Newborn Screening Fact Sheets

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Newborn Screening ◽  
National Level ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Specimen Handling ◽  
Program Cost ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
Policies And Procedures ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Current Screening

These newborn screening fact sheets were developed by the Committee on Genetics of the American Academy of Pediatrics with considerable assistance and consultation from many individuals. The fact sheets were not designed to advocate specific newborn screening tests but rather to inform pediatricians about these tests. Many states are considering addition of new tests to their screening batteries, whereas others may be reviewing their current screening panel to reduce the number of disorders for which tests are offered. This information should assist pediatricians in developing appropriate positions based on the needs of their patients and of their geographic regions. In addition, the information in these fact sheets may assist the pediatrician in understanding the individual tests, their characteristics, and their strengths and weaknesses. Such information is important for evaluating policies and procedures. Our knowledge base regarding newborn screening is changing rapidly and there are numerous areas of controversy. We have attempted to provide a consensus viewpoint, but it must be recognized that experts in this field do not always agree. Pediatricians who desire additional information should contact the specialists in their region or those involved at a national level. Brief bibliographies have been provided to assist the clarification of some of these points. These fact sheets will require revision in the future. Your comments and suggestions will be appreciated. NOTE ON COST: The costs quoted here are those for the screening tests in a regionalized laboratory. There is a program cost of approximately $1 to $2 for specimen handling, administration, equipment depreciation, and overhead that has been traditionally ascribed to phenylketonuria.

Newborn Screening Fact Sheets

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-501 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Newborn Screening ◽  
The United States ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
Policies And Procedures ◽  
Children And Parents ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Current Screening

These newborn screening fact sheets were developed by the Committee on Genetics of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) with considerable assistance and consultation from many individuals. It is hoped that the information contained in these fact sheets will assist the pediatrician in understanding the individual tests, their characteristics, and their strengths and weaknesses. Newborn screening is an individual function of each state; therefore, screening programs are not uniform throughout the United States (Table). Because the test results can affect children and parents in a variety of ways, there are special concerns about how states make decisions to adopt new tests and how they evaluate their current screening panels. Currently, many states are examining their practices. The informatiion in the fact sheets was not designed to advocate specific newborn screening tests but to assist pediatricians in evaluating policies and procedures and in developing appropriate positions based on the needs of their patients and their geographic regions.

scholarly journals Pro-Environmental Behavior in an Aging World: Evidence from 31 Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1748
Author(s):  
Yan Wang ◽  
Feng Hao ◽  
Yunxia Liu
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Environmental Behavior ◽  
National Level ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
The Individual

Population change and environmental degradation have become two of the most pressing issues for sustainable development in the contemporary world, while the effect of population aging on pro-environmental behavior remains controversial. In this paper, we examine the effects of individual and population aging on pro-environmental behavior through multilevel analyses of cross-national data from 31 countries. Hierarchical linear models with random intercepts are employed to analyze the data. The findings reveal a positive relationship between aging and pro-environmental behavior. At the individual level, older people are more likely to participate in environmental behavior (b = 0.052, p < 0.001), and at the national level, living in a country with a greater share of older persons encourages individuals to behave sustainably (b = 0.023, p < 0.01). We also found that the elderly are more environmentally active in an aging society. The findings imply that the longevity of human beings may offer opportunities for the improvement of the natural environment.

scholarly journals Assessment of surveillance core and support functions regarding neglected tropical diseases in Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur K. S. Ng’etich ◽  
Kuku Voyi ◽  
Clifford M. Mutero
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
National Level ◽  
World Health ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
Support Functions ◽  
Specimen Handling ◽  
Surveillance And Response

