Decreased Mononuclear and Polymorphonuclear Chemotaxis in Human Newborns,Infants, and Young Children

A new method, chemotaxis under agarose gel, was used to assess the directed motility of polymorphonuclear (PMN) and mononuclear (MN) phagocytes of 21 newborns, 71 infants and children, and 50 adults. This assay requires only small quantities of cells and is rapid, easy, reproducible, and provides a permanent record. The chemotactic substance was zymosan-activated human serum. Monocyte chemotaxis in the newborn was approximately 50% of adult control values, using the Boyden chamber (8.1 ± 2 cells per high-power field[HPF] [SE] in newborns compared to 17 ± 3 cells per HPF in adults), and 25% of adult control values, using the agarose method (50 ± 10 cells in newborns compared to 216 ± 15 cells in adults). Both are significant differences (P < .005). MN chemotaxis remains extremely low through age 5, and remains moderately reduced until age 10. PMN chemotaxis in the newborn was 82 ± 21 cells compared to adult controls of 300± 42 cells, also a significant difference (P < .05). PMN chemotaxis remains markedly depressed through age 2. Thereafter, PMN chemotaxis increases but remains significantly less than in adults until age 16. These chemotactic defects may play an important role in depressed delayed hypersensitivity skin tests, diminished inflammatory reactions, and increased susceptibility to infection present in the newborn and young infant.

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Ability of caregivers to read delayed hypersensitivity skin tests in children exposed to and infected by HIV*1

Journal of Pediatric Health Care ◽

10.1016/s0891-5245(00)77641-3 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 50-55

Author(s):

FORTHEPEDIATRICPULMONARYANDCA ◽

H COHEN ◽

X CHEN ◽

S SUNKLE ◽

L DAVIS ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Delayed Hypersensitivity ◽

Skin Tests ◽

Hypersensitivity Skin ◽

Hiv 1

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Is There Pathological Uniformity between the Periphery and Center of a Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor?

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10040687 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 687

Author(s):

Seong Ji Choi ◽

Kwan Hong Lee ◽

Chan Kyoo Yoo ◽

Jai Hoon Yoon ◽

Ki Seok Jang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Stratification ◽

Mitotic Index ◽

High Power ◽

Malignant Potential ◽

Mitotic Count ◽

Pathological Diagnosis ◽

High Power Field ◽

Gastric Gists ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean

Background: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are mesenchymal tumors and have some malignant potential. Mitotic count is important for predicting the malignant potential of GISTs. Proper treatment of GISTs requires accurate pathological diagnosis. In general, endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration and deep biopsy are used for pathological diagnosis of GIST before making decisions about surgery. This study sought to evaluate the pathological uniformity of gastric GISTs for mitotic index of the center and periphery of the GIST. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the data of 37 gastric GIST patients who underwent wedge resection at Hanyang University Hospital. We used Armed Forces Institute of Pathology criteria to classify gastric GISTs. To determine the pathological uniformity of gastric GISTs, we compared GIST risk stratification between the center and periphery of GISTs. Results: The mean size of GISTs was 3.56 ± 2.10 cm. Three lesions were located in the antrum, 11 in the fundus, 9 in the cardia, and 14 in the body. The mean age of patients was 58.65 ± 9.44 years; 18 patients were male and 19 were female. Thirty-five patients (94.6%) showed the same level of risk stratification between the center and periphery of gastric GISTs, while two patients (5.4%) presented different levels of risk between the two sites. No significant difference in mitotic count was observed between the two sites (kappa value = 0.863; p = 0.001). Conclusions: Mitotic index category (either more than five mitoses per high-power field or five or fewer mitoses per high-power field) of GISTs showed good concurrence between the center and periphery.

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Comparison of Inflammatory Reactions Following Two Different Cesarean Section Techniques: The Modified Misgav-Ladach Versus the Pfannenstiel-Kerr; A Prospective Randomized Trial

Gynecology Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine ◽

10.21613/gorm.2018.811 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Baris Buke ◽

Hatice Akkaya ◽

Cigdem Karakukcu

Keyword(s):

Cesarean Section ◽

Inflammatory Reaction ◽

Operation Time ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Inflammatory Reactions ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Difference ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

