STUDIES OF PENICILLIN IN PEDIATRICS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 664-671
Author(s):  
B. M. KAGAN ◽  
M. NIERENBERG ◽  
D. GOLDBERG ◽  
A. MILZER
Keyword(s):  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Sesame Oil ◽  
Peanut Oil ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Procaine Penicillin ◽  
Pertinent Data ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pediatric Use

Table I summarizes most of the pertinent data in this report on the serum penicillin concentrations 12 and 24 hours after intramuscular injection of K penicillin G in peanut oil and beeswax, which is fluid at room temperature, and of three different procaine penicillin preparations. These three preparations are procaine penicillin G in sesame oil, procaine penicillin G in peanut oil with 2% aluminum monostearate, and procaine penicillin G in water with Na-carboxymethylcellulose. When they were given in a dosage of 8000 u./lb. to infants and children, weighing between 4.5 and 18.0 kg., there was no statistically significant difference in the serum levels obtained. A dosage schedule for these preparations is suggested for pediatric use. The aqueous preparation offers some advantages which are discussed. Experiences are reported which emphasize the necessity of avoiding intravenous administration of all these preparations.

Cerebrospinal Fluid Concentrations of Aqueous Procaine Penicillin G in the Neonate

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-388
Author(s):  
Michael E. Speer ◽  
Edward O. Mason ◽  
John T. Scharnberg
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Serum Level ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Peak Serum ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Intramuscular Administration ◽  
Procaine Penicillin ◽  
Csf Levels

Simultaneous serum and CSF samples were obtained following the intramuscular administration of 50,000 units/kg of aqueous procaine penicillin G in 25 neonates. Penicillin activity was detected in the sera and CSF of all patients. Peak serum levels were noted at four hours (mean ± SEM, 17.1 ± 6.3 µg/ml). Peak CSF levels were noted at 12 hours (0.70 ± 0.35 µg/ml). The serum level at 24 hours was 2.1 ± 0.98 µg/ml (range, 0.2 to 5.8 µg/ml); the CSF level at 24 hours was 0.12 ± 0.05 µg/ml (range, 0.03 to 0.27 µg/ml). These results demonstrate that spirocheticidal levels (≥0.03 µg/ml) are achieved for at least 24 hours in the CSF following the intramuscular administration of aqueous procaine penicillin G in neonates.

Pharmacokinetics of benzathine penicillin G: Serum levels during the 28 days after intramuscular injection of 1,200,000 units

1989 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward L. Kaplan ◽  
Ximena Berrios ◽  
John Speth ◽  
Thomas Siefferman ◽  
B. Guzman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Benzathine Penicillin ◽  
Benzathine Penicillin G

RENAL CLEARANCES OF SODIUM PENICILLIN G, PROCAINE PENICILLIN G, AND INULIN IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 418-422
Author(s):  
HENRY L. BARNETT ◽  
HELEN MCNAMARA ◽  
SELMA SHULTZ ◽  
RALPH TOMPSETT
Keyword(s):  
Premature Infants ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
High Serum ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Procaine Penicillin ◽  
Drug Concentrations ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Renal Clearances

Reports of unexpectedly high serum concentrations of procaine penicillin G suggested the possibility that, in addition to the major factor of slow absorption, the renal clearance of procaine penicillin might be lower than that of the sodium salt. Measurements of inulin clearances and clearances of either sodium penicillin G or procaine penicillin G in 10 children and four premature infants showed no significant difference between the clearances of the two penicillin salts. A reduced clearance of procaine penicillin, therefore, does not explain the apparent occurrence of unexpectedly high serum concentrations of penicillin in normal subjects. Critical evaluation of data on the maintenance of drug levels with a particular preparation of procaine penicillin requires consideration of the limits imposed by the clearance data presented. Penicillin clearances in premature infants suggest that if penicillin is given to small infants in dosages proportionate to their surface area, the duration of drug concentrations in the blood should be six times as long as in children and adults and three times as long if the dosage is proportionate to body weight.

