross-national variation of existing welfare institutions. It addresses the complex debates around attitudinal change caused by immigration, levels of welfare support, voting behavior, and social expenditures. Combining these strands of literature, a common theoretical framework is developed that is subsequently applied to both the US and Western European context.

A Conversation with Mark Singleton, PhD

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-20
Author(s):  
Kelly McGonigal
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Santa Fe ◽  
Modern History ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
Asian Religions ◽  
Modern Yoga ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

Mark Singleton is the author of Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice (Oxford University Press, 2010) and the editor, along with Jean Marie Byrne, of Yoga in the Modern World: Contemporary Perspectives (Routledge 2008). Singleton has a PhD in South Asian Religions from Cambridge University (UK) and currently teaches at St. John's College in Santa Fe, New Mexico. His work explores the modern history of Yoga in India, Europe, and America, shedding light on the cultural and political influences on the development of Yoga and challenging assumptions about the origins of modern asana practice. He is also a Yoga teacher in the Iyengar and Satyananda traditions. In this interview, Mark Singleton (MS) and IJYT Editor-in-Chief Kelly McGonigal (KM) discuss why Yoga therapists should care about the modern history of Yoga, what Yoga therapists should understand about the relationship between modern Yoga and science, and the commoditization of Yoga in the West.

Sexual behaviour and contraceptive practice of undergraduates at Oxford University

1978 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Anderson ◽  
K. McPherson ◽  
N. Beeching ◽  
J. Weinberg ◽  
M. Vessey
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Sexually Active ◽  
Free Distribution ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Contraceptive Practice

SummaryAt the end of the 4th week of the Hilary Term 1977, 1006 male and 1009 female undergraduates at Oxford University were sent a questionnaire enquiring about their sexual behaviour and contraceptive practice. Of the 862 women and 634 men who replied, 512 women (59%) and 332 men (52%) had experienced sexual intercourse, 396 women and 191 men in the 4-week period preceding receipt of the questionnaire. No contraception had been used by 27% of the women on the first occasion that they had had intercourse; during the 4-week period preceding receipt of the questionnaire 10% of sexually active women had had intercourse on one or more occasions without using a contraceptive. The use of contraception increased with the frequency of intercourse and the stability of the relationship. Thirty-one women had been pregnant in the past; none was known to be pregnant at the time of the survey, although sixteen suspected that they might be. Ninety per cent of the students approved of the free distribution of a booklet on contraception and related matters to all undergraduates.

Sex and Politics—New Alignments, Old Issues

1982 ◽  
Vol 15 (03) ◽  
pp. 439-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen A. Frankovic
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Political Behavior ◽  
The Political ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Opinion Formation ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
Candidate Preference ◽  
Candidate Evaluations ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between sex and political behavior has been discussed only in passing in the political science literature, if it is discussed at all. There has been little evidence from the 1940s to the 1970s that gender plays a role in determining issue positions, candidate evaluations, or candidate preference, as a quick perusal of some well-read political science works would confirm.Berelson, Lazarsfeld and McPhee inVoting, the seminal work on opinion formation in a presidential campaign, discovered no relationship between vote preference and sex. The researchers did discover a difference in reported interest in the 1948 campaign between men and women early in the campaign, but even that difference faded as the election drew near.Campbell, Converse, Miller and Stokes inThe American Votermake no mention of either the existence or non-existence of sex difference in policy or candidate preference. They focus instead on differences in turnout, involvement and efficacy. Although they suggest that at one time opinions about Prohibition may have separated men from women, the authors conclude, “In the current era, there is no reason to believe that womenas womenare differentially attracted to one of the political parties.”Pomper inVoters' Choicedoes find a relationship between sex and one issue dimension–the dimension of war and peace. But Pomper, Campbell and Berelson agree that any sex differences cannot, by definition, be long-lasting. Berelson cites the lack of differentiation in the way policies affect the sexes, the lack of differences in intergenerational transmission, and the lack of segregation between the sexes.

Review Essay : Class and Community in Victorian BritainHUGH McLEOD, Class and Religion in the Late Victorian City. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1974. Pp. xii, 360, tables, maps, bibliography, index, $16.50. A. ALLAN MacLAREN, Religion and Social Class: The Disruption Years in Aberdeen (The Scottish Series). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974. Pg. xii, 268 map, tables, biographical notes, index, $15.50. ALAN ARMSTRONG, Stability and Change in an English County Town: A Social Study of York, 1801-51. London: Cambridge University Press, 1974. Pp. xxi, 254, figures, maps, tables, appendices, biobliography, index, $15.50. GARETH STEDMAN JONES, Outcast London: A Study of the Relationship Between Classes in Victorian Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972. Pp. xiv, 424, illustrations, tables, maps, figures, appendices, bibliography, index, $15.25. JOHN FOSTER, C7~ ~/-M~ ~ //!~ /~M~~/o/ ~w/M~o~.- F~ JOHN FOSTER, Class Struggle and the Industrial Revolution: Early Industrial Capitalism in Three English Towns. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1974, Pp. 346, figures, tables, appendices, bibiography, index, $14.50

1979 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc B. Baer
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Review Essay ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Class Struggle ◽  
Social Study ◽  
Industrial Capitalism ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Stability And Change ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
The Relationship

