scholarly journals Chinese preschoolers’ ownership reasoning based on first possession heuristic

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0260335
Author(s):  
Zhanxing Li ◽  
Xiaoli Ni ◽  
Liqi Zhu ◽  
Jing Li
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Labor Condition ◽  
Heuristic Study ◽  
The Stability

First possession is a common heuristic people use to solve property conflicts. Previous studies examined whether young children judged ownership based on the first possession heuristic and its stability when conflicting with other cues such as labor, but few focused on the effects in the discovery context. In this study, we used two discovery stories which indicate the discovered object was not owned by anyone beforehand and investigated ownership reasoning with the first possession heuristic in Chinese 3- to 6-year-old preschoolers. By pitting the first possession cue against the labor cue, we investigated the stability of the first possession heuristic in young children’s ownership reasoning. The results showed that in the condition where there was only the first possession cue, both the younger and older groups used the first possession heuristic to reason about ownership. However, in the labor condition, 5- and 6-year-olds ceased to support the first possessor and turned to assign objects to the laborer, whereas 3-year-old children still insisted on the first possession heuristic (Study 1 and Study 2). Children across four age groups did not assign ownership to the person who just played with the object but did not modify it (Study 2). The results demonstrate that Chinese preschoolers understand the role of first possession in ownership assignment at an early age in the discovery context but the elderly preschoolers do not rely on the first possession cue when there are conflicting cues such as labor.

scholarly journals The role of tourism awareness in developing accessible tourism

2020 ◽  
pp. 437-463
Author(s):  
طه مهدي محمود ◽  
حسين محمد علي أسد
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Special Needs ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Effective Contribution

Tourism awareness is one of the most important pillars that contribute to the development of the tourism industry in general, and the development of various tourism patterns in particular, and among those patterns are accessible tourism, because of its great importance in reducing the negative effects that may accompany the tourism industry by building educated tourism employees And be aware, knowledgeable and aware of the importance of the accomplishments and successes achieved by the tourism sector and the opportunities that this sector offers and economic opportunities that ultimately reflect on the members of society and the country. Perhaps the sensitivity of dealing with the categories of accessible tourism (those with special needs, the elderly, pregnant women, mothers for young children) need special type employees who possess a set of special skills and experiences in dealing with those groups to make the details of the tourist trip for the concerned individuals, the most important of which is accommodation (the hotel). And to achieve the best possibility to enjoy the tourist activity in general. This research aims to highlight on the role of tourism awareness for a sample of employees of the holy Karbala hotels and their effective contribution to achieve the development of soft tourism by providing high-quality services that reassure the targeted tourists and thus contribute to attract the largest number of them, which is greatly reflected in the development of tourism and making years Coming golden years for this tourist pattern, which is considered an ethical and human duty to care about and develop.

scholarly journals The role of the antioxidant: Selenopyran in the stability of the antioxidant system to toxic effect of cadmium chloride

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (5-6-1) ◽  
pp. 181-191
Author(s):  
U. Kravchenko ◽  
G. Borjaev ◽  
M. Nevitov ◽  
A. Ostapchuk ◽  
E. Kistanova
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant System ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Selenium Concentration ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Gpx Activity ◽  
Preventive Role

The purpose of the present work was, under conditions of the model experiment on rats, to tap the information about the features of shortterm acclimatization of the antioxidant system in various organs to toxicity of cadmium at stages of an ontogenesis and about the preventive role of the antioxidant selenopyran in this process. The obtained results showed the ontogenetic differences in the adaptive reactivity of the enzymatic antioxidant defense system in the most important organs and tissues of rats under conditions of oxidative stress induced by cadmium. The ontogenetic differences of Se redistribution in a body under influence of cadmium administration were found. The discovered decrease of Se concentration in the liver of young animals and the increase of its concentration in the liver of old animals correlated positively with the changes of GPx activity. Preventive administration of selenopyran (9- phenyl-simmetrical octa-hydroselenoxanthene) to old animals reduced the oxidative stress intensity. Animals of all age groups showed higher selenium concentration in the tissues and the increase in the selenium-dependent GPx activity.

scholarly journals YOUNG PEOPLE FEEL WISE, OLD PEOPLE FEEL ENERGETIC: COMPARING AGE STEREOTYPES AND SELF-EVALUATIONS ACROSS ADULTHOOD

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S787-S787
Author(s):  
Anna E Kornadt ◽  
Catherine E Bowen ◽  
Svenja M Spuling ◽  
Maja Wiest
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young People ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Questionnaire Data ◽  
Old People ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Age Stereotypes ◽  
The Stability