The Lucerne Protocol for the Production of Autologous Serum Eyedrops

2021 ◽  
Vol 238 (04) ◽  
pp. 346-348
Author(s):  
Frantisek Sanak ◽  
Philipp Baenninger ◽  
Claude Kaufmann ◽  
Katja Iselin ◽  
Lucas Bachmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Autologous Serum ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Serum Eye Drops

Abstract Background There are a variety of protocols for manufacturing autologous serum (AS) eye drops. The Lucerne protocol for the production of AS eye drops uses a slightly reduced gravitational (g)-force and time for the centrifugation process (2500 × g for 10 minutes), compared to previously published optimised protocols, to obtain high levels of epitheliotropic growth factors (3000 × g for 15 minutes). The goal of this study was to compare the concentrations of growth factors, albumin and lysozyme in autologous serum eye drops manufactured with these protocols. Material and Methods Blood from 5 healthy volunteers was placed in plastic tubes without an anticoagulant. Tubes from each donor were left in a vertical position for 2 hours at room temperature to facilitate coagulation, followed by centrifugation at either 2500 × g for 10 minutes or at 3000 × g for 15 minutes at room temperature. The serum levels of beta nerve growth factor (β-NGF), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), epidermal growth factor (EGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) were measured in triplicate with a multi-analyte Simple Plex platform. The Simple Plex cartridge allows each sample to be run in triplicate for each analyte and prevents any interaction between the antibody components for each biomarker. The serum level of albumin was measured by turbidimetric immunoassay Tina-quant and of lysozyme by single radial immunodiffusion assay. Results For all analytes, the reduced g-force and centrifugation time did not result in a significant difference in serum levels. Conclusions The Lucerne protocol for the production of autologous serum eye drops with reduced g-force and a shorter centrifugation time does not affect the concentrations of the main epitheliotropic growth factors, albumin and lysozyme, in AS eye drops.

PENICILLIN LEVELS IN MILK FOLLOWING PARENTERAL ADMINISTERATION OF PROCAINE PENICILLIN G1

1961 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Yusaf Vaid ◽  
C. C. Prouty ◽  
A. O. Shaw ◽  
R. E. Watts
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Aqueous Suspension ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Intramuscular Administration ◽  
Procaine Penicillin

Penicillin levels in milk were determined following the intramuscular administration of two types of procaine penicillin G, the aqueous suspension and the oil base with aluminum monostearate. Three injections of the aqueous suspension type were administered, at intervals of 24 hours, to each of twelve cows. A single injection of the oil base type was given to each of twelve cows. In all instances the dose administered was at the approximate level of 5000 u/lb. of body weight. Higher concentrations of penicillin were found in the milk from cows receiving the aqueous suspension type. The highest levels for the two types were 0.52 and 0.15 units per ml. respectively. However, penicillin persisted longer in the milk from cows to which the oil base type was administered. Following the use of each type of procaine penicillin G the levels of this drug in the milk from the different cows of the same series varied considerably. The results of this study indicate a withholding period of at least 60 hours following the last intramuscular injection of procaine penicillin G, aqueous suspension and 108 hours after procaine penicillin G, oil base with aluminum stearate.

IMPROVED LOCAL TOLERANCE TO BENZATHINE PENICILLIN G

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-247
Author(s):  
Saul Krugman ◽  
Eva V. Ebin
Keyword(s):  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Local Reaction ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Benzathine Penicillin ◽  
Local Tolerance ◽  
Procaine Penicillin ◽  
Equal Dose ◽  
Benzathine Penicillin G ◽  
Local Reactions

Four types of penicillin for intramuscular injection were compared for incidence of local reaction: (1) suspension of benzathine penicillin G, 600,000 units in 1 ml; (2) benzathine penicillin G, 600,000 units, with 5 mg of prednisolone, in 1 ml; (3) benzathine penicillin G, 600,000 units, plus aqueous procaine penicillin, 600,000 units, in 2 ml; and (4) aqueous procaine penicillin, 1,200,000 units in 2 ml. A total of 320 children were evaluated at 24 hours, and the following percentages of severe local reaction were recorded for the four penicillin preparations listed: (1) 54%; (2) 9%; (3) 11.5%; and (4) 4%. The incidence of mild local reactions was the same following all four preparations, 11 to 12%. The local tolerance to benzathine penicillin G, 600,000 units, was significantly improved by combining it with either 5 mg of prednisolone, or an equal dose and volume of aqueous procaine penicillin.

