Kyiv park "Nivki" and "Teremki" forests and ecological analysis of their habitats

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 53-68
Author(s):  
I. V. Goncharenko ◽  
H. M. Holyk

Cenotic diversity and leading ecological factors of its floristic differentiation were studied on an example of two areas – Kyiv parks "Nivki" and "Teremki". It is shown that in megalopolis the Galeobdoloni-Carpinetum impatientosum parviflorae subassociation is formed under anthropogenic pressure on the typical ecotope of near-Dnieper hornbeam oak forests on fresh gray-forest soils. The degree of anthropogenic transformation of cenofloras can be estimated by the number of species of Robinietea and Galio-Urticetea classes, as well as neophytes and cultivars. Phytoindication for hemeroby index may be also used in calculation. We propose the modified index of biotic dispersion (normalized by alpha-diversity) for the estimation of ecophytocenotic range (beta-diversity) of releves series. We found that alpha-diversity initially increases (due to the invasion of antropophytes) at low level of antropogenic pressure, then it decreases (due to the loss of aboriginal species) secondarily with increasing of human impact. Also we found that beta-diversity (differential diversity) decreases, increasing homogeneity of plant cover, under the influence of anthropogenic factor. Vegetation classification was completed by a new original method of cluster analysis, designated as DRSA («distance-ranked sorting assembling»). The classification quality is suggested to be validated on the "seriation" diagram, which is а distance matrix between objects with gradient filling. Dark diagonal blocks confirm clusters’ density (intracluster compactness), uncolored off-diagonal blocks are evidence in favor of clusters’ isolation (intercluster distinctness). In addition, distinction of clusters (syntaxa) in ordination area suggests their independence. For phytoindication we propose to include only species with more than 10% constancy. Furthermore, for the description of syntaxonomic amplitude we suggest to use 25%-75% interquartile scope instead of mean and standard deviation. It is shown that comparative analysis of syntaxa for each ecofactor is convenient to carry out by using violin (bulb) plots. A new approach to the phytoindication of syntaxa, designated as R-phytoindication, was proposed for our study. In this case, the ecofactor values, calculated for individual releves, are not taken into account, however, the composition of cenoflora with species constancies is used that helps us to minimize for phytoindication the influence of non-typical species. We suggested a syntaxon’s amplitude to be described by more robust statistics: for the optimum of amplitude (central tendency) – by a median (instead of arithmetic mean), and for the range of tolerance – by an interquartile scope (instead of standard deviation). We assesses amplitudes of syntaxa by phytoindication method for moisture (Hd), acidity (Rc), soil nitrogen content (Nt), wetting variability (vHd), light regime (Lc), salt regime (Sl). We revealed no significant differences on these ecofactors among ecotopes of our syntaxa, that proved the variant syntaxonomic rank for all syntaxa. We found that the core of species composition of our phytocenoses consists of plants with moderate requirements for moisture, soil nitrogen, light and salt regime. We prove that the leading factor of syntaxonomic differentiation is hidden anthropogenic, which is not subject to direct measurement. But we detect that hidden factor of "human pressure" was correlated with phytoindication parameters (variables) that can be measured "directly" by species composition of plant communities. The most correlated factors were ecofactors of soil nitrogen, wetting variability, light regime and hemeroby. The last one is the most indicative empirically for the assessment of "human impact". We establish that there is a concept of «hemeroby of phytocenosis» (tolerance to human impact), which can be calculated approximately as the mean or the median of hemeroby scores of individual species which are present in it.

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo A. Scrosati ◽  
Alexis M. Catalán ◽  
Nelson Valdivia

Abstract Species diversity in a habitat is often termed alpha diversity. As it influences various community properties, many studies have investigated its drivers. For instance, intertidal macroalgal canopies limit understory thermal stress during low tides and thus often increase alpha diversity. More recently, beta diversity has also become of interest. Beta diversity measures the change in species composition across space and is another important attribute of communities because it influences their multifunctionality, productivity, and resilience. Using data from a field experiment done in Atlantic Canada, we tested the hypothesis that fucoid macroalgal canopies limit beta diversity in intertidal communities. This prediction stems from previous evidence that such canopies limit thermal variation across the substrate during low tides, an important consideration because spatial thermal changes influence spatial variability in species composition. To test our hypothesis, we compared two treatments (full canopy cover and canopy removal) created the year before on intertidal areas that were originally all fully covered by canopies. Separately for each treatment, we calculated beta diversity as the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity between nearby quadrats using species abundance data. Overall, fucoid macroalgal canopies significantly reduced beta diversity, showing that these foundation species can have opposing effects on alpha and beta diversity.