Objectives: There is not yet a consensus on the optimal surgical technique for cesarean section. This is the first study comparing two different (Cesarean Section) with respect to the following inflammatory reaction in means of changes in inflammatory marker levels. To evaluate the differences in inflammatory reactions following two different (Cesarean Section) techniques, the modified Misgav-Ladach versus the Pfannenstiel-Kerr technique.Study Desıgn: The study population included 88 pregnant women who met the inclusion criteria. These women were randomized into two groups according to Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials guidelines: Group 1 (Misgav-Ladach group) and Group 2 (Pfannenstiel Kerr group). To compare the inflammatory reactions following surgery, Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) levels were measured in venous blood samples drawn from the patients just before (0 hour) and 24 hours (24th hour) after the surgery. In 5 women from Group 1 and 2 women from Group 2, the 24th hour blood samples could not be obtained or were lost. Thus, a total of 81 women, 39 women from Group 1 and 42 women from Group 2, comprised the population of study. The differences in inflammatory reactions between the 0 and 24th hours were analyzed by calculating the percent change in IL-6 and TNF-α levels, and these percentages were then compared between the groups.Results: There was a statistically significant difference between Group 1 and Group 2 regarding the serum IL-6 level change between 0 and 24th hour (530±653% and 196±168%, respectively, p=0.022. The difference in TNF-α was also higher in Group 2, but the difference was not statistically significant (229±306% vs. 571±824%, p=0.12). The mean operation time was significantly shorter in Group 1 (9.44 min. vs. 16.86 min, p=0.0001).Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that the modified Misgav-Ladach technique has a weaker inflammatory reaction, which indicates fewer short- and long-term surgical complications.

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Développement de Odontia bicolor chez le sapin baumier infecté artificiellement

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x74-049 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 327-334

Author(s):

Denis Lachance

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Forest Floor ◽

Water Saturation ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

Balsam Fir ◽

Susceptibility To Infection ◽

Moisture Contents ◽

Humus Layer ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Moisture Conditions

In a balsam fir stand, two different humus moisture conditions were artificially produced and maintained for 2 years by covering the forest floor with polythene sheets on two out of four plots. In the two covered sample plots the water saturation of the humus layer was 30% lower and the moisture contents of root-wood was 35% lower than those of uncovered plots. Roots in covered plots, inoculated with Odontiabicolor, showed 51.4% infection as compared to 57.7% for those growing in control plots. Similarly, trunk inoculations yielded infection levels of 35.8% and 44.5%, respectively. Statistical tests show no significant difference in infection percentages between wetter and drier conditions for roots and trunks, and a significantly greater susceptibility to infection of the roots by O. bicolor as compared to the trunks. Growth rates of the fungus toward the trunk (in the roots) or up the trunks of 4.4–5.8 cm per year was 25–44% greater than growth in the opposite direction. Root and trunk sizes had no definite influence on infection percentages and growth rate, but the latter was always faster in trunk wood than in root wood.

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Inoculation Period and Citrus Host Effect Establishment of New Infections of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ Transmitted via Vegetative Grafting

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-09-19-2022-re ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 104 (7) ◽

pp. 1894-1899

Author(s):

Mark E. Hilf ◽

Weiqi Luo

Keyword(s):

Survival Analysis ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Systemic Infection ◽

Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽

Susceptibility To Infection ◽

Successful Infection ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Candidatus Liberibacter ◽

Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽

Pathogen Dna

Vegetative grafting is a common method of transmitting and propagating ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’, the bacterial species accepted as the causal agent of the citrus disease huanglongbing (HLB). Generally, infected tissue that is grafted to a receptor tree remains in place indefinitely to ensure transmission. In this study, individual HLB-symptomatic leaves were grafted as ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ inoculum sources to receptor trees of six citrus types and removed after an inoculation period (IP) of 21, 51, or 81 days. The goal was to assess the effect of varying IPs on transmission of bacteria to the receptor tree and on the successful establishment of a new infection. Survival analysis of data from three trials showed a significantly reduced proportion of infected trees with an IP of 21 days compared with IPs of 51 and 81 days but that there was no significant difference in the proportion of infected trees between IPs of 51 and 81 days. In addition, the time to first detection of pathogen DNA in an infected tree was delayed significantly for the 21-day IP when compared with the 51- and 81-day IPs. Survival analysis showed that the probability of infection of sweet orange trees was significantly higher than for trees of five other citrus types throughout the experiment. There was no significant difference between the infection probabilities of these latter five citrus types. The data from this study show that successful infection by grafting is dependent upon the time of exposure to the inoculum, that shorter IPs increase the time needed to establish a systemic infection, and that citrus types vary in their overall susceptibility to infection by ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’.

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Neue Charakteristika klinisch manifester Latexallergiker

Karger Kompass Dermatologie ◽

10.1159/000496051 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 29-31

Author(s):

Vera Mahler

Keyword(s):

