PHENOTHIAZINE TRANQUILIZERS AS A CAUSE OF SEVERE SEIZURES

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-492
Author(s):  
Edward B. Shaw ◽  
Robert V. Dermott ◽  
Raymond Lee ◽  
T. N. Burbridge
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Careful Observation ◽  
Small Doses

The phenothiazine tranquilizer drugs should not be used indiscriminately for symptomatic treatment without due appreciation of the alarming and potentially serious side effects which may follow relatively small doses, especially in childhood. Minimal dosage, due warning to parents of possible symptoms, and careful observation are essential precautions for physicians who use these agents.

Cutaneous Adverse Events of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Summarized Overview

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerasia-Maria Plachouri ◽  
Eleftheria Vryzaki ◽  
Sophia Georgiou
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Skin Toxicity ◽  
Maculopapular Rash ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Stevens Johnson Syndrome ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Skin Side Effects

Background:The introduction of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in the recent years has resulted in high response rates and extended survival in patients with metastatic/advanced malignancies. Their mechanism of action is the indirect activation of cytotoxic T-cells through the blockade of inhibitory receptors of immunomodulatory pathways, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1). Despite their impressive therapeutic results, they can also induce immune-related toxicity, affecting various organs, including the skin.Objective:To provide an updated summarized overview of the most common immune-mediated cutaneous side effects and their management.Method:English articles derived from the databases PubMed and SCOPUS and published between 2009 and 2018, were analyzed for this narrative review.Results:The most common adverse cutaneous reactions include maculopapular rash, lichenoid reactions, vitiligo and pruritus, with severity Grade 1 or 2. Less frequent but eventually life-threatening skin side effects, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms and Toxic Epidermal necrolysis, have also been reported.Conclusion:Basic knowledge of the Immune-Checkpoint-Inhibitors-induced skin toxicity is necessary in order to recognize these treatment-related complications. The most frequent skin side effects, such as maculopapular rash, vitiligo and pruritus, tend to subside under symptomatic treatment so that permanent discontinuation of therapy is not commonly necessary. In the case of life-threatening side effects, apart from the necessary symptomatic treatment, the immunotherapy should be permanently stopped. Information concerning the management of ICIs-mediated skin toxicity can be obtained from the literature as well as from the Summary of Product Characteristics of each agent.

Study of a New Analgesic Compound in the Treatment of Tension Headache*

1976 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Borges ◽  
C Zavaleta
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Pharmacological Activity ◽  
Clinical Success ◽  
Tension Headache ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Blind Study ◽  
Effective Combination ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Starting Dose ◽  
Single Blind

The effect of a new analgesic compound ( propoxyphene, acetaminophen, caffeine, hydroxyzine) was investigated in a single-blind study comparing it with plain acetaminophen administered to forty patients with tension headache. For the study, patients were assigned to one of two groups of twenty each. Starting dose for each group was one to two tablets followed by one tablet every four to six hours. The results show that 90% clinical success was obtained with the analgesic compound, while a 45% success was obtained with plain acetaminophen. This is a statistically significant difference. Side-effects observed with analgesic compound were primarily drowsiness and dizziness of mild intensity; acetaminophen caused gastro-intestinal alterations ( nausea, vomiting) and dizziness of greater severity. Therapy was withdrawn in 20% of patients taking acetaminophen because of side-effects. The dosage of analgesic compound required to control each episode of tension headache way smaller than that of acetaminophen. These results can be explained by a possible potentiation of pharmacological activity of the compound's components. It can be concluded that the analgesic compound is a new and effective combination for the symptomatic treatment of tension headache.

scholarly journals Analysis of consumption trends of antibacterial and antivirus medicines in pharmacies during COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
О. М. Заліська ◽  
О. М. Семенов ◽  
Н. М. Максимович ◽  
З. О. Заболотня ◽  
Б. М. Заліський ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Pharmaceutical Care ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Pharmacoeconomic Analysis ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Trade Names