Abstract Using questionnaire data from the MIDUS study (N=6.325) we examined the extent to which people in their late 20s, 40s, and 60s think that positive stereotypic “old” and “young” characteristics describe themselves, their age peers, and other age groups. A constellation of “old” characteristics (e.g., wise, caring, calm) was seen as more descriptive of older adults, while a constellation of “young” characteristics (e.g., healthy, energetic) was seen as more descriptive of younger adults. Self-evaluations were highly positive and largely consistent across age groups. Compared to their age peers, younger adults saw themselves as having as many positive “young” characteristics but more positive “old” characteristics whereas older adults saw themselves as having more positive “young” characteristics but fewer positive “old” characteristics. The results support the stability of the aging self despite the existence of age stereotypes and the role of negative age stereotypes as a frame of reference for making self-evaluations.

scholarly journals The distribution of antibodies to HHV-6 compared with other herpesviruses in young children

1990 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Farr ◽  
G. B. Harnett ◽  
G. R. Pietroboni ◽  
M. R. Bucens
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Rapid Rise ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Igm Antibodies

SUMMARYSera from 141 infants aged 0–12 months were examined for IgG antibodies to HHV-6, HSV, CMV, VZV and EBV and for HHV-6 specific IgM. Following the decline in maternal antibody, antibody to HHV-6 was found to rise by 5–6 months and approached the level found in adults by 11–12 months. In contrast the antibody rates for the other herpesviruses were much slower to rise, especially in the case of CMV and EBV. HHV-6 IgM antibodies were detected mainly in age groups showing a rapid rise in antibody to HHV-6. HHV-6-IgM was not detected in 235 cord blood samples. The data suggest that HHV-6 infection is acquired horizontally, at a very early age in Western Australia.

Restorative Management of the Elderly Patient

2003 ◽  
Vol os10 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Graham Gilmour ◽  
Claire L Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Family Relationships ◽  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Working Lives ◽  
Periodontal Breakdown ◽  
Dental Management ◽  
Younger Age

It is predicted that geriatric patients will dramatically increase in number within our working lives. Although they are considered to demand treatment less frequently than the younger age groups, there are specific issues that need to be considered when providing dental treatment for these patients. The term gerodontics has been coined to describe this subject. The need to consider family relationships and the role of carers may play a greater part in their dental management than that of the general population. As well as oral disease, the incidence of general disease is higher in this population, as is the amount of medication prescribed to treat it; these factors often complicate dental management. Special problems that will have a high dental impact on the geriatric patient may be lack of adaptive potential, poor plaque control, root caries, periodontal breakdown and levels of toothwear.

Physiognomic Cues to Age and the Activation of Stereotypes of the Elderly in Interaction

1994 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Lee Hummert
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Communication Model ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Elderly Age ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Elderly Individuals ◽  
Negative Results

This article reports the results of a study on the relationship between physiognomic cues to age and the activation of positive versus negative stereotypes of elderly individuals in interaction. Predictions were based upon a model of the role of elderly stereotypes in interaction. One group of undergraduates sorted photographs of elderly adults into four age categories, fifty-five to sixty-four, sixty-five to seventy-four, seventy-five and older, and other. Those photographs that were placed in the same age category by two-thirds or more of the students were used as a pool for the second phase of the study. This process produced a set of twenty-four photographs, eight (4 male and 4 female) from each of the three elderly age groups. A second group of students paired these photographs with sets of traits describing ten stereotypes of elderly persons, some positive and some negative. Results indicated that, as predicted by the stereotype-communication model, participants associated the positive stereotypes of elderly individuals with young-old physiognomic characteristics, whereas they associated the negative ones with old-old physiognomy. The results also suggested that gender may be a component of some stereotypes, and that some physiognomic characteristics may be considered prototypical of particular stereotypes. These results illustrate the importance of passive nonverbal elements of the communication situation in the activation of stereotypes of elderly individuals in interaction.