Abstract Background Effective surveillance and response systems are vital to achievement of disease control and elimination goals. Kenya adopted the revised guidelines of the integrated disease surveillance and response system in 2012. Previous assessments of surveillance system core and support functions in Africa are limited to notifiable diseases with minimal attention given to neglected tropical diseases amenable to preventive chemotherapy (PC-NTDs). The study aimed to assess surveillance system core and support functions relating to PC-NTDs in Kenya. Methods A mixed method cross-sectional survey was adapted involving 192 health facility workers, 50 community-level health workers and 44 sub-national level health personnel. Data was collected using modified World Health Organization generic questionnaires, observation checklists and interview schedules. Descriptive summaries, tests of associations using Pearson’s Chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests and mixed effects regression models were used to analyse quantitative data. Qualitative data derived from interviews with study participants were coded and analysed thematically. Results Surveillance core and support functions in relation to PC-NTDs were assessed in comparison to an indicator performance target of 80%. Optimal performance reported on specimen handling (84%; 100%), reports submission (100%; 100%) and data analysis (84%; 80%) at the sub-county and county levels respectively. Facilities achieved the threshold on reports submission (84%), reporting deadlines (88%) and feedback (80%). However, low performance reported on case definitions availability (60%), case registers (19%), functional laboratories (52%) and data analysis (58%). Having well-equipped laboratories (3.07, 95% CI: 1.36, 6.94), PC-NTDs provision in reporting forms (3.20, 95% CI: 1.44, 7.10) and surveillance training (4.15, 95% CI: 2.30, 7.48) were associated with higher odds of functional surveillance systems. Challenges facing surveillance activities implementation revealed through qualitative data were in relation to surveillance guidelines and reporting tools, data analysis, feedback, supervisory activities, training and resource provision. Conclusion There was evidence of low-performing surveillance functions regarding PC-NTDs especially at the peripheral surveillance levels. Case detection, registration and confirmation, reporting, data analysis and feedback performed sub-optimally at the facility and community levels. Additionally, support functions including standards and guidelines, supervision, training and resources were particularly weak at the sub-national level. Improved PC-NTDs surveillance performance sub-nationally requires strengthened capacities.

Biodegradation studies as an important way to estimate the environmental fate of chemicals

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 375-382
Author(s):  
Andreja Žgajnar Gotvajn ◽  
Jana Zagorc-Končan
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Environmental Fate ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Assessment Tests ◽  
Ready Biodegradability ◽  
Biodegradability Assessment

Biodegradation is confirmed as an important mechanism of organic chemicals removal in natural systems. Estimation of biodegradability of chemicals which reach the aquatic environment in significant or even negligible quantities is necessary in assessing the entire hazard associated with their use. The aim of our study was to compare the standardized ready biodegradability assessment test (closed bottle test) and its modifications, employing the basic agreements on test principles of simulation of biodegradation in surface waters, yet no official standard method has been adopted. The standard test was modified using various natural river waters and a variety of nutrient conditions and microbial species trying to simulate the natural environment in the simplified way. Tests were performed with two compounds with different ability to degrade. Experiments indicate that predictability of biodegradation obtained by ready biodegradability assessment tests for surface waters in many cases is not reliable, because of different conditions, which may prevail in surface waters over time and affect biodegradation. However, the use of natural waters in screening tests assures additional information on fate of chemicals in rivers and lakes.

PP58 The Alliance Between Health Technology Assessment And Public Health In National Screening Policies

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (S1) ◽  
pp. 48-48
Author(s):  
Leonor Varela-Lema ◽  
Janet Puñal-Riobóo ◽  
Paula Cantero-Muñoz ◽  
Maria José Faraldo-Vallés
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Newborn Screening ◽  
Health Technology Assessment ◽  
Technology Assessment ◽  
National Health System ◽  
Health Technology ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Screening Programs

IntroductionDecision making regarding national population-based prenatal and newborn screening policies is recognized to be highly challenging. This paper aims to describe the formalized collaboration that has been established between the Spanish National Public Health Screening Advisory Committee (PHSAC) and the Spanish Network of Health Technology Assessment (HTA) agencies to support the development of evidence- and consensus-based recommendations to support this process.MethodsIn-depth description and analysis of the strategic and methodological processes that have been implemented within the Spanish National Health System prenatal and newborn screening frameworks, with special emphasis on the role, actions, and responsibilities of HTA agencies.ResultsThe role of HTA agencies is threefold: (i) support the PHSAC by providing evidence on safety, effectiveness and cost/effectiveness of the screening tests/strategies, as well as contextualized information regarding costs, organizational, social, legal and ethical issues; (ii) collaborate with the PHSAC in the development of formal evidence- and consensus-based recommendations for defining population screening programs, when required; (iii) analyze real-world data that is generated by piloted programs. This paper will provide real-life examples of how these processes were implemented in practice, with a special focus on the development of the non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) policy. Recommendations for NIPT were developed by a multidisciplinary group based on the European network for Health Technology Assessment (EUnetHTA) rapid assessment report and the predictive models that were built using national statistics and other contextualized data.ConclusionsThe current work represents an innovative approach for prenatal and newborn screening policymaking, which are commonly difficult to evaluate due to the low quality of evidence and the confounding public health issues. The paper raises awareness regarding the importance of joint collaborations in areas where evidence is commonly insufficient for decision making.

