Consultation with the Specialist

1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 423-423
Author(s):  
Ronald L. Poland
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nitrate ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
The World ◽  
Effective Preventive Measure

Routine eye prophylaxis for newborn infants against gonococcal ophthalmia is a standard procedure in perinatal centers around the world. Gonococcal ophthalmia is a purulent eye disease that has its usual onset between the second and fifth days of life. Prior to the introduction of routine eye prophylaxis, it was a common cause of blindness in infancy. The use of 1% silver nitrate drops as prophylaxis against gonococcal ophthalmia soon after birth has reduced its incidence in the United States to less than 0.03% of infants. The success of 1% silver nitrate prophylaxis depends somewhat on the use of proper technique. Each eyelid is wiped gently with sterile cotton prior to administration of the agent. Two drops of the solution are introduced into each conjunctival sac and not rinsed out; rinsing has been shown to reduce effectiveness. Because of the successful introduction of silver nitrate prophylaxis, Neisseria gonorrheae is no longer the most common infectious cause of conjunctivitis in newborn infants. Although silver nitrate prophylaxis is a highly effective preventive measure, it has its drawbacks—primarily in the form of chemical conjunctivitis. Chemical conjunctivitis is a nonpurulent inflammation of the eye, with 1) swelling and a watery discharge occurring within several hours of instilling 1% silver nitrate, 2) a maximum inflammatory response around 48 hours, and 3) clearing by the fourth day in the absence of secondary infection.

scholarly journals Influenza vaccination dilemmas

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
Zarema Obradovic ◽  
Amina Obradović ◽  
Arzija Pašalić
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The World ◽  
Sporadic Disease ◽  
Effective Preventive Measure

Influenza is one of the most common respiratory diseases in the world, annually causing over one million of deaths. It is triggered by one of the types of influenza viruses (A, B or C). Most usually, it assumes the form of epidemic disease, sometimes it is a pandemic, and is very rare as a sporadic disease. In temperate zones, the influenza occurs seasonally - during the cold months of a year. In tropics, however, it occurs throughout the year, though the highest number of patients is registered during the rainy seasons. Influenza is a mild disease for young and healthy persons; however, if affecting those with a weakened immune system, it can lead to complications and even to death. The only effective preventive measure is vaccination, which precludes the disease. So far, no consensus is reached on whether the vaccination should be compulsory or recommended and who should be vaccinated. In most European countries, vaccination is recommended for certain categories of the population, while the United States recommend it to the entire population above six months of age.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Face Coverings in Mitigating the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3666
Author(s):  
Olukayode James Ayodeji ◽  
Seshadri Ramkumar
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
District Of Columbia ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Protective Measure ◽  
Sharp Change ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Health Challenges ◽  
Effective Preventive Measure

The COVID-19 pandemic has been one of the biggest public health challenges of the 21st century. Many prevalent measures have been taken to prevent its spread and protect the public. However, the use of face coverings as an effective preventive measure remains contentious. The goal of the current study is to evaluate the effectiveness of face coverings as a protective measure. We examined the effectiveness of face coverings between 1 April and 31 December 2020. This was accomplished by analyzing trends of daily new COVID-19 cases, cumulative confirmed cases, and cases per 100,000 people in different U.S. states, including the District of Columbia. The results indicated a sharp change in trends after face covering mandates. For the 32 states with face covering mandates, 63% and 66% exhibited a downward trend in confirmed cases within 21 and 28 days of implementation, respectively. We estimated that face covering mandates in the 32 states prevented approximately 78,571 and 109,703 cases within 21- and 28-day periods post face covering mandate, respectively. A statistically significant (p = 0.001) negative correlation (−0.54) was observed between the rate of cases and days since the adoption of a face covering mandate. We concluded that the use of face coverings can provide necessary protection if they are properly used.

scholarly journals Congenital Cytomegalovirus—History, Current Practice, and Future Opportunities

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 293-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Thigpen
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Congenital Infection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Congenital Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
The World ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Impact

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) was first identified in the 1950s and noted to cause newborn disease in the 1960s. It is now known to be the most common cause of congenital infection in the world, leading to various central nervous system sequelae, the most common being hearing loss. Cytomegalovirus is a ubiquitous pathogen that affects nearly 30,000 infants annually in the United States, leading to 3,000–4,000 cases of hearing loss. Prevention through vaccination has proved unreliable, as has the use of immune globulin. Prevention through education has been shown to be the most effective method of minimizing infection. Antiviral therapy is effective at reducing the impact of infection on newborns. Continued global efforts will hopefully provide more solutions for this opportunistic infection.

Rifampin Prophylaxis

1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 354-359
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Septic Arthritis ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Carriage ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Day Care Center

Prophylaxis with rifampin has been shown to reduce significantly the risk of secondary infection in household or day-care center contacts of cases of invasive meningococcal or Haemophilus influenzae B disease. Rifampin successfully eradicates nasopharyngeal carriage in approximately 90% of Neisseria meningitidis carriers and 95% of H influenzae B carriers. H influenzae B causes systemic infection in one of every 200 children in the United States by 5 y of age. It continues to be the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in the United States and causes other serious invasive illnesses, including epiglottitis, sepsis, cellulitis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, pericarditis, and pneumonia.

