scholarly journals The compartments of the parenchyma of the lymph nodes in newborn bull calves of domestic cattle (Bos taurus)

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-178
Author(s):  
P. N. Gavrilin ◽  
О. G. Gavrilina ◽  
M. V. Kravtsovа
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Lymphocyte Migration ◽  
Clonal Proliferation ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
High Level ◽  
Medullary Cords

The article analyzes the features of the structure of the lymphoid lobules of the parenchyma of the superficial somatic (Limphonodi subiliaci, L. cervicales superficiales), profund somatic (L. axillares proprii L. poplitei), somatovisceral (L. iliaci mediales, L. retropharyngei mediales) and visceral (L. mediastinales caudales, L. ileocolici) lymph nodes of newborn bull calves of domestic cattle. To visualize clearly the boundaries of the structural components of lymphoid lobules we used the author’s modification of the impregnation of total median frozen histological sections with silver nitrate. We have established a high level of tissue differentiation of the lymph nodes, a significant development of the lymphoid parenchyma, the division of the parenchyma into lymphoid lobules, the presence in the lobules of all the main structural components that are represented by two morphotypes. The first morphotype is ribbon-like perisinusoidal cords (interfollicular zone, paracortical and medullary cords). The second morphotype is rounded lymphoid formations (central zones of deep cortex units, lymphatic nodules). Lymphoid lobules are located along the marginal sinus in one row, they are better developed and differentiated in the visceral lymph nodes. In all the lymph nodes, the lymphoid lobules have a similar histoarchitectonic, and each structural component of the lymphoid lobules has a specific architectonic of the reticular meshwork and the density of the location of the fibroblastic reticulocytes. We determined that the structures of the first morphotype which provide the migration of lymphocytes, the detection of antigens and the accumulation of plasmocytes are more developed. We have established that the relative volume of structures of the first morphotype is 4.5–8.0 times larger than the volume of the structures of the second morphotype, which provide clonal proliferation of T and B lymphocytes, especially in deep somatic lymph nodes. Among the zones of the second morphotype, predominate T-dependent zones, the relative volume of which considerably exceeds the volume of B-dependent zones (lymphoid nodules): in the superficial somatic lymph nodes by 14–30 times, profound somatic by 12–14 times, somatovisceral by 6–7 times and visceral by 4.5–5.5 times. We determined that lymphatic nodules can form in different parts of compartments: in the interfollicular zone and paracortical cords of all lymph nodes and in the medullary cords of the visceral lymph nodes. The study shows that the parenchyma of the lymph nodes of newborn bull calves has a high degree of maturity, contains a full set of structural markers of immunocompetence, among which predominate the components that support lymphocyte migration, antigen detection and accumulation of plasma cells.

scholarly journals Гистоархитектоника паренхимы лимфатических узлов млекопитающих с различными типами строения внутриузлового лимфатического русла

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 96-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.N. Gavrilin ◽  
E.G. Gavrilina ◽  
V.V. Evert
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Lymphatic Channel ◽  
Histological Techniques ◽  
Clonal Proliferation ◽  
Medullary Cords