Politics and Society

1998 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 464-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALAN S. ZUCKERMAN ◽  
LAURENCE A. KOTLER-BERKOWITZ
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Political Values ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Political Analysis ◽  
Political Preferences ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Alternative Set ◽  
The Relationship

The authors resolve a theoretical puzzle that characterizes the political preferences of members of social groups by (a) demonstrating that political homogeneity is a variable to be explained, (b) detailing how political discussions and shared attachments to political parties strongly influence its probability and arguing that political uniformity requires reinforcement and negotiation, (c) noting that the relatively low levels of shared policy preferences and political values are hardly influenced by any of the explanatory variables offered, and (d) presenting an alternative set of principles that accounts for these sometimes coherent and sometimes incoherent patterns. Finally, the authors address general themes in political analysis: the formation of political cultures and the relationship between theory and evidence in political science, themes at the heart of Harry Eckstein's contributions to theory in political science.

‘No Topic Has Been the Subject of More Confusion’: Two Books on the Relationship between International Politics and Law

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 717-728
Author(s):  
MAARTEN ROTHMAN
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Politics ◽  
World Peace ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Politics And Law ◽  
The Relationship

Jack L. Goldsmith and Eric A. Posner, The Limits of International Law, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN-13: 9780195314175, ISBN-10: 0195314174, 272 pp., £11.99 (pb).Thomas J. Schoenbaum, International Relations: The Path Not Taken. Using International Law to Promote World Peace and Security, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,2006, ISBN-13: 9780521681506, ISBN-10: 0521681502, 320 pp., £16.99 (pb).

Gender, Women, and Representation in State Politics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Lena Krook ◽  
Sarah Childs
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Voting Behavior ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Female Candidates ◽  
Central Actor ◽  
Key Topics ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Opening Up

The main contribution of research on women, gender, and state-level politics has been the introduction of the concept of gender and an expansion of traditional definitions of politics. These studies have continued to expand over the years, opening up some major areas of research as well as introducing challenges to feminist research on women, gender, and state-level politics. Social movements are among the key topics of recent studies. This is due to the fact that women have been largely excluded from other arenas of political participation. Work on political parties links to another major area of study. Although wide-ranging, it can be separated into research on electing versus being elected. Furthermore, women’s voting behavior and the election of female candidates are often treated as important questions in themselves. Another line of work, however, seeks to go beyond political priorities and presence to examine concrete policy outcomes. This research can be divided into three sets of questions: the behavior of female policy actors, the gendered nature of public policies, and the creation and evolution of gender equality policies. A fifth major literature points to the relationship between women, gender, and the state. The state is a central actor and topic in political science. Focusing on state-society interactions, feminists have been interested in understanding how states influence gender relations and, conversely, how gendered norms and practices shape state policies.

Echoes from the Past: The Relationship between Satisfaction with Economic Reforms and Voting Behavior in Poland

1997 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise V. Powers ◽  
James H. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Voting Behavior ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Limited Effect ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Parliamentary Elections ◽  
East European ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Relationship

Electorates in several East European countries have thrown their support behind reconstructed communist parties. Is personal economic hardship driving this phenomenon? We argue that political behavior in postcommunist societies is fundamentally structured by interpretations of the transition histories, which were centrally constitutive events. We propose a structural equation model in which understandings of the past mediate the relationship between personal circumstances and satisfaction with economic reforms. We analyze cross-sectional data collected in Poland immediately after the 1993 parliamentary elections and find, consistent with our hypotheses, that understandings of the past exert as much of an effect on attitudes toward reforms as do personal economic assessments. We use multinomial logit to analyze vote choice and find that personal economic circumstances are of little importance. Attitudes toward economic reforms have a limited effect on voting behavior, but their importance is eclipsed by understandings of the past and other factors, such as religion.

René Kager, Optimality theory. Cambridge, UK, and Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Pp. xiii, 452. Pb $24.95; April McMahon, Change, chance, and optimality. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Pp. x, 201. Pb $19.95; Bruce Tesar & Paul Smolensky, Learnability in optimality theory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000. Pp. viii, 140. Pb $25.00

2002 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-449
Author(s):  
Martha C. Pennington ◽  
Brady Z. Clark
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Dominance Hierarchy ◽  
Parameter Setting ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Hierarchical Order ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
The Past ◽  
Different Order ◽  
Oxford University Press

Optimality Theory (OT) has been a major force driving developments in formal linguistics during the past decade. Like parameter-setting accounts, OT seeks to describe the range within which languages can vary; but instead of fixing parameters, OT proposes that languages, and children learning languages, arrange a set of constraints in a hierarchical order of strength that determines specific linguistic characteristics. The constraints proposed by OT are constraints on the well-formedness of the output of a grammar, and they are of two types: (i) markedness constraints, which exert pressure toward unmarked types of structure such as CV syllables or voiceless final obstruents; and (ii) faithfulness constraints, which maintain lexical contrasts such as CV and CVC syllable types, or voicing distinctions in final obstruents. The two types of constraints are in conflict, so that no particular constraint can be satisfied without violating others. In OT, “satisfaction” and “violation” are not absolute but a matter of degree, because all constraints play a role in the grammar of each language, though in a different order of strength or priority within a dominance hierarchy.

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