The Flames of Anticommunist Revolution

2018 ◽  
pp. 12-27
Author(s):  
Kyle Burke
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Conservative Movement ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Freedom Fighters ◽  
The Cold War

The anticommunist international emerged in the early years of the Cold War. As many right-leaning movements around the world grew dissatisfied with the US government and its response to the apparently rising tide of communism, they sought common cause with each other. In the United States, activist Marvin Liebman, an erstwhile socialist turned fierce anticommunist, labored tirelessly to link the burgeoning US conservative movement to new allies abroad. Journeying through Asia, Latin America, and elsewhere, Liebman bonded with an array of right-wing groups, especially the Asian People’s Anti-Communist League and the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations. Through these connections, leading US conservatives grew convinced that homegrown forces—especially paramilitaries they called “freedom fighters”—were in the vanguard of an unfolding international revolution.

scholarly journals An Updated Review on the Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Etiology and Diagnosis of Liver Cirrhosis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gee Young Geong ◽  
Sun Hyung Kang ◽  
Chang Min Lee
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The United States ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Storage Diseases ◽  
The World ◽  
Autoimmune Processes

Liver cirrhosis is a chronic disease that is characterized by the presence of fibrosis and regeneration of nodules in the liver whose consequences are the development of portal hypertension and liver failure. Cirrhosis arises from a wide variety of chronic diseases, which progresses slowly after years or decades. Liver cirrhosis is a public health problem. It is usually associated with viral hepatitis, consumption of alcohol, metabolic syndrome, autoimmune processes, storage diseases, toxic substances, and medications. Cirrhosis is the fourteenth most common cause of death in adults throughout the world, the fourth in Europe and the ninth in the United States. The prevalence of this disease is underestimated because it is symptomatic it is not diagnosed in initial stages, and it usually goes to the decompensated stage at a rate of 5 to 7% per year. We review here the epidemiology, pathophysiology, etiology, and diagnosis of liver cirrhosis.

International Telesupervision: The Clinical Fellowship Experience

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
David W. Rule ◽  
Lisa N. Kelchner
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Clinical Supervision ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Access To Services ◽  
East African ◽  
The World ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
National Certification

Telepractice technology allows greater access to speech-language pathology services around the world. These technologies extend beyond evaluation and treatment and are shown to be used effectively in clinical supervision including graduate students and clinical fellows. In fact, a clinical fellow from the United States completed the entire supervised clinical fellowship (CF) year internationally at a rural East African hospital, meeting all requirements for state and national certification by employing telesupervision technology. Thus, telesupervision has the potential to be successfully implemented to address a range of needs including supervisory shortages, health disparities worldwide, and access to services in rural areas where speech-language pathology services are not readily available. The telesupervision experience, potential advantages, implications, and possible limitations are discussed. A brief guide for clinical fellows pursuing telesupervision is also provided.

Sex Differences in Mass Media Preferences Across Four Asian Countries

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 186-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malini Ratnasingam ◽  
Lee Ellis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
The United States ◽  
Female Students ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Evolutionary Explanation ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Media Preferences

Background. Nearly all of the research on sex differences in mass media utilization has been based on samples from the United States and a few other Western countries. Aim. The present study examines sex differences in mass media utilization in four Asian countries (Japan, Malaysia, South Korea, and Singapore). Methods. College students self-reported the frequency with which they accessed the following five mass media outlets: television dramas, televised news and documentaries, music, newspapers and magazines, and the Internet. Results. Two significant sex differences were found when participants from the four countries were considered as a whole: Women watched television dramas more than did men; and in Japan, female students listened to music more than did their male counterparts. Limitations. A wider array of mass media outlets could have been explored. Conclusions. Findings were largely consistent with results from studies conducted elsewhere in the world, particularly regarding sex differences in television drama viewing. A neurohormonal evolutionary explanation is offered for the basic findings.

Current perspectives in antithrombotic therapy

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (03) ◽  
pp. 82-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Hoppensteadt ◽  
O. Iqbal ◽  
R. L. Bick ◽  
J. Fareed
Keyword(s):  
Blood Coagulation ◽  
Antithrombotic Therapy ◽  
Thrombotic Event ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vascular Thrombosis ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Coagulation Protein ◽  
Coronary Events ◽  
Platelet Defects

SummaryThrombotic disorders are the most common cause of death in the United States. About two million individuals die each year from an arterial or venous thrombosis or related disorders. About 80% to 90% of all cases of thrombosis can now be defined with respect to cause. Of these, over 50% occur in patients who harbor a congenital or acquired blood coagulation protein or platelet defect which caused the thrombotic event. It is obviously of major importance to define those individuals harboring such a defect as this allows: 1) appropriate antithrombotic therapy to decrease risks of recurrence; 2) determination of the length of time the patient must remain on therapy for secondary prevention; and 3) allow for testing of family members of those harboring a blood coagulation protein or platelet defect which is hereditary (about 50% of all coagulation and platelet defects mentioned above). Aside from mortality, significant additional morbidity occurs from both arterial or venous thrombotic events, including, but not limited to paralysis (non-fatal thrombotic stroke), cardiac disability (repeated coronary events), loss of vision (retinal vascular thrombosis), fetal waste syndrome (placental vascular thrombosis), stasis ulcers and other manifestations of post-phlebitic syndrome, etc.

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