<p>The article analyzes the features of the histoarchitectonics of the lymph nodes of the bull (Bos taurus) and the pig (Sus scrofa domestica), depending on the type of structure and localization of the intranodal lymphatic channel. We studied somatic (Limphonodi (L.) cervicales superficiales) and visceral (L. jejunales) lymph nodes of clinically healthy mature male bulls and swine (16 and 6 months old, respectively). A complex of classical histological techniques was used, as well as the method of impregnating sections of lymph nodes with silver nitrate, modified by the authors. The main accumulative-distribution link in the lymph nodes of the bull is the subcapsular sinus (type I lymphatic collector), and in the lymph nodes of the pig - the capsular (intratrabecular) lymphatic tanks (type II lymphatic colector). In nodes with collectors of type I, the cortex has a simple layered structure, its outer layer is formed by a compact cortical plateau (interfollicular zone), and the inner layer is formed by a complex of spherical units of the deep cortex. In nodes with collectors of type II, the cortex is layered-folded, uneven in width. Cortical folds are formed along the capsular trabeculae with intratrabecular lymphatic tanks. The cortex plateau in the layered-folded cortex is more developed at the base of the folds, and the units of the deep cortex are at their apexes, where they form clusters in the form of specific nest-shaped structures. In nodes, regardless of the type of intranodal lymphatic channel, the surface cortex (cortical plateau) is located directly under the underlying lymphatic collectors, repeating their shape, the zones of clonal proliferation of B-lymphocytes are formed along the main collector on the basis of cortical plateau and its derivative structures (on the basis of paracortical and medullary cords). The zones of proliferation of T-lymphocytes are maximally close to the main collector, separated from it by a strip of cortical plateau, form a complex of spherical thickenings, which together form a deep cortex. The stroma and parenchyma are more developed in the nodes with collectors of type II (cumulative relative volume of stroma – 9-14% and 6-10%, parenchyma – 80-87% and 70-81%, respectively), and lymphatic sinuses - in nodes with collectors of I type (13-20% and 4-6% respectively). In the parenchyma of the lymph nodes of both groups, the zones of proliferation of T-lymphocytes predominate (the centers of deep cortex units are 27-42%), as well as the zones of accumulation of plasma cells and antibody formation (medullary cords – 17-29%), the first of which are more developed in the pig, and the latter at the nodes of the bull. The cumulative relative volume of the interfollicular zone (cortical plateau) in the studied nodes does not exceed 6-11%, and the zone of clonal proliferation of B lymphocytes (lymph nodulus) is 5-14%. These zones are more developed in the lymph nodes of the pig. Paracortical cords have the minimum and practically equivalent relative volume in the nodes of both groups (3-5%). The study shows that the principles of localization of the main specialized cellular zones in the lymph nodes of the domestic bull and the pig are universal, and the histoarchitectonics of the parenchyma has a clearly expressed specificity. Features of the histoarchitectonics of the parenchyma and its quantitative characteristics are determined by the type of structure of the intranodal lymphatic channel (the character of the localization and spatial configuration of the main accumulative-distributive unit of the nodes). </p>

scholarly journals Relationship between lymph concentration of cytokines and structural transformations in mesenteric lymph nodes in chemotherapy, surgical treatment, and chemotherapy of experimental breast cancer

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
О.В. Казаков ◽  
А.Ф. Повещенко ◽  
Н.Б. Орлов ◽  
Т.В. Райтер ◽  
О.В. Повещенко ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Local Immune Response ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph ◽  
Medullary Cords

