scholarly journals Influence of potential nanopollutant fullerene C60 on physiological and biochemical responses in mammals

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 52-62
Author(s):  
V. S. Nedzvetsky ◽  
V. Y. Gasso ◽  
S. V. Yermolenko ◽  
I. A. Hasso
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Insulin Receptors ◽  
Fullerene C60 ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Nerve Tissue ◽  
Peroxidation Of Lipids ◽  
Progressive Development

The progressive development of technologies in the manufacture and application of nanomaterials in almost all spheres of human life causes penetration in an organism and accumulation of nanoparticles in its cells. Determinations of the risk of using nanomaterials and mechanisms of their cytotoxicity are extremely relevant current problems that should be studied. Fullerene C60 is the most widespread nanomaterial proposed to use inhibition of tumour growth, microbial infections, and purposeful drug delivery. However, there are contradictory data on cytotoxic and/or cytoprotective effects of this fullerene. In the present paper, the action of fullerene C60 on glucose metabolism, the composition of the intestinal microbiota, and an acid-reducing balance were studied in rats. It is shown that fullerene C60 dissolved in olive oil (2 mg/kg/day) induces insulin resistance, activates the peroxidation of lipids in the brain of animals, but not in the liver, under conditions of chronic influence. In addition, fullerene C60 induced changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota in rats. Determined disorders may be a cause of insulin production, as an adaptive response to the needs of metabolic energy under local oxidative stress in the nerve tissue. At the same time, the growth of insulin resistance can be induced by nonspecific molecular damage in biomembranes and macromolecules, including insulin receptors. In this regard, the explanation of the molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance induced by fullerene C60 together with the effect of fullerene dose will be of particular interest in further studies.

scholarly journals Insulin Receptor and its Relationship with Different Forms of Insulin Resistance

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Rojek ◽  
Marek Niedziela
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Insulin Receptor ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Insulin Receptors ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Insulin Receptor Gene ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Stage Of Development

SummaryInsulin plays an important role in maintaining the whole organism’s homeostasis. The presence of insulin receptors in all vertebrates and invertebrates cells reflects the diversity of regulatory processes in which this hormone is involved. Furthermore, many different factors may influence the level of insulin receptor expression. These factors include e.g. the sole insulin or stage of development. Mutations in the receptor may lead to the development of insulin resistance. These mutations differ in the level of severity and are frequently associated with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disorders, heart failure, metabolic syndrome and infertility in women. More than 50 mutations in insulin receptor gene have already been characterized. These mutations are associated with rare forms of insulin resistance like leprechaunism, insulin resistance type A or Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome. Molecular analysis of insulin receptor gene may lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying various types of insulin resistance and help to develop more efficient treatment.

THE INTENSITY OF OXIDATIVE MODIFICATION OF PROTEINS AND PEROXIDATION OF LIPIDS IN THE BLOOD SERUM, BRAIN, LIVER AND PANCREAS TISSUES OF RATS WITH INSULIN RESISTANCE AND CONGENITAL IODINE DEFICIENCY

2019 ◽  
pp. 115-120
Author(s):  
V. B. Stetsevyat ◽  
N. M. Voronych-Semchenko
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Oxidative Modification ◽  
Peroxidation Of Lipids ◽  
Diene Conjugates ◽  
Oxidative Modification Of Proteins ◽  
High Fructose ◽  
Liver And Pancreas ◽  
Dependent Processes

The results of the study about the nature of oxygen-dependent processes in rats that were on a high-fructose diet for 8 weeks under conditions of adequate iodine supply and congenital iodine deprivation is presented in the article. The significant activation of peroxide oxidation of proteins (by increasing the aldo- and keto-derivates of a neutral nature) and lipids (increased of diene conjugates content and products, that are responsible to thiobarbituric acid) of animals with insulin resistance was found. An aggravating factor in the course of these processes is a congenital iodine deficiency. The changes of oxidative modification of proteins in animals with congenital iodine deficiency had multidirectional character, and processes of lipid peroxidation mainly increased. The most pronounced changes of the studied processes were observed in the liver and pancreas of animals with insulin resistance against the background of congenital iodine deficiency.

Molecular mechanisms underlying zinc oxide nanoparticle induced insulin resistance in mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-76
Author(s):  
Hailong Hu ◽  
Qian Guo ◽  
Xingpei Fan ◽  
Xiangjuan Wei ◽  
Daqian Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticle

scholarly journals Molecular Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Unraveling the Conundrum in Skeletal Muscle?

