Bathtub Drownings: Report of Seven Cases

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Pearn ◽  
Joseph Brown ◽  
Richard Wong ◽  
Robert Bart
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Population Study ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Risk Profile ◽  
The Other ◽  
Preventive Strategies ◽  
Near Drowning ◽  
Nonaccidental Injury ◽  
Important Site

The domestic bathtub is an important site for infant drownings. A total population study of drowning and near-drowning accidents involving Honolulu infants has enabled the risks to be specified with greater detail. A series of seven consecutive bathtub immersion accidents is presented. The "at risk" profile comprises highly mobile families of bower socioeconomic status; usually younger siblings in larger families are involved and often the father had immediate care of the infant at the time of the accident. Another case of bathtub immersion as a form of nonaccidental injury is described. In five of the other six cases reported, the drowned child was left attended by an older sibling. Preventive strategies are discussed.

Neurologic Sequelae after Childhood Near-Drowning: A Total Population Study from Hawaii

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Pearn ◽  
Robert D. Bart ◽  
Ronald Yamaoka
Keyword(s):  
Brain Damage ◽  
Population Study ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Supportive Therapy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Near Drowning ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Neurologic Sequelae ◽  
History Of

Whether or not a resuscitated child will suffer brain damage is crucial to the management of drowning and near-drowning victims. The length of time one persists with attempted resuscitation, the intensity of supportive therapy, and the prognosis one can give to parents in the hours or days after rescue, all depend on this point. With the proliferation of childhood drowning accidents1 it is essential that the natural history of hypoxic brain damage after near-drowning be accurately documented. Two recent large studies2,3 have attempted to shed light on this subject, but have given diametrically opposed results. One such report, a total population study from Queensland, Australia,1,4 has shown that the incidence of neurologic deficit after loss of consciousness in fresh water was only 5%,2 although 30% of such childhood cases had an abnormal subscale scatter in formal IQ assessments. It was concluded that from the neurologic point of view, "the prognosis of near-drowning in childhood is excellent." By contrast, a large study from California3 (published almost simultaneously with the study from Australia) found that 21% of children (72 cases) who were admitted after near-drowning were severely brain damaged. So worrying were these figures that it was concluded that before intensive hospital-based life support was commenced, consideration should be given to the significant possibility that a permanently brain-damaged child would result. It was concluded that "it is a misconception that irreversible brain damage is an uncommon complication in near drowning." It is unlikely that water temperature differences between these two centers would explain this diversity (ranges of water temperatures were not given in either report).

scholarly journals Drowning and near-drowning involving children: a five-year total population study from the City and County of Honolulu.

1979 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 450-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
J H Pearn ◽  
R Y Wong ◽  
J Brown ◽  
Y C Ching ◽  
R Bart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Study ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Near Drowning ◽  
The City

scholarly journals Simulations of Infectious Disease Propagation

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-44
Author(s):  
William J. B. Oldham Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Random Walk ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Particle Density ◽  
Critical Distance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Disease Propagation

Introduction and Objectives: The results of two simulations of the propagation of an infectious disease are presented. The objective of this research is to track the propagation of an infectious disease as a function of particle density and time. The results are given as a percentage of the population that is infected as a function of time. Methods: The method here is to use computer simulation on a particle basis to track the progress of the infection. An uninfected particle becomes infected if it is closer than the critical distance to an infected particle. The movement of the particles is force driven in the first simulation while in the second each particle executes a random walk. In the second simulation the infection rates are given for different amounts of protection in the population. Results and Discussion: These simulations show the entire population is at risk if proper measures are not taken early. For 400 particles the infection rate is 100% after approximately 100,000 iterations.  We give the results from one dual simulation in which protection was afforded for a significant part of the population and carried out until all of the unprotected were infected.  In the second part the protection was lifted to see how fast the total population was infected. For the cases of 50% protected it took 400,000 iterations to infect the unprotected particles. After the restrictions were lifted it took 140,000 to infect the other half. The simulations here are particle based which has the advantage of seeing individual particle involvement. Conclusion: The propagation of the disease can be fast and depends on particle density. Protection is vital to containing the disease. Restrictions must be lifted carefully and slowly or the total population is again at risk.

Penyelidikan KLB keracunan makanan acara ruwahan di desa Mulo, Gunung Kidul provinsi DIY

2018 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Mur Prasetyaningrum ◽  
Z. Chomariyah ◽  
Trisno Agung Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Case Control ◽  
P Value ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Population At Risk ◽  
E Coli

Tujuan: Studi ini untuk mengetahui gambaran KLB keracunan pangan yang terjadi di desa Mulo menurut deskripsi epidemiologi, faktor risiko dan penyebab KLB keracunan makanan. Metode: Studi ini menggunakan studi analitik case control, dimana kasus adalah orang yang mengalami sakit pada tanggal 7 - 8 Mei 2017, tinggal di desa Mulo dan mengkonsumsi makanan olahan dari bapak S dan K. Instrument menggunakan kuesioner. Hasil: KLB terjadi di Desa Mulo RT 5 dan 6 dengan jumlah kasus sebanyak 18 orang dari total population at risk 112 orang dengan gejala utama diare (100%), mual (72,2%), demam (66,6%), pusing (66,6%) dan muntah (50%). Dari diagnosa banding menurut gejala, masa inkubasi dan agent penyebab keracunan, kecurigaan kontaminasi bakteri mengarah pada E. Coli (ETEC). Masa inkubasi 1-16 jam (rata-rata 9 jam) dan common source curve. Penyaji makanan ada dua (pak K dan pak S). Dari perhitungan AR, berdasarkan sumber makanan mengarah pada makanan dari pak S (AR=42,8%). Bedasarkan menu, perhitungan OR dan CI 95 % jenis makanan yang dicurigai sebagai penyebab KLB adalah urap/gudangan (OR=4,33; p value0,0071) dan sayur lombok (OR=6,31; p value 0,0071). Sampel yang didapatkan adalah sampel air bersih, feses, dan muntahan penderita, sampel makanan tidak didapatkan karena keterlambatan informasi dari masyarakat. Hasil laboratorium, Total Coliform sampel air bersih melebihi ambang batas, sampel feses dan muntahan mengandung bakteri Klebsiella pneumonia.Simpulan: Terdapat 3 (tiga) faktor yang diduga sebagai penyebab keracunan pada warga Desa Mulo yaitu air bersih untuk mengolah makanan tercemar bakteri patogen, pengolahan makanan tidak hygienis dan penyajian makanan pada suhu ruang lebih dari 1 jam.

scholarly journals Physical Activity and Psychological Well-Being: Testing Alternative Sociological Interpretations

1990 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
William McTeer ◽  
James E. Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Zero ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This study examines the relationship between physical activity in sport and feelings of well-being, testing alternative interpretations of the relationship between these two variables. It was expected that there would be positive relationships between physical activity on the one hand and physical fitness, feelings of well-being, social interaction in the sport and exercise environment, and socioeconomic status on the other hand. It was also expected that physical fitness, social interaction, and socioeconomic status would be positively related to psychological well-being. Further, it was expected that any positive zero-order relationship of physical activity and well-being would be at least in part a result of the conjoint effects of the other variables. The analyses were conducted separately for the male and female subsamples of a large survey study of Canadian adults. The results, after controls, show a modest positive relationship of physical activity and well-being for males but no such relationship for females. The predicted independent effects of the control factors obtained for both males and females. Interpretations of the results are discussed.

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