Цель исследования - анализ корреляции морфометрии брыжеечных лимфатических узлов и концентрации цитокинов в лимфе грудного протока при химиотерапии рака молочной железы, хирургическом лечении и последующей химиотерапии. Методика. Рак молочной железы индуцировали введением N-метил-N-нитрозомочевины 5 раз с интервалом 7 сут подкожно в область 2-й молочной железы справа. Курс химиотерапии проходил по схеме CMF. Корреляцию между концентрациями 24 цитокинов лимфы и числом клеток структурных зон лимфатических узлов оценивали по коэффициенту ранговой корреляции Спирмена. Результаты. После химиотерапии РМЖ, по сравнению с РМЖ без лечения, морфологические преобразования в лимфатических узлах свидетельствуют о снижении активности местного иммунного ответа. Исследование корреляции концентрации цитокинов в лимфе со структурными изменениями в лимфатических узлах выявило зависимости направленные на повышение иммуномодулирующего и противоопухолевого действия цитокинов. После оперативного лечения РМЖ и последующей химиотерапии, по сравнению только с химиотерапией РМЖ, выявлены положительные связи иммунобластов с цитокином GRO/KC в герминативных центрах, цитокина IL-6 - с митотически делящимися клетками в герминативных центрах и мозговых тяжах, IL-5 - с иммунобластами в мозговых тяжах, хемокина MIP-1a - со зрелыми плазматическими клетками в мозговых синусах. Увеличено количество иммунобластов, средних и малых лимфоцитов в герминативных центрах, возросло количество малых лимфоцитов, незрелых и зрелых плазматических клеток в мозговых синусах. Увеличены площади мозговых тяжей и паракортикальной зоны. Выявлена корреляция: цитокина IL-1α с малыми лимфоцитами, IL-6 с иммунобластами, IL-7 и IL-18 - со средними лимфоцитами, GRO/KC - с иммунобластами, IL-17 - с макрофагами в Т-зависимой зоне; IL-7 и IL-18 - с иммунобластами, IL-12 - с макрофагами, MIP-1a и MCP-1 со зрелыми плазматическими клетками в мозговых синусах. Заключение. После оперативного лечения РМЖ c последующей химиотерапией, по сравнению только с химиотерапией РМЖ, выявлены взаимозависимости концентрации цитокинов в лимфе грудного протока с морфологическими изменениями в брыжеечных лимфатических узлах, которые могут указывать на повышение активности местного звена иммунного ответа. The aim of this study was to analyze correlations of the morphometry of mesenteric lymph nodes with cytokine concentrations in thoracic duct lymph in chemotherapy and surgical treatment with subsequent chemotherapy of breast cancer. Methods. Breast cancer was induced by subcutaneous injection of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea 5 times with 7-day intervals, into the region of the 2nd breast on the right. The course of chemotherapy was performed according to the CMF scheme. Correlations between concentrations of 24 cytokines of the lymph and cells of lymph node structural regions were estimated by the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Results. After chemotherapy for breast cancer compared to untreated breast cancer, morphological transformations in lymph nodes indicated decreased activity of the local immune response. Analysis of correlations between lymph concentrations of cytokines and structural changes in lymph nodes identified relationships aimed at increasing the immunomodulatory and antitumor effects of cytokines. After surgical treatment of breast cancer and subsequent chemotherapy compared to chemotherapy alone, positive correlations were found for immunoblasts with cytokine GRO/KC in germinative centers, for cytokine IL-6 with mitotically dividing cells in germinative centers and medullary cords, for IL-5 with immunoblasts in medullary cords, and for chemokine MIP-1a with mature plasma cells in medullary sinuses. Numbers of immunoblasts and medium and small lymphocytes were increased in germinative centers whereas numbers of small lymphocytes and immature and mature plasma cells were increased in medullary sinuses. Areas of medullary cords and the paracortical zone were increased. Correlations were found for cytokine IL-1α with small lymphocytes, for IL-6 with immunoblasts, for IL-7 and IL-18 with medium lymphocytes, for GRO/KC with immunoblasts, for IL-17 with macrophages in the T-dependent zone, for IL-7 and IL-18 with immunoblasts, for IL-12 with macrophages, and for MIP-1a and MCP-1 with mature plasma cells in medullary sinuses. Conclusion. After surgical treatment of breast cancer and subsequent chemotherapy compared to chemotherapy alone, cytokine concentrations in lymph of the thoracic duct were observed to correlate with morphological changes in mesenteric lymph nodes, which may indicate increased activity of the local immune response.

scholarly journals LOCATION OF ANTIBODY TO HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE IN POPLITEAL LYMPH NODES OF RABBITS DURING THE PRIMARY AND EARLY SECONDARY RESPONSE

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
WERNER STRAUS
Keyword(s):  
Horseradish Peroxidase ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Secondary Response ◽  
Double Staining ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Reticular Cells ◽  
Popliteal Lymph Nodes ◽  
Medullary Cords

After a primary injection of horseradish peroxidase into the footpads of rabbits, the specific antibody reaction in popliteal lymph nodes was first seen in plasma cells of medullary cords and, later, in lymphoblasts of germinal centers in the cortex. During the late primary or early secondary response, the reaction also became positive in reticular cells and lymphocytes. Specific antibodies were also present in the intercellular spaces between lymphocytes (reticulum) in the lymphoid follicles and in globules distributed throughout the lymph node. Two weeks following a primary injection of the antigen, many plasma cells containing the specific antibody were located in proximity of macrophages and reticular cells. The phagolysosomes of many macrophages and reticular cells became antibody-positive at about the same time. Double staining procedures were developed by which the antigen and antibody and the antigen or antibody and acid phosphatase (lysosomes) could be visualized in the same tissue section.

scholarly journals Prenatal morphogenesis of compartments of the parenchyma of the lymph nodes of domestic cattle (Bos taurus)

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. N. Gavrilin ◽  
M. A. Lieshchova ◽  
O. G. Gavrilina ◽  
T. F. Boldyreva
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Antibody Formation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Functional Differentiation ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Histological Techniques ◽  
Marginal Sinus ◽  
Fetal Period ◽  
Clonal Proliferation