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 5372-5381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel K Stepto ◽  
Alba Moreno-Asso ◽  
Luke C McIlvenna ◽  
Kirsty A Walters ◽  
Raymond J Rodgers
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Evidence Synthesis ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ovary Syndrome

Abstract Context Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine condition affecting 8% to 13% of women across the lifespan. PCOS affects reproductive, metabolic, and mental health, generating a considerable health burden. Advances in treatment of women with PCOS has been hampered by evolving diagnostic criteria and poor recognition by clinicians. This has resulted in limited clinical and basic research. In this study, we provide insights into the current and future research on the metabolic features of PCOS, specifically as they relate to PCOS-specific insulin resistance (IR), that may affect the most metabolically active tissue, skeletal muscle. Current Knowledge PCOS is a highly heritable condition, yet it is phenotypically heterogeneous in both reproductive and metabolic features. Human studies thus far have not identified molecular mechanisms of PCOS-specific IR in skeletal muscle. However, recent research has provided new insights that implicate energy-sensing pathways regulated via epigenomic and resultant transcriptomic changes. Animal models, while in existence, have been underused in exploring molecular mechanisms of IR in PCOS and specifically in skeletal muscle. Future Directions Based on the latest evidence synthesis and technologies, researchers exploring molecular mechanisms of IR in PCOS, specifically in muscle, will likely need to generate new hypothesis to be tested in human and animal studies. Conclusion Investigations to elucidate the molecular mechanisms driving IR in PCOS are in their early stages, yet remarkable advances have been made in skeletal muscle. Overall, investigations have thus far created more questions than answers, which provide new opportunities to study complex endocrine conditions.

scholarly journals Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs and the Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Insulin Resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7256
Author(s):  
Vianet Argelia Tello-Flores ◽  
Fredy Omar Beltrán-Anaya ◽  
Marco Antonio Ramírez-Vargas ◽  
Brenda Ely Esteban-Casales ◽  
Napoleón Navarro-Tito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Polypyrimidine Tract Binding Protein ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are single-stranded RNA biomolecules with a length of >200 nt, and they are currently considered to be master regulators of many pathological processes. Recent publications have shown that lncRNAs play important roles in the pathogenesis and progression of insulin resistance (IR) and glucose homeostasis by regulating inflammatory and lipogenic processes. lncRNAs regulate gene expression by binding to other non-coding RNAs, mRNAs, proteins, and DNA. In recent years, several mechanisms have been reported to explain the key roles of lncRNAs in the development of IR, including metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1), imprinted maternal-ly expressed transcript (H19), maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3), myocardial infarction-associated transcript (MIAT), and steroid receptor RNA activator (SRA), HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR), and downregulated Expression-Related Hexose/Glucose Transport Enhancer (DREH). LncRNAs participate in the regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, the inflammatory process, and oxidative stress through different pathways, such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT), polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1/element-binding transcription factor 1c (PTBP1/SREBP-1c), AKT/nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), AKT/forkhead box O1 (FoxO1), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)/c-Jun-N-terminal kinases (JNK). On the other hand, the mechanisms linked to the molecular, cellular, and biochemical actions of lncRNAs vary according to the tissue, biological species, and the severity of IR. Therefore, it is essential to elucidate the role of lncRNAs in the insulin signaling pathway and glucose and lipid metabolism. This review analyzes the function and molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs involved in the development of IR.

scholarly journals When the Balance Tips: Dysregulation of Mitochondrial Dynamics as a Culprit in Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4617
Author(s):  
Styliana Kyriakoudi ◽  
Anthi Drousiotou ◽  
Petros P. Petrou
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Mitochondrial Function ◽  
Human Disease ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Mitochondrial Dynamics ◽  
Mitochondrial Fusion ◽  
Mitochondrial Morphology ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Wide Range

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles, the morphology of which is tightly linked to their functions. The interplay between the coordinated events of fusion and fission that are collectively described as mitochondrial dynamics regulates mitochondrial morphology and adjusts mitochondrial function. Over the last few years, accruing evidence established a connection between dysregulated mitochondrial dynamics and disease development and progression. Defects in key components of the machinery mediating mitochondrial fusion and fission have been linked to a wide range of pathological conditions, such as insulin resistance and obesity, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Here, we provide an update on the molecular mechanisms promoting mitochondrial fusion and fission in mammals and discuss the emerging association of disturbed mitochondrial dynamics with human disease.

scholarly journals Daily Lifestyle and Cutaneous Malignancies

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 5227
Author(s):  
Yu Sawada ◽  
Motonobu Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Lifestyle Factors ◽  
Merkel Cell ◽  
Fundamental Part ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
Beneficial Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Daily lifestyle is a fundamental part of human life and its influence accumulates daily in the human body. We observe that a good daily lifestyle has a beneficial impact on our health; however, the actual effects of individual daily lifestyle factors on human skin diseases, especially skin cancers, have not been summarized. In this review, we focused on the influence of daily lifestyle on the development of skin cancer and described the detailed molecular mechanisms of the development or regulation of cutaneous malignancies. Several daily lifestyle factors, such as circadian rhythm disruption, smoking, alcohol, fatty acids, dietary fiber, obesity, and ultraviolet light, are known to be associated with the risk of cutaneous malignancies, malignant melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma. Although the influence of some daily lifestyles on the risk of skin cancers is controversial, this review provides us a better understanding of the relationship between daily lifestyle factors and skin cancers.

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