Rational pharmacotherapy of COVID-19 in the world, treatment protocols, prescriptions of antibacterial (AB), antiviral (AV) medicines have been systematically improved due to updated data of evidence-based medicine. The study aim was to analyze the trends of  AB, AV consumption for outpatients with confirmed COVID-19: to study the reasons of the growing demand for AB, AV; optimization of pharmaceutical care directions for rational cost-effectiveness use, prevention antibiotic resistance. Methods – the survey on consumption trends of AB and AV, side effects of AB; survey data of 205 pharmacists, 5 regions of Ukraine; pharmacoeconomic analysis «cost-minimization», content analysis of instructions, side effects. Analysis of surveys showed that the demand on AB, AV increased by 50.1% to 2019, such groups: beta-lactams, respiratory fluoroquinolones, macrolides. We found the most often were released: azithromycin, cefoperazone, cefipime, piperacillin with tazobactam, meropenem. Pharmacists noted that patients often used AB, AV without a prescriptions, it complicates the release from pharmacies. So it is necessary to implement e-prescriptions for AB, AV for monitoring of effectiveness, side effects, to prevent antibiotic resistance in pandemic. We found 53.7% of pharmacists noted about insufficient of  trade names, stocks of AB and AV. It is the difficulties to provide outpatients with covid-19. Content-analysis data showed the most common side effects during AB course. We identified the main directions of information pharmacist providing to prevent side effects, antibiotic resistance. We conducted the demand for AV, AV medicines increased by 50.1% vs to 2019. It was identified the AB groups, trade names in high demand. Used pharmacoeconomic analysis «cost-minimization», we established that depending on the manufacturer, an antibiotic course costs differ by 15.1 times. The necessity of including in the list of the reimbursement program «Affordable Medicines» the essential AB, AV, to reduce costs for COVID-19 outpatients was substantiated. We showed 83,1% of pharmacists consider the need of approval, implementation of «Protocol for symptomatic treatment of uncomplicated forms of COVID-19». It will improve the results of pharmaceutical care for COVID-19 patients due to GPP requirements.

scholarly journals Use of Cyclosporine Therapy in Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome (SRNS): A Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Raza Shah ◽  
Areeba Altaf ◽  
Mohammad Hussham Arshad ◽  
Anum Mari ◽  
Sahir Noorani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nephrotic Syndrome ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Immunosuppressive Treatment ◽  
Pediatric Nephrology ◽  
Calcineurin Inhibitors ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Steroid Resistant ◽  
Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome ◽  
Cyclosporine Therapy ◽  
Difficult Challenge

<p>A chronic, progressive disorder Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome (SRNS) accounts for 10-20% of all children with Nephrotic Syndrome. It is a heterogeneous disorder comprised of persistent edema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and hyperlipidemia. Treatment for steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) is challenging and children who suffer from SRNS require aggressive treatment to achieve remission. Calcineurin inhibitors have been used more in an empirical manner than on the basis of clear rationale. It was in 1984 when cyclosporine was first considered for the treatment of steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome. Cyclosporin is a calcineurin inhibitor that suppresses immune response by downregulating the transcription of various cytokine genes. Till now many studies have been conducted to determine dosages, duration of therapy, side effects and advantages of cyclosporine. Treatment of SRNS remains a difficult challenge in pediatric nephrology.  Treatment should be individualized according to the underlying histopathology, and clinical and environmental conditions of the children. There is an urgent need to distinguish as soon as possible those patients who may benefit from prolonged immunosuppressive treatment from those who will not benefit from such treatment and who will just suffer from its major side effects. The emerging evidence that the majority of genetic forms of SRNS should receive symptomatic treatment only, should also be clinically tested and studies baring its significance should be evaluated in the future.</p>

Psychopharmacotherapy in the neuropsychiatric patient

2020 ◽  
pp. 465-474
Author(s):  
Joseph J. Cooper ◽  
Borna Bonakdarpour ◽  
Fred Ovsiew
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Antiepileptic Drug ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Suicidal Thoughts ◽  
Pharmaceutical Intervention ◽  
Underlying Pathology

While in some cases, as with certain inflammatory brain diseases, the neuropsychiatrist can relieve the underlying pathology of a condition and alter its course through pharmaceutical intervention, this chapter is focused predominantly on the symptomatic treatment side of psychopharmacotherapy. After laying out a series of tenets on the responsible application of pharmaceuticals, pharmaceutical intervention is discussed with regard to a number of conditions such as cognitive impairment, apathy, and psychosis. The potential side effects are also discussed, such as psychotoxicity arising from the application of antipsychotics to patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease and the correlation between antiepileptic drug use and suicidal thoughts in patients.