Newborn Screening for Cystic Fibrosis

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 954-955
Author(s):  
IAN C. T. LYON ◽  
DIANNE R. WEBSTER
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Newborn Screening ◽  
Elevated Level ◽  
Meconium Ileus ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Initial Screening ◽  
False Negatives ◽  
Immunoreactive Trypsinogen

To the Editor.— The report on newborn screening for cystic fibrosis1 illustrates the need for continued evaluation of such programs. The authors state that the identification of cases of cystic fibrosis (CF) by an elevated level of immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) in second (follow-up) samples from infants with positive initial screening tests could result in false negatives in 27% of cases of cystic fibrosis without meconium ileus (MI). We have screened 401 122 infants using the method originally reported.2

Safe Transportation of Newborns Discharged From the Hospital

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 486-487
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Child Passenger Safety ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
Passenger Safety ◽  
Policies And Procedures ◽  
Car Safety ◽  
Obstetric Services ◽  
Serious Injury ◽  
First Time ◽  
Safety Seat

All newborns discharged from hospitals should be transported home in infant car safety seats that are designed appropriately to safely transport healthy newborns, premature infants, or infants with special needs. Assuring that newborns are restrained properly when riding for the first time sets the stage for continued compliance with a measure that can save their lives or prevent serious injury. Correctly used infant/child safety seats are 71% effective in preventing fatalities due to car crashes, and 67% effective in preventing injury requiring hospitalization.1 With 100% correct use, about 53 000 injuries and 500 deaths could be prevented each year in the United States among children from birth to 4 years of age.2 Although the Every Ride, Safe Ride program of the American Academy of Pediatrics has made major contributions to child passenger safety, including the passage of legislation in all 50 states requiring infants and children to ride properly restrained, newborns continue to be discharged from hospitals without infant car safety seats or in ones that are not being used correctly. A recent study of hospital discharge policies and procedures has shown that only 26% of hospitals with obstetric services have a policy concerning the discharge of newborns in car safety seats. Of those hospitals that have a policy, 64% waive the requirement that newborns be discharged in a car safety seat if the parents do not supply a seat upon discharge.3 A similar study of hospitals accounting for 90% of annual births in Michigan showed that only 24% of hospitals discuss the use of car safety seats with parents, and only 4% demonstrate their use.4

Regulatory Administration: An Evolving and Neglected Area of Public Administration in India

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 686-702
Author(s):  
Yudhishthira Sapru ◽  
R.K. Sapru
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Current Phase ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
Policies And Procedures ◽  
Governance Process ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
The Government ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
And Control

In the current phase of liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation, and now broadly governance, regulatory administration has acquired growing importance as an instrument of achieving socio-economic objectives. It is through instrumentality of regulatory administration that the government is able to exercise effective political and economic sovereignty and control over the country’s governance process and resources. Governments of nearly all developing countries have initiated policies and procedures to promote and strengthen regulatory bodies and agencies. However, the results of these promotional and regular activities have varied considerably, often reflecting large inadequacies in policies, organisational structures and procedures. Increasing emphasis is now being placed at the national level on a more flexible regulatory administration to enforce compliance with nationally established policies and requirements in various political, economic and social spheres. As a watchdog for the public interest, governments both at central and state levels should engage in activities for the promotion of social and economic justice, so as to ensure the happiness and prosperity of the people.

Interferences With Urine Drug Screens

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Herring ◽  
Andrew J. Muzyk ◽  
Cynthia Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Screening Tests ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Appropriate Use ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Concurrent Use ◽  
Nonmalignant Pain ◽  
Urine Drug ◽  
Drug Assays ◽  
Chronic Nonmalignant Pain ◽  
Urine Drug Screening

Qualitative urine drug assays are frequently used in conjunction with opioid contracts as a means of monitoring use of prescribed controlled substances as well as concurrent use of illicit substances in patients receiving opioids for chronic nonmalignant pain (CNMP) management. Appropriate use of these screening tests, in conjunction with opioid contracts, may provide the health care provider with additional information needed to safely prescribe opioids for selected individuals with CNMP. It is important for the practitioner caring for patients subject to random urine drug screening to understand interferences with the commonly used urine drug assays, as well as knowing options to confirm contested test results. We reviewed the literature on urine drug assay test interferences and present a summary of this information in this article.

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