2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 45-54
Author(s):  
S. S. Melnychuk ◽  
G. G. Trokhymenko

Heavy metals like ekopolyudanty have a high capacity for bioaccumulation, toxicity and significant mobility in the environment. Since the bulk of the land is plants, it is important to identify the processes of migration and accumulation of heavy metals in them. But keep in mind that the level of heavy metal accumulation in plants of different taxonomic groups are not the same. Cumulative capacity of plants depends on many factors: the type of soil, humidity, altitude, meteorological characteristics of the region and landscape, and more. It should be noted that the migration of heavy metals from soil to plants depends on the concentration of mobile forms in soil. Once the soil heavy metals are constantly migrating, moving to some form of chemical compounds. Although soils are characterized by resistance to chemical contamination due to its ability to accumulate and neutralize ecotoxicants. But it is significant accumulation in soil heavy metals leads to lower pH of the soil and destroys the soil-absorbing complex. The object of study in this paper selected park «Biloberezhzhya Svyatoslav» which Presidential Decree Ukraine in 2009 was granted the status of National Park «Biloberezhzhya Svyatoslav», so the park is virtually unexplored. The aim is to study the phenomenon of bioaccumulation of heavy metals in soil and plants cover various ecotheitons and their influence on the processes of human transformation in these florocomplexes. For the past 10 years the National Park is undergoing significant anthropogenic pressure on transport, recreation, hotels and aggressive recreational activities. So one of the important aspects of solving the problem is to provide control and accounting of vehicles, which enters the territory of spit and emission monitoring (especially heavy metals) which makes transport and monitoring of soil and vegetation that will characterize the current state of ecosystems National Park «Biloberezhzhya Svyatoslav» and anticipate negative processes that occur in ecosystems of different levels. To study the vegetation of the National Park «Biloberezhzhya Svyatoslav» that is able to accumulate heavy metals in significant quantities were selected samples of the dominant plant species in various microflorocomplexes. For more detailed specifications the transformation of these substances in the soil and their translocation in plants and soil samples were taken at a depth of 20 cm. In the study the accumulation of heavy metals in soils contributes primarily low acidity (neutral and slightly alkaline pH) soil horizons in gleying cuts low values ​​of redox potential and high content of amorphous hydroxides Fe. The remaining soil parameters – a low content of organic matter, light texture, low cation exchange capacity value (ECO) soil absorbing complex, a high redox potential – are unfavorable factors for the accumulation of heavy metals in soils. Analysis of mobile forms of heavy metals in the soil studied florocomplexes showed that the majority of indicators does not exceed the MCL. This minimum figure for cadmium Li, Aln, Qbp, apparently caused by acidity (pH) of the soil. Overall indicators of cadmium in florocomplexes studied ranged from 0 to 0.7 mg / kg. The maximum amount of cadmium in Mar (0,6 mg / kg), Rap (0,7 mg / kg) and only they exceed the MCL level that caused considerable indirect influence, since these florocomplexes heavy metals fall on the Dnieper River from cities and businesses located upstream. Indicators of copper in florocomplexes fluctuate within 0.5–4.0 mg / kg, thus exceeding the MCL only Mar (3,2 mg / kg), Rap (4,0 mg / kg), which reduces the enzymatic activity of soil. Similar figures have nickel 0.5–5.0 mg / kg, exceeding the MCL in Mar and Rap. Number of lead in the top layer of soil depends not only on the human impact, but also from iron oxides, which can form complexes with Lead. As he studied florokompleksah ranges from 0.8–3.8 mg / kg, and not exceeding the MCL. The maximum of the number of zinc – 2.5–7.1 mg / kg, which is caused by the structure of the parent rock, characterized by a large number of iron oxides and pH in which it is possible absorption of lead hydroxide. However, no figure does not exceed the MCL. So low rates of bioaccumulation factors indicate a low level of accumulation of heavy metals in soils of ecotheitons of National Park «Biloberezhzhya Svyatoslav», i.e. minor processes of human impacts on natural ecosystems. Sandy soils are characterized by low absorptive capacity, and a weak hold heavy metals except molybdenum and selenium. Because plants easily adsorb them, some of them even in very small concentrations have a toxic effect. So exceeded MPC Dominant Mar, Rap – Zoctera marina L. and Ruppia cirrhoza (Petagma) Grande. indicate intense indirect human impact on water florocomplexes that are part of the National Park «Biloberezhzhya Svyatoslav» because these florocomplexes heavy metals fall on the Dnieper River from cities and businesses that are located upstream. The lowest coefficients of accumulation in the soil and in plants characteristic of Hy and Lst, which is caused by geographical barriers that protect them from human activity. For values of absorption coefficients biotic can conclude not only the role of individual species of plants and vegetation in the whole cycle of elements in the ecosystem, but also the ecosystem’s ability to cleanse itself. In florocomplexes of National Park «Biloberezhzhya Svyatoslav» is obviously particularly important role in the self-cleaning from heavy metals play the genera Phragmites Trin. ex Steud. and Zoctera L., both because of the high intensity of the absorption element (Zoctera L.), and because of the high biomass of these species in communities (Phragmites Trin. ex Steud.). Among the analyzed dominant species, growing on uncontaminated and contaminated areas revealed two species hiperakumulyatory heavy metals – Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud and Zoctera marina L. addition to those of the common species that accumulate significant biomass and have relatively high rates of accumulation of Cd, Zn, Pb, – a species: Grindelia squarrosa L., Salicornia prostrata Pall., Poa angustifolia L., which can be recommended as objects of future field experiments.