scholarly journals P0314TREATMENT AND OUTCOMES OF IDIOPATHIC MEMBRANOUS NEPHROPATHY IN ELDERLY PATIENTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nessrine Breik ◽  
Mouna Jerbi ◽  
Raja Aoudia ◽  
Soumaya Chargui ◽  
Hanen Guaied ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nephrotic Syndrome ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Immunosuppressive Therapy ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Other ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Background and Aims The increase in life expectancy has led to increasing numbers of elderly patients in all medical disciplines, particularly in nephrology. Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) is common in the elderly and can lead to significant morbidity and mortality because of the complication of nephrotic syndrome (NS) and immunosuppressive therapy. The aim of this study is to analyze the diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary approach of IMN in elderly patiets. Method We conducted a retrospective descriptive study in the nephrology department at Charles Nicolle hospital over a period of 44 years. All older patients (≥65 years) with histologically proven MN were included in this study. Data collected included demographic, clinical and biological parameters in each patient. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS software. Results Twenty-eight patients were collected. The mean age was 67.03 years (65-78 years) with a male predominance (sex ratio: 2.3) and low socio-economic level in 82.5% of cases. Sixteen patients were smokers (57.14%), 5 ethyl patients (17.8%), diabetes was present in 3 patients (10.7%) and hypertension in 11 patients (39.28%). Two cases of neoplasm were present, namely one case of prostatic adenocarcinoma and one case of gallbladder adenocarcinoma, all were diagnosed and treated along one year and ten years respectively, before the diagnosis of MN. The circumstances of discovery were dominated by oedema in 27 cases (86.27%), hypertension in 11 cases (39.28%) and elevated creatinine level in 9 cases (32.14%). Deep venous thrombosis was the circumstance of discovery in one case. At the time of diagnosis, the clinico-biological picture was dominated by high systolic blood pressure in 21 cases (75%), anasarca in 7 cases (25%), proteinuria in all cases and hematuria in 20 cases (71.14%). Biology revealed nephrotic syndrome (NS) in all cases, hypercholesterolemia in 23 cases (82.14%), high serum creatinine in 14 cases (50%) with an average creatinine level of 127,95 µmol/l, anemia in 17 cases (60.7%) and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies were positive in one case. MN was confirmed by a kidney biopsy in all cases. Symptomatic treatment was indicated in all patients. Immunosuppressive therapy was started early in 12 patients (40%) because of the severe NS and the deterioration of renal function. Eight patients (26.6%) received corticosteroids alone (group 1), three patients received corticosteroid with mycofenolate mofetil (group 2) and one patient received corticosteroid with ciclosporin (group3). Fourteen patients received only symptomatic treatment (group 4). We noted partial remission in group 3, however complete remission in 37.5%, 14.28% and 12.5% from respectively group 1, group 4 and group 2. The side effects of immunosuppressive therapy were infectious complication in 8 patients (28.5%), osteoporosis in 3 patients (10.7%) and Steroid diabetes in one case. The side effects of NS were thrombotic complication in 5 patients (17.85%). Two patients had presented coronary syndrome and two other patients had presented hepatitis C. Two cases of death were noted whose etiology was pulmonary infection in one patient and undeterminate etiology in the other case. Conclusion Treatment of IMN in older patients has unique challenges, reducing the need for renal replacement therapy. Most studies report that the elderly respond to therapy with rates comparable with younger patients but in the other hand elderly are more susceptible to side effects of immunosuppressive therapy.

Effect of Combining Naloxone and Morphine for Intravenous Patient-controlled Analgesia

2003 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
James B. Sartain ◽  
John J. Barry ◽  
Christopher A. Richardson ◽  
Helen C. Branagan
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
General Anesthetic ◽  
Patient Controlled Analgesia ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Pain Scores ◽  
Patient Recall ◽  
Background Infusion ◽  
Pain At Rest