Medical History ◽

Skin Test ◽

Correct Diagnosis ◽

Natural Rubber Latex ◽

Specific Ige ◽

Latex Allergy ◽

Skin Tests ◽

Diagnostic Challenge ◽

Positive Skin ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Natural rubber latex (NRL) allergy is commonly diagnosed according to medical history, skin allergy tests, and serological analyses. However, skin tests are increasingly being abandoned because of (i) their time-consuming nature, (ii) latex preparations for skin tests being not commercially available, and (iii) the use of in-house prepared test solutions is becoming ever more difficult due to increasing regulatory hurdles. In this light, we have evaluated differences in the profiles of current and former patients with suspected latex allergy. Methods: Sera of skin test-positive patients from a historic cohort (1995-2001, n = 149 patients) and currently (2014-2015, n = 48 patients) were simultaneously analyzed for specific IgE to latex by ImmunoCAP. If the serological screening was positive (≥ 0.35 kU/l), component-resolved diagnostics including profilins and cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs) were performed. Results: In contrast to 88% (131/149) of the skin test-positive patients from the 1990s, only 51.1% (24/47) of the current cohort were found positive for specific IgE to latex. While 48.3% (72/149) of the patients had a convincing positive history in the 1990s, current skin test-positive patients rarely reported a relevant medical history (8.5%, 4/47). Specific IgE levels to latex were significantly higher in former patients with suspected latex allergy (p < 0.001) than in former sensitized individuals without allergy. However, this significant difference was lost in current allergic and sensitized patients with positive skin tests. Conclusion: Sensitization profiles in patients with latex allergy have changed significantly over the last 2 decades. Discrimination between NRL sensitization and clinical allergy remains a diagnostic challenge. Our data highlight the need for a combination of all 3 criteria, i.e., patient history, skin test, and analysis of specific IgE, for a correct diagnosis of latex allergy.

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REGULATION OF DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.137.1.32 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 137 (1) ◽

pp. 32-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

J. M. Dwyer ◽

F. S. Kantor

Keyword(s):

Cellular Immunity ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Delayed Hypersensitivity ◽

Control Group ◽

Inflammatory Reactions ◽

Data Support ◽

Feedback Inhibitor ◽

Hypersensitivity Skin ◽

Normal Macrophage

Two potential mechanisms for terminating delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reactions have been examined in desensitized guinea pigs. Lack of macrophage responsiveness to lymphokines was sought as an explanation for the reduced ability of these animals to express delayed hypersensitivity. Skin-reactive factor was injected into the skin of desensitized guinea pigs and a control group of similarly immunized animals. The resulting inflammatory reactions were similar in size and intensity in both groups indicating normal macrophage responsiveness in the desensitized state. Passive cellular transfer of DH responses to desensitized animals was markedly less successful than transfer to normal animals. However, cells from desensitized guinea pigs did transfer DH responsiveness to normal animals. These data support the concept of a humoral suppressant of cellular immunity, perhaps acting as a feedback inhibitor, produced when guinea pigs are desensitized.

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IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE PATIENTS WITH MALIGNANT TUMOURS OF THE HEAD AND NECK USING DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY SKIN TESTS

Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho ◽

10.3950/jibiinkoka.83.1440 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 83 (11) ◽

pp. 1440-1453

Author(s):

SHIZUKA SUZUKI

Keyword(s):

Head And Neck ◽

Delayed Hypersensitivity ◽

Skin Tests ◽

Immunological Study ◽

Malignant Tumours ◽

Hypersensitivity Skin

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Relationship between tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) production and a specific multiple sclerosis (MS) associated TNF gene haplotype

Multiple Sclerosis Journal ◽

10.1177/135245859900500305 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 165-170 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

M A Armstrong ◽

G V McDonnell ◽

C A Graham ◽

C W Kirk ◽

A G Droogan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mononuclear Cells ◽

Clinical Course ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Protein A ◽

Population Based ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Inflammatory Reactions ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Gene Haplotype ◽

Tnf Gene

Objective: To determine if monocyte TNFa production from patients homozygous for a specific MS associated TNF gene haplotype is different from that produced in patients either heterozygous for, or without this haplotype. Background: The balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines is important in the clinical outcome of inflammatory reactions. Levels of TNFa, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is raised in MS as well as being found in acute and chronic MS lesions. A previous population based study in Northern Ireland with polymorphisms spanning the TNF gene region identified a conserved MS associated haplotype in relation to three markers (130: 118: 127 TNF d: a: b) for which 19 MS patients were homozygous. Methods: Venous blood collected in EDTA to give a concentration of 1073 M was drawn from 16 patients with the conserved MS associated haplotype, 19 patients heterozygous for the haplotype and 17 patients without the haplotype. Mononuclear cells were separated and cultured by standard techniques and levels of TNFa and of TNF binding proteins I and II were determined by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results: There were no significant differences in TNFa production in the 3 h (P=0.28) or 24 h cultures (P=0.18) or following stimulation with interferon-g (P=0.17) between the group positive for the conserved haplotype and the group negative for this haplotype. There was also no significant difference when compared to the heterozygote group. No association was found between the MS associated haplotype and levels of either TNF binding protein. A greater proportion of patients with the conserved haplotype had a benign clinical course (P=0.06). Conclusion: We conclude that whilst a trend exists, we have found no significant association between peripheral TNFa production and a specific MS associated TNF haplotype in this population. Paradoxically this haplotype may also predict a more favourable clinical course.

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