Effect of Intramuscular Administration of Antibiotics on the Oxygen Consumption of Normal and Hyperthyroid Rats

1957 ◽  
Vol 192 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Vogel ◽  
S. M. Hauge ◽  
F. N. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Stomach Tube ◽  
Procaine Penicillin ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption

The oxygen consumption of normal and hyperthyroid albino rats was measured before and after the intramuscular injection of 1.2 mg (0.2 ml of solution) of procaine penicillin G, Aureomycin or Ilotycin. The final measurements were observed at either 1- or 3-hour intervals after the injection. The antibiotics caused a statistically significant decrease in the rate of oxygen consumption in both normal and hyperthyroid rats. This effect diminished with time. Similar effects were observed with procaine penicillin G after oral administration by stomach tube. It is suggested that antibiotics may somehow influence the endocrine system, possibly the level of circulating thyroxin. Such studies are in progress.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Antimicrobial Treatments and Vaccination Regimens for Control of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus and Streptococcus suis Coinfection of Nursery Pigs

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 1156-1160 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Halbur ◽  
R. Thanawongnuwech ◽  
G. Brown ◽  
J. Kinyon ◽  
J. Roth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Streptococcus Suis ◽  
Vaccine Group ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Procaine Penicillin ◽  
Intramuscular Dose ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatments

Seventy-six, crossbred, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-free pigs were weaned at 12 days of age and randomly assigned to seven groups of 10 to 11 pigs each. Pigs in group 1 served as unchallenged controls. Pigs in groups 2 to 7 were challenged intranasally with 2 ml of high-virulence PRRSV isolate VR-2385 (104.47 50% tissue culture infective doses per 2 ml) on day 0 of the study (30 days of age). Seven days after PRRSV challenge, pigs in groups 2 to 7 were challenged intranasally with 2 ml of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (108.30 CFU/2 ml). Group 2 pigs served as untreated positive controls. Antimicrobial treatments included daily intramuscular injection with 66,000 IU of procaine penicillin G per kg of body weight on days 8 to 10 (group 3), drinking water medication with 23.1 mg of tiamulin per kg during days 8 to 10 (group 4), and daily intramuscular injection of 5.0 mg of ceftiofur hydrochloride per kg on days 8 to 10 (group 5). Vaccination regimens included two intramuscular doses of an autogenous killedS. suis vaccine (group 6) prior to S. suischallenge or a single 2-ml intramuscular dose of an attenuated live PRRSV vaccine (group 7) 2 weeks prior to PRRSV challenge. Mortality was 0, 63, 45, 54, 9, 40, and 81% in groups 1 to 7, respectively. Ceftiofur treatment was the only regimen that significantly (P < 0.05) reduced mortality associated with PRRSV and S. suis coinfection. The other treatments and vaccinations were less effective. We conclude that ceftiofur administered by injection for three consecutive days following S. suis challenge was the most effective regimen for minimizing disease associated with PRRSV and S. suiscoinfection.

Serum Retinol and β-carotene Levels and Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Morbid Obesity

2010 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Villaça Chaves ◽  
Gisele Gonçalves de Souza ◽  
Andréa Cardoso de Matos ◽  
Dra. Wilza Abrantes Peres ◽  
Silvia Elaine Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Morbid Obesity ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
World Health ◽  
Morbidly Obese ◽  
Serum Retinol ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Β Carotene

Objective: To evaluate retinol and β-carotene serum levels and their relationship with risk factors for cardiovascular disease in individuals with morbid obesity, resident in Rio de Janeiro. Methodology: Blood serum concentrations of retinol and β-carotene of 189 morbidly obese individuals were assessed. The metabolic syndrome was identified according to the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) and World Health Organization (WHO). Lipid profile, insulin resistance, basal insulin, glycemia, blood pressure, and anthropometry and their correlation with retinol and β-carotene serum levels were evaluated. Results: Metabolic syndrome diagnosis was observed in 49.0% of the sample. Within this percentage the levels of β-carotene were significantly lower when body mass index increased. Serum retinol didn't show this behavior. Serum retinol inadequacy in patients with metabolic syndrome (61.3%), according to WHO criterion, was higher (15.8%) than when the whole sample was considered (12.7%). When metabolic syndrome was diagnosed by NCEP criterion, β-carotene inadequacy was higher (42.8%) when compared to the total sample (37.5%). There was a significant difference between average β-carotene values of patients with and without metabolic syndrome (p=0.048) according to the classification of the NCEP. Lower values were found in patients with metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: Considering the vitamin A contribution in antioxidant protection, especially when risk factors for cardiovascular disease are present, it is suggested that great attention be given to morbidly obese. This could aid in prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease, which affects a significant part of the population.

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