The article analyzes the regularities of the formation and development of the lymphoid lobules of the parenchyma of the somatic (Limphonodi cervicales superficiales) and visceral (L. jejunales) lymph nodes in domestic cattle in the fetal period of ontogenesis. We used routine histological techniques and author's modification of the impregnation of total median sections with silver nitrate. Visualization of various zones of lymphoid lobules was carried out taking into account the specific for different cell zones architectonics of reticular fibers. It has been established that signs of morphological heterogeneity of parenchyma of lymph nodes are first found in three month-old fetuses, which is associated with the concentration of lymphoid tissue along the marginal sinus. Separation of lymphoid lobules and their structural and functional differentiation are first detected in five month fetuses. In the lymphoid lobules of five month-old fetuses all structural and functional cell zones are observable, among which the regions of clonal proliferation of T and B lymphocytes are the least developed, and regions of the transit corridors for lymphocytes migrating medullary and the cords (zone of potential accumulation of plasmocytes and antibody formation) are the most developed. Structural and functional transformations of compartments in the prenatal period of ontogenesis are accompanied by a predominantly moderate increase of the relative volume of specialized T- and B-dependent zones of lobules, against a background of a gradual decrease of the volume of transit corridors for lymphocytes migrating and zone of potential accumulation of plasmocytes and antibody formation. Due to the small volume and relatively low rates of development of the lymphocytes clonal proliferation zones, the quantitative ratios of the cellular zones in lymphoid lobules of the lymph nodes of domestic cattle in prenatal ontogenesis remain relatively stable, while maintaining the maximum indices of the development of transit corridors for lymphocytes migration and medullary cords. Among the zones of lymphocytes clonal proliferation throughout the fetal period, T-dependent zones predominate, the relative volume of which is 5.0–7.5 times greater than the volume of B-dependent zones. Lymphoid lobules in the lymph nodes of the domestic cattle fetuses of all age groups are arranged along the marginal sinus in one row and have a polar structure due to the formation of lymph nodes at one pole of the lobules in the interfollicular zone. In the visceral lymph nodes (L. jejunum) of 8–9 month-old fetuses, individual lymph nodes can form in paracortical strands, on the border with the interfollicular zone.

INFLUENCE OF HIGH-PROTEIN FEED ADDITIVE ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF THE MEAT BULL-CALVES

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (3) ◽  
pp. 6-11
Author(s):  
Батырхан Абилов ◽  
Batyrkhan Abilov ◽  
Лариса Пашкова ◽  
Larisa Pashkova
Keyword(s):  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Agricultural Enterprise ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Economic Indices ◽  
High Level

The article presents the data obtained as a result of carrying by employees of the Research Institute of sheep and goat breeding, a branch of the FSBSI "North Caucasus FARC", the scientific and economic experience to study the efficiency of a new fodder additive "Organic" on the productive and physiological indices of bull-calves during the completion of growing in the conditions of the farm "Pata" agricultural enterprise in the Karachay-Cherkessia Republic. The statement of the experience and all researches were carried out according to generally accepted methods. In the course of the experiment, the following indices were studied: the chemical compound of forages, the dynamics of a live weight gain in the experimental stock, hematological parameters, control slaughter data, economic indices. Completed researches have shown positive result from the use of the fodder additive "Organic" in bull-calves diets: an increase in the average daily gain of live weight by 25%, a slaughter yield by 1% and a high level of profitability – 27%. Thus, the additional introduction of "Organic" in a diet of young horned cattle in the 2nd experimental group promoted more intensive metabolism, stabilization of a physiological state, increase in productivity and, as a consequence, profitability of beef production. Researches in this direction reveal the latent fodder reserves promoting increase in the productivity of agricultural animals.

scholarly journals Bioactive Compounds from Herbal Medicine Targeting Multiple Myeloma

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4451
Author(s):  
Coralia Cotoraci ◽  
Alina Ciceu ◽  
Alciona Sasu ◽  
Eftimie Miutescu ◽  
Anca Hermenean
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Inhibition Of Proliferation ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Clonal Proliferation ◽  
Hematological Cancers ◽  
Monoclonal Proteins

Multiple myeloma (MM) is one of the most widespread hematological cancers. It is characterized by a clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow and by the overproduction of monoclonal proteins. In recent years, the survival rate of patients with multiple myeloma has increased significantly due to the use of transplanted stem cells and of the new therapeutic agents that have significantly increased the survival rate, but it still cannot be completely cured and therefore the development of new therapeutic products is needed. Moreover, many patients have various side effects and face the development of drug resistance to current therapies. The purpose of this review is to highlight the bioactive active compounds (flavonoids) and herbal extracts which target dysregulated signaling pathway in MM, assessed by in vitro and in vivo experiments or clinical studies, in order to explore their healing potential targeting multiple myeloma. Mechanistically, they demonstrated the ability to promote cell cycle blockage and apoptosis or autophagy in cancer cells, as well as inhibition of proliferation/migration/tumor progression, inhibition of angiogenesis in the tumor vascular network. Current research provides valuable new information about the ability of flavonoids to enhance the apoptotic effects of antineoplastic drugs, thus providing viable therapeutic options based on combining conventional and non-conventional therapies in MM therapeutic protocols.