Background An early study showed that a naloxone infusion decreased the incidence of morphine-related side effects from intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. The authors tested the hypothesis that a more convenient combination of morphine and naloxone via patient-controlled analgesia would decrease the incidence of side effects compared to morphine alone. Methods Patients scheduled for hysterectomy under general anaesthesia were enrolled in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Patients received a standardized general anesthetic and postoperative patient-controlled analgesia. They were randomized to receive 60 mg patient-controlled analgesia morphine in 30 ml saline or 60 mg morphine in 30 ml saline with naloxone 0.8 mg. Parameters for patient-controlled analgesia were a 1-mg bolus of morphine with a 5-min lockout and no background infusion. Patient recall of nausea, vomiting, itching, and pain (at rest and with movement) were assessed at 6 and 24 h postoperatively by verbal rating score. Pain was also assessed by a 0- to 100-mm visual analog score, and sedation was assessed by an observer. The amount of morphine used and the requirements for symptomatic treatment were also recorded. Results Ninety-two patients completed the study, with no significant differences in outcomes between groups. At 24 h, the incidence of nausea was 84.8% in each group; the incidence of pruritus was 56.5% in the naloxone group and 58.7% in the placebo group. There were also no differences in symptomatic treatment requirements, pain scores, morphine use, or sedation between groups. The median dose of naloxone received equated to 0.38 microg x kg-1 x h-1 over 24 h. Conclusions There was no benefit from administering naloxone combined with morphine via patient-controlled analgesia.

Efficacy and Side-Effects of Prazosin as a Symptomatic Treatment of Benign Prostatic Obstruction

1991 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirja L. Ruutu ◽  
Erkki Hansson ◽  
Harri E. Juusela ◽  
Jaakko E. Permi ◽  
Jan I. Rusk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Benign Prostatic Obstruction

scholarly journals What Is the Evidence that Riboflavin Can Be Used for Migraine Prophylaxis?

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracey N. Liebman ◽  
Sara C. Crystal
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Oxygen Metabolism ◽  
Migraine Prophylaxis ◽  
Vitamin B2 ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Prophylactic Agent

Individuals with migraine often have recurrent, painful symptoms, and symptomatic treatments have detrimentalside effects and do not prevent further attacks. Studies indicate that riboflavin can be used to decrease headachefrequency and lessen the need for symptomatic treatment. Mitochondrial dysfunction may play a role in migrainepathogenesis by interfering with oxygen metabolism. Daily doses of riboflavin, vitamin B2, may improve mitochondrialfunction by increasing the reserve of brain mitochondrial energy, and there are minimal side effects with dailytreatment. However, there is a need for further randomized, double-blind controlled studies to determine the effectivedose. Although riboflavin may not fully eliminate migraine nor take effect for several months, riboflavin is apromising prophylactic agent with minimal adverse effects that may significantly reduce the frequency of migraine.

scholarly journals A Pharmacological Review of Siddha Classical Preparations for the Management of COVID-19 at TPEC COVID Care Centre, Vellore

2021 ◽  
pp. 504-516
Author(s):  
S. Thillaivanan ◽  
K. Samraj ◽  
S. Susikannamma ◽  
P. Parthiban
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Integrated Treatment ◽  
Care Centre ◽  
Feedback Analysis ◽  
Analysis Study ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
The Government ◽  
Second Wave

Despite the threat of coronavirus infection, the Siddha system of medicine, India's traditional medicine, plays an important role in southern India, particularly in Tamilnadu. It contributed considerably not only in the first wave of Covid-19, but also in the second wave. The Government of Tamilnadu developed Siddha COVID-19 treatment centers for asymptomatic, mild, and moderate COVID-19 positive patients in 2020. The TPEC COVID Care Centre initiated at Vellore also one of the Centers that can be managed by Siddha medicines and Siddhar’s Yogam. As of July 14, 2021, about 4525 COVID positive patients had been treated with Siddha integrated treatment at Vellore alone in the first and second waves. Kaba Sura Kudineer, Thalisathy Vadagam, Amukkara Chooranam Mathirai, Bramanandha Bairavam Mathirai, and Adathodai Manapagu are indeed the five Siddha classical preparations used to manage the symptoms of COVID-19 positive patients at TPEC COVID Care Centre in Vellore. This Siddha medical practice is effective in conditions of symptoms and helps in the reduction of clinical outcomes. A pilot study at the same site confirmed the Siddha classical preparation's safety and effectiveness. A feedback analysis study performed at the same center also revealed that the above-mentioned Siddha classical preparations are beneficial in symptomatic treatment without causing any side effects. The medicines utilized in this study are typically proposed in other COVID care centers also in Tamilnadu. This review attempted to analyze the preclinical and clinical efficacy of Siddha Classical medicines used at that Centre for the management of COVID-19.

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