Special Infant Formulas

1990 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-62
Author(s):  
William J. Klish
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Early Research ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Living Tissue ◽  
Nutritional Content ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Optimal Mode ◽  
Immunologic Properties

Breast-feeding is still the optimal mode of feeding for the normal full-term infant. At the present time, no infant formula has been developed that can reproduce the immunologic properties, digestibility, and trophic effects of human milk. The nutritional content of infant formulas has come a long way since 1849 when Baron Justus van Liebig stated that all living tissue, including food, was composed of different proportions of carbohydrate, fat, and protein. This resulted in the first commercially available human milk substitute, Baron von Liebig's Soluble Food, which was available in the United States by 1869.1 In 1884 Dr A.V. Meigs of Philadelphia published the chemical analysis of human and cow's milk that has served as the basis for modern infant formulas.2 The stimulus for this early research for a substitute for human milk was based upon the recognition that not all infants have access to human milk. Infants fed with substitute foods did not thrive well, so attention was turned to the nutritional content of infant feeding mixtures. This emphasis remains to the present time, even though technology has developed in this past decade so that investigators are beginning to understand the importance to the growing infant of other factors such as the immunologic and trophic components of milk.

Commentary on Breast-Feeding and Infant Formulas, Including Proposed Standards for Formulas

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-285
Author(s):  
Lewis A. Barness ◽  
Alvin M. Mauer ◽  
Malcolm A. Holliday ◽  
Arnold S. Anderson ◽  
Peter R. Dallman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Special Group ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Excess Lead ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Mineral Levels

This statement proposes recommendations toward increasing the practice of breast feeding. Specific recommendations made for standards of infant formulas as to calorie, protein, fat, vitamin, and mineral levels apply to both milk-based and milk-substitute infant formulas. Such formulas, when used in place of breast-feeding, must supply most or all of the nutrients infants require during the first weeks or months of life. The minimum levels of nutrients per 100 kcal recommended for formulas provide good growth and development in healthy, full-term infants; distinct hazards may be encountered at levels below these. However, no significant advantage is to be gained by providing levels in excess of these minima in normal infants. Recommendations for maximum levels are made only where quantities in excess lead to toxicity; generally, levels near the minima recommended are most desirable because they are the most likely to reflect the composition of human milk, and the least likely to result in any undesirable nutrient to nutrient interaction. The recommendations also can be used as reference standards for formulas for special dietary uses of "medical" formulas. The Committee recommends that "medical" formulas be classified by FDA into a special group under the paragraph dealing with infant formulas.

Study of the phenolic compound profile and antioxidant activity of human milk from Spanish women at different stages of lactation: A comparison with infant formulas

2021 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
pp. 110149
Author(s):  
Silvia Sánchez-Hernández ◽  
Adelaida Esteban-Muñoz ◽  
Cristina Samaniego-Sánchez ◽  
Rafael Giménez-Martínez ◽  
Beatriz Miralles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Phenolic Compound ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Spanish Women

County Poverty, Urban–Rural Classification, and the Causes of Term Infant Death

2021 ◽  
pp. 003335492199916
Author(s):  
Yousra A. Mohamoud ◽  
Russell S. Kirby ◽  
Deborah B. Ehrenthal
Keyword(s):  
Infant Death ◽  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
High Poverty ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
County Poverty ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Poverty Levels

Objective Higher mortality among full-term infants (term infant deaths) contributes to disparities in infant mortality between the United States and other developed countries. We examined differences in the causes of term infant deaths across county poverty levels and urban–rural classification to understand underlying mechanisms through which these factors may act. Methods We linked period birth/infant death files for 2012-2015 with US Census poverty estimates and county urban–rural classifications. We grouped the causes of term infant deaths as sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI), congenital malformations, perinatal conditions, and all other causes. We computed the distribution and relative risk of overall and cause-specific term infant mortality rates (term IMRs) per 1000 live births and 95% CIs for county-level factors. Results The increase in term IMR across county poverty and urban–rural classification was mostly driven by an increase in the rate of SUDI. The relative risk of term infant deaths as a result of SUDI was 1.6 (95% CI, 1.5-1.8) times higher in medium-poverty counties and 2.3 (95% CI, 1.2-2.5) times higher in high-poverty counties than in low-poverty counties. Cause-specific IMRs of congenital malformations, perinatal conditions, and death from other causes did not differ by county poverty level. We found similar trends across county urban–rural classification. Sudden infant death syndrome was the main cause of SUDI across both county poverty levels and urban–rural classifications, followed by unknown causes and accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed. Conclusions Interventions aimed at reducing SUDI, particularly in high-poverty and rural areas, could have a major effect on reducing term IMR disparities between the United States and other developed countries.

Human milk peptides differentiate between the preterm and term infant and across varying lactational stages

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 3769-3782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly A. Dingess ◽  
Marita de Waard ◽  
Sjef Boeren ◽  
Jacques Vervoort ◽  
Tim T. Lambers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Endogenous Peptide ◽  
Milk Peptides ◽  
Peptide Profiles

Variations in endogenous peptide profiles, functionality, and the enzymes responsible for the formation of these peptides in human milk are understudied.

Manganese Absorption from Human Milk, Cow’s Milk and Infant Formulas

1988 ◽  
pp. 511-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Davidsson ◽  
Å. Cederblad ◽  
B. Lönnerdal ◽  
B. Sandström
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Cow's Milk

Levels of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans in cow's milk and in soy bean derived infant formulas sold in the United States and other countries

Chemosphere ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 913-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold Schecter ◽  
Peter Fürst ◽  
Christiane Fürst ◽  
Hans-Albert Meemken ◽  
Wilhelm Groebel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins

Relationship Between Iron Status and Incidence of Infection in Infancy

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-250
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Iron Fortification ◽  
Iron Stores ◽  
Immunologic Properties

At present, there is no evidence to warrant modification of the recent recommendations of the Committee for the prevention of iron deficiency in infancy.1 The benefits of supplementation seem to outweigh the possibility of iron excess during a period of development characterized by marginal iron stores. Except for the first two months of life, iron stores in children are proportionately much lower than in the adult, and iron balance may be more precarious. Unless carefully controlled clinical studies provide evidence to the contrary, iron fortification of formula and foods seems to provide safe and effective methods for maintaining iron stores and preventing iron deficiency18,35 in infancy. The benefits of prolonged breast-feeding are emphasized not only for the prevention of iron deficiency but also because of the nutritional and immunologic properties of human milk.

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