scholarly journals Belantamab Mafodotin to Treat Multiple Myeloma: A Comprehensive Review of Disease, Drug Efficacy and Side Effects

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 640-660
Author(s):  
Grace Lassiter ◽  
Cole Bergeron ◽  
Ryan Guedry ◽  
Julia Cucarola ◽  
Adam M. Kaye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Hematologic Malignancy ◽  
Drug Efficacy ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Blurred Vision ◽  
Refractory Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Clonal Proliferation ◽  
Refractory State

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematologic malignancy characterized by excessive clonal proliferation of plasma cells. The treatment of multiple myeloma presents a variety of unique challenges due to the complex molecular pathophysiology and incurable status of the disease at this time. Given that MM is the second most common blood cancer with a characteristic and unavoidable relapse/refractory state during the course of the disease, the development of new therapeutic modalities is crucial. Belantamab mafodotin (belamaf, GSK2857916) is a first-in-class therapeutic, indicated for patients who have previously attempted four other treatments, including an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody, a proteosome inhibitor, and an immunomodulatory agent. In November 2017, the FDA designated belamaf as a breakthrough therapy for heavily pretreated patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. In August 2020, the FDA granted accelerated approval as a monotherapy for relapsed or treatment-refractory multiple myeloma. The drug was also approved in the EU for this indication in late August 2020. Of note, belamaf is associated with the following adverse events: decreased platelets, corneal disease, decreased or blurred vision, anemia, infusion-related reactions, pyrexia, and fetal risk, among others. Further studies are necessary to evaluate efficacy in comparison to other standard treatment modalities and as future drugs in this class are developed.

scholarly journals HETEROGENEITY OF ANTIBODY-FORMING CELLS

1969 ◽  
Vol 129 (5) ◽  
pp. 1029-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesare Bosman ◽  
Joseph D. Feldman ◽  
Edgar Pick
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Cell Suspensions ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Cytoplasmic Vacuoles ◽  
Draining Lymph Nodes

Cell suspensions from draining lymph nodes of immune and nonimmune rats were reacted in vitro with 125I-labeled antigens. In light microscopic radioautographs of smears, 17% of the immunized cells were tagged by specific antigen; 2.0% of control cells were positive. In electron microscopic radioautographs, 90% of the labeled elements from immune donors were lymphocytes, blast and plasma cells; 10% were monocytes-macrophages or other elements, including naked nuclei. 15% of the labeled cells from control materials were lymphocytes and plasma cells, while 85% were monocytes-macrophages and naked nuclei. Within cell suspensions derived from immunized animals there were almost twice as many lymphocytes marked by isotope as plasma cells, and the lymphocytes ranged in morphology from mature monoribosomal elements to immature polyribosomal cells. Antibody-forming cells fixed labeled antigen at their surfaces. The monocyte-macrophage class was distinguished by a high mean grain count and by distribution of grains within cytoplasmic vacuoles and lysosomes.

scholarly journals A Decade of Imaging Cellular Motility and Interaction Dynamics in the Immune System

Science ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 336 (6089) ◽  
pp. 1676-1681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald N. Germain ◽  
Ellen A. Robey ◽  
Michael D. Cahalan
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Live Cell Imaging ◽  
Quantitative Measurement ◽  
Cell Imaging ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Effector T Cells ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Cellular Motility ◽  
Response Dynamics

To mount an immune response, lymphocytes must recirculate between the blood and lymph nodes, recognize antigens upon contact with specialized presenting cells, proliferate to expand a small number of clonally relevant lymphocytes, differentiate to antibody-producing plasma cells or effector T cells, exit from lymph nodes, migrate to tissues, and engage in host-protective activities. All of these processes involve motility and cellular interactions—events that were hidden from view until recently. Introduced to immunology by three papers in this journal in 2002, in vivo live-cell imaging studies are revealing the behavior of cells mediating adaptive and innate immunity in diverse tissue environments, providing quantitative measurement of cellular motility, interactions, and response dynamics. Here, we review themes emerging from such studies and speculate on the future of immunoimaging.

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