2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5(74)) ◽  
pp. 4-19
Author(s):  
V.N. Egorova

The research has shown that the dynamics of the species composition of the floodplain landscape’s partial flora occurs at a fluctuating level when the anthropogenic impact is weak. The number of species of flora remains quite stable as a result of the loss and introduction of individual species. Whereas, withhigh and prolonged anthropogenic pressure on floodplain communities, the dynamics of partial floras become unidirectional and irreversible with a sharp decrease in their species composition


2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinícius X. da Silva ◽  
◽  
Mario Sacramento ◽  
Érica Hasui ◽  
Rogério G. T. da Cunha ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT Diversity analysis by partition is an approach employed in order to understand how communities spatially structure themselves and the factors that operate in the generation and maintenance of distribution patterns. We examined the spatial structure of species diversity of four taxonomic groups, with different dispersal abilities, in 16 forest fragments in the southern region of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Specifically, we tested: i) if the similarity in species composition would be negatively related to geographical distance between the 16 fragments; and ii) if the beta diversity of the different groups could be negatively related to their dispersal abilities. Alpha diversity and the compositional similarity between localities were both low. Beta diversity was not correlated with distance for any of the groups. Primates, followed by birds, showed a higher tendency of forming similarity groupings, although in a manner that was independent from distance between fragments, as well as showed the lowest beta diversity relative values. Spermatophytes and amphibians did not define groupings and presented the highest values of beta diversity. We interpreted such results as indications that the groups with higher dispersal ability (primates and birds) tend to reach, on average, farther localities and, therefore, to define more similar groupings (low beta diversity). The groups with lower dispersal ability (spermatophytes and amphibians) showed the opposite tendency. Although most of the species were restricted to few localities, contributing to the low similarity, beta and gamma diversity values showed the extent which the localities are, respectively, different and complementary to each other in terms of species composition. Such features reinforce and justify future conservation initiatives, both in local and regional levels.


Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 820
Author(s):  
Faye Chleilat ◽  
Alana Schick ◽  
Raylene A. Reimer

Background: Consuming a diet high in prebiotic fiber has been associated with improved metabolic and gut microbial parameters intergenerationally, although studies have been limited to maternal intake with no studies examining this effect in a paternal model. Method: Male Sprague Dawley rats were allocated to either (1) control or (2) oligofructose-supplemented diet for nine weeks and then mated. Offspring consumed control diet until 16 weeks of age. Bodyweight, body composition, glycemia, hepatic triglycerides, gastrointestinal hormones, and gut microbiota composition were measured in fathers and offspring. Results: Paternal energy intake was reduced, while satiety inducing peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) gut hormone was increased in prebiotic versus control fathers. Increased serum PYY persisted in female prebiotic adult offspring. Hepatic triglycerides were decreased in prebiotic fathers with a similar trend (p = 0.07) seen in female offspring. Gut microbial composition showed significantly reduced alpha diversity in prebiotic fathers at 9 and 12 weeks of age (p < 0.001), as well as concurrent differences in beta diversity (p < 0.001), characterized by differences in Bifidobacteriaceae, Lactobacillaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae, and particularly Bifidobacterium animalis. Female prebiotic offspring had higher alpha diversity at 3 and 9 weeks of age (p < 0.002) and differences in beta diversity at 15 weeks of age (p = 0.04). Increases in Bacteroidetes in female offspring and Christensenellaceae in male offspring were seen at nine weeks of age. Conclusions: Although paternal prebiotic intake before conception improves metabolic and microbiota outcomes in fathers, effects on offspring were limited with increased serum satiety hormone levels and changes to only select gut bacteria.


Geosciences ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Tomáš Galia

Mountain headwater streams are still somewhat on the boundary of interest regarding possible human impact on their morphology or geomorphic processes, which may be caused by our perception of mountains as islands of relatively preserved natural conditions. This paper summarizes the past and present human pressure on the headwater streams that drain the highest mountain ranges of the Outer Western Carpathians in Czechia. Anthropogenic pressure began in this region in the 16th century during a colonization of the mountains and continued by timber harvesting, timber floating, and construction of torrent control works until present. Each of these interventions produced a morphological response of the channels in relation to altered sediment or water fluxes at the whole catchment scale or within longitudinal stream profiles. Because it is highly unlikely to reach pre-settlement conditions of the channels, the management effort should be concentrated to achieve realistic restoration targets under the present socioeconomic circumstances by taking into consideration the morphodynamical specifics of mountain headwater streams.


Author(s):  
Maciej Chichlowski ◽  
Nicholas Bokulich ◽  
Cheryl L Harris ◽  
Jennifer L Wampler ◽  
Fei Li ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) and lactoferrin (LF) are human milk bioactive components demonstrated to support gastrointestinal (GI) and immune development. Significantly fewer diarrhea and respiratory-associated adverse events through 18 months of age were previously reported in healthy term infants fed a cow's milk-based infant formula with added source of bovine MFGM and bovine LF through 12 months of age. Objectives To compare microbiota and metabolite profiles in a subset of study participants. Methods Stool samples were collected at Baseline (10–14 days of age) and Day 120 (MFGM + LF: 26, Control: 33). Bacterial community profiling was performed via16S rRNA gene sequencing (Illumina MiSeq) and alpha and beta diversity were analyzed (QIIME 2). Differentially abundant taxa were determined using Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LefSE) and visualized (Metacoder). Untargeted stool metabolites were analyzed (HPLC/mass spectroscopy) and expressed as the fold-change between group means (Control: MFGM + LF ratio). Results Alpha diversity increased significantly in both groups from baseline to 4 months. Subtle group differences in beta diversity were demonstrated at 4 months (Jaccard distance; R2 = 0.01, P = 0.042). Specifically, Bacteroides uniformis and Bacteroides plebeius were more abundant in the MFGM + LF group at 4 months. Metabolite profile differences for MFGM + LF vs Control included: lower fecal medium chain fatty acids, deoxycarnitine, and glycochenodeoxycholate, and some higher fecal carbohydrates and steroids (P &lt; 0.05). After applying multiple test correction, the differences in stool metabolomics were not significant. Conclusions Addition of bovine MFGM and LF in infant formula was associated with subtle differences in stool microbiome and metabolome by four months of age, including increased prevalence of Bacteroides species. Stool metabolite profiles may be consistent with altered microbial metabolism. Trial registration:  https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02274883).


Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 463
Author(s):  
Mariusz Sikora ◽  
Albert Stec ◽  
Magdalena Chrabaszcz ◽  
Aleksandra Knot ◽  
Anna Waskiel-Burnat ◽  
...  

(1) Background: A growing body of evidence highlights that intestinal dysbiosis is associated with the development of psoriasis. The gut–skin axis is the novel concept of the interaction between skin diseases and microbiome through inflammatory mediators, metabolites and the intestinal barrier. The objective of this study was to synthesize current data on the gut microbial composition in psoriasis. (2) Methods: We conducted a systematic review of studies investigating intestinal microbiome in psoriasis, using the PRISMA checklist. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases for relevant published articles (2000–2020). (3) Results: All of the 10 retrieved studies reported alterations in the gut microbiome in patients with psoriasis. Eight studies assessed alpha- and beta-diversity. Four of them reported a lack of change in alpha-diversity, but all confirmed significant changes in beta-diversity. At the phylum-level, at least two or more studies reported a lower relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, and higher Firmicutes in psoriasis patients versus healthy controls. (4) Conclusions: There is a significant association between alterations in gut microbial composition and psoriasis; however, there is high heterogeneity between studies. More unified methodological standards in large-scale studies are needed to understand microbiota’s contribution to psoriasis pathogenesis and its modulation as a potential therapeutic strategy.


2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1907.2-1907
Author(s):  
Y. Tsuji ◽  
M. Tamai ◽  
S. Morimoto ◽  
D. Sasaki ◽  
M. Nagayoshi ◽  
...  

Background:Anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) production is observed in several organs even prior to the onset of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and oral mucosa is considered to be one of the important tissues. The presence of HLA-DRB1*SE closely associates with ACPA production. Saliva is considered to reflect the oral microbiota including periodontal disease. Alteration of oral microbiota of RA becomes to be normalized by DMARDs treatment, however, the interaction of HLA-DRB1*SE, ACPA and oral microbiota of RA patients remains to be elucidated.Objectives:The Nagasaki Island Study, which had started in 2014 collaborating with Goto City, is intended for research of the preclinical stage of RA, including ACPA/HLA genotype screening and ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging examinations in high-risk subjects. Using the samples accumulated in this cohort, we have tried to investigate the difference of oral microbiota among RA patients and healthy subjects regarding to ACPA and HLA-DRB1*SE.Methods:Blood and salivary samples were obtained from 1422 subjects out of 4276 who have participated in the Nagasaki Island Study from 2016 to 2018. ACPA positivity was 1.7 % in total. Some of RA patients resided in Goto City participated in the Nagasaki Island Study. At this point, we selected 291 subjects, who were ACPA positive non-RA healthy subjects (n=22) and patients with RA (n=33, 11 subjects were ACPA positive and 22 ACPA negative respectively) as the case, age and gender matched ACPA negative non-RA healthy subjects (n=236) as the control. ACPA was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and HLA genotyping was quantified by next-generation sequencing (Ref.1). The operational taxonomic unit (OUT) analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing were performed. The richness of microbial diversity within-subject (alpha diversity) was scaled via Shannon entropy. The dissimilarity between microbial community composition was calculated using Bray-Curtis distance as a scale, and differences between groups (beta diversity) were tested by permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). In addition, UniFrac distance calculated in consideration of the distance on the phylogenetic tree were performed.Results:Median age 70 y.o., % Female 58.8 %. Among RA and non-RA subjects, not alpha diversity but beta diversity was statistically significance (p=0.022, small in RA). In RA subjects, both alpha and beta diversity is small (p<0.0001), especially significant in ACPA positive RA (Figure 1). Amongt RA subjects, presence of HLA-DRB1*SE did not show the difference but the tendency of being small of alpha diversity (p=0.29).Conclusion:Our study has suggested for the first time the association of oral microbiota alteration with the presence of ACPA and HLA-DRB1*SE. Oral dysbiosis may reflect the immunological status of patients with RA.References:[1]Kawaguchi S, et al. Methods Mol Biol 2018;1802: 22Disclosure of Interests:None declared


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document