The role of morphophonological regularity in young Spanish-speaking children's production of gendered noun phrases

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 753-776
Author(s):  
BRITTANY A. LINDSEY ◽  
LOUANN GERKEN
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
Congruity Effect ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
English Bilingual ◽  
High Predictability

ABSTRACTAdult Spanish speakers generally know which form a determiner preceding a noun should have even if the noun is not in their lexicon, because Spanish demonstrates high predictability between determiner form and noun form (la noun-a and el noun-o). We asked whether young children learning Spanish are similarly sensitive to the correlation of determiner and noun forms, or whether they initially learn determiner–noun pairings one-by-one. Spanish–English bilingual children and adults repeated Spanish words and non-words preceded by gender congruous and incongruous determiners. If children learn determiner–noun pairings one-by-one, they should show a gender congruity effect only for words. In contrast with this prediction, both children and adults demonstrated congruity effects for words and non-words, indicating sensitivity to correlated morphophonological forms. Furthermore, both age groups showed more facility in producing phrases with nouns ending in -a, which are more frequent and predictable from the preceding determiner.

scholarly journals Osteosarcoma in Adolescents and Young Adults

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2684
Author(s):  
Jun Ah Lee ◽  
Jiwon Lim ◽  
Hye Young Jin ◽  
Meerim Park ◽  
Hyeon Jin Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Local Treatment ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Male To Female

The epidemiology of osteosarcoma in adolescents and young adults (AYA) remains unclear. We aimed to assess and compare the clinical features of osteosarcoma between AYA and other age groups. We retrieved osteosarcoma cases diagnosed between 1999 and 2017 from the Korea Central Cancer Registry. We compared survival trends and clinical characteristics between AYA and other age groups. AYA comprised 43.3% (1309/3022) of the osteosarcoma cases. Compared to other age groups, the male-to-female ratio was highest in AYA (1.61:1). The proportion of tumors located in an extremity was 80.3% in AYA, which was lower than in young children (92.5%) or pubertal children (93.8%) but higher than in adults (55.7%) or the elderly (47.5%). As for treatments, 71.2% of AYA received local treatment and systemic chemotherapy, and 28.8% received only local treatment (surgery: 261, radiotherapy: 9, surgery and radiotherapy: 5). The 5-year overall survival (OS) was lower in AYA (68%) than in young children (78%) or pubertal children (73%) but higher than in adults (47%) or the elderly (25%). When AYA were divided into five subgroups by age, patients aged 15–19 years constituted the largest proportion (45.4%, n = 594). Additionally, the proportion of patients with a non-extremity tumor increased in an age-dependent manner, from 10.3% in AYA aged 15–19 years to 35.3% in AYA aged 35–39 years. OS did not significantly differ among the different age subgroups of AYA. The clinical characteristics and OS of the AYA were more similar to those of children than to those of adults. There is a need for cooperation between pediatric and adult oncologists for effective osteosarcoma treatment in AYA.

scholarly journals On the relative role of different age groups during epidemics associated with the respiratory syncytial virus

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Goldstein ◽  
H. H. Nguyen ◽  
P. Liu ◽  
C. Viboud ◽  
C.A. Steiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Relative Role ◽  
Contact Rates ◽  
Hospitalization Rates ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Using Data

AbstractBackgroundWhile RSV circulation results in high burden of hospitalization, particularly among infants, young children and the elderly, little is known about the role of different age groups in propagating annual RSV epidemics in the community.MethodsDuring a communicable disease outbreak, some subpopulations may play a disproportionate role during the outbreak's ascent due to increased susceptibility and/or contact rates. Such subpopulations can be identified by considering the proportion that cases in a subpopulation represent among all cases in the population occurring before (Bp) and after the epidemic peak (Ap) to calculate the subpopulation's relative risk, RR=Bp/Ap. We estimated RR for several age groups using data on RSV hospitalizations in the US between 2001-2012 from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP).ResultsChildren aged 3-4y and 5-6y each had the highest RR estimate for 5/11 seasons in the data, with RSV hospitalization rates in infants being generally higher during seasons when children aged 5-6y had the highest RR estimates. Children aged 2y had the highest RR estimate during one season. RR estimates in infants and individuals aged 11y and older were mostly lower than in children aged 1-10y.ConclusionsThe RR estimates suggest that preschool and young school-age children have the leading relative roles during RSV epidemics. We hope that those results will aid in the design of RSV vaccination policies.

scholarly journals Processing Metaphors in the Elderly: Does Valence Matter?

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 352-379
Author(s):  
Marlena Bartczak
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Complex Variables ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Metaphor Processing ◽  
Crucial Part

Abstract Much evidence from theory and research points towards difficulties in processing metaphors by elderly people. These difficulties are usually associated with working memory and inhibitory control deficits observed in this age group, as these very functions play a crucial part in efficient metaphor processing. However, results of research on understanding metaphorical content by elderly people are inconclusive. The following article reviews studies showing that metaphor processing relies on a set of complex variables, which might explain the inconclusiveness of previous results. Though we acknowledge the role of interindividual factors (differences in cognitive functioning among the elderly), we focus on the properties of the metaphor stimuli themselves, especially those of conventionalization and valence, as they might influence the processing of verbal metaphors by people in older age groups.

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