On the Currency of Egalitarian Justice, and Other Essays in Political Philosophy

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
John Rawls ◽  
Ideal Theory ◽  
Amartya Sen ◽  
Political Practice ◽  
Ronald Dworkin ◽  
Isaiah Berlin ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Egalitarian Justice

G. A. Cohen was one of the most gifted, influential, and progressive voices in contemporary political philosophy. At the time of his death in 2009, he had plans to bring together a number of his most significant papers. This is the first of three volumes to realize those plans. Drawing on three decades of work, it contains previously uncollected articles that have shaped many of the central debates in political philosophy, as well as papers published here for the first time. In these pieces, Cohen asks what egalitarians have most reason to equalize, he considers the relationship between freedom and property, and he reflects upon ideal theory and political practice. Included here are classic essays such as “Equality of What?” and “Capitalism, Freedom, and the Proletariat,” along with more recent contributions such as “Fairness and Legitimacy in Justice,” “Freedom and Money,” and the previously unpublished “How to Do Political Philosophy.” On ample display throughout are the clarity, rigor, conviction, and wit for which Cohen was renowned. Together, these essays demonstrate how his work provides a powerful account of liberty and equality to the left of Ronald Dworkin, John Rawls, Amartya Sen, and Isaiah Berlin.

Feasibility, Normativity, and Institutional Guarantees

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Tomasi
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
John Rawls ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Ideal Theory ◽  
General View ◽  
Justice As Fairness ◽  
Economic Liberty ◽  
Democratic Regimes ◽  
Market Democracy

This chapter considers John Rawls' conception of ideal theory, with particular emphasis on the implications of problems of feasibility for normative political philosophy and market democracy's institutional guarantees. It defends Rawls' general view of ideal theory, first by explaining why the objection to market democracy—that even if market democratic institutional forms appear attractive in theory, they are unlikely to deliver the goods in practice and so are defective for that reason—has little force when applied against the idealism of left liberalism. It then examines why such arguments are equally ineffective when trained against the idealism of free market fairness. It also analyzes Rawls' idea of “realistic utopianism” before concluding by asking whether market democratic regimes that treat economic liberty as constitutionally basic can realize all the requirements of justice as fairness.

Introduction

John Rawls ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 53-60
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
Real World ◽  
John Rawls ◽  
Political Practice ◽  
The World ◽  
Ideal Standards ◽  
Principles Of Justice ◽  
The Ideal

What is the relation between political theory and political practice? In what ways can political philosophy help people to address real injustices in the world? John Rawls argues that an important role of political philosophy is to identify the ideal standards of justice at which we should aim in political practice. Other philosophers challenge this approach, arguing that Rawls’s idealizations are not useful as a guide for action or, worse, that they are an impediment to addressing actual injustices in the world. They argue, instead, that political philosophy ought to be focused on theorizing about the elimination of existing injustice. Still others argue that principles of justice should be identified without any constraint concerning the possibility of implementation or regulation in the real world at all....

The Market, Preferences, and Equality

1994 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin M. Macleod
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Distributive Justice ◽  
Ronald Dworkin ◽  
Individual Liberty ◽  
Equitable Distribution ◽  
Political Morality ◽  
Mutual Advantage ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
Egalitarian Justice

The perfectly competitive market of economic theory often enters political philosophy because it can be represented as illuminating important values. Theorists who are enthusiastic about the heuristic potential of the market claim that we can learn much about individual liberty, the promotion of mutual advantage and efficiency in the distribution of goods by studying it. However, a principal limitation of the market for many theorists is its supposed insensitivity to the demands of egalitarian justice. According to the standard charge, markets—even idealised ones—are hostile to the achievement and maintenance of an equitable distribution of resources. It is striking, then, that a leading exponent of egalitarian justice like Ronald Dworkin should argue that there are very deep and systematic links between equality and the market. He contends that, contrary to the received view, “the best theory of equality supposes some actual or hypothetical market in justifying a particular distribution of goods and opportunities.” Moreover, the articulation of Dworkin’s influential egalitarian account of liberal political morality depends on acceptance of the market as an ally of equality. Thus Dworkin claims not only that the market plays a crucial role in the elaboration of a doctrine of distributive justice but also that it illuminates the distinctively liberal commitments to the protection of extensive individual liberty and to the requirement that the state must be neutral between different conceptions of the good. The aim of this paper is to raise some doubts about the soundness of one of the fundamental onnections Dworkin draws between the market and distributive justice.

The Concept of Property in Rawls’s Property-Owning Democracy

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tilo Wesche
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Deliberative Democracy ◽  
John Rawls ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Fair Value ◽  
The Political ◽  
Property Ownership ◽  
Basic Aspect ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractUnderstanding the relationship of democracy and property ownership is one of the most important tasks for contemporary political philosophy. In his concept of property-owning democracy John Rawls explores the thesis that property in productive means has an indirect effect on the formation of true or false beliefs and that unequal ownership of productive capital leads to distorted and deceived convictions. The basic aspect of Rawls’s conception can be captured by the claim that for securing the fair value of the political liberties a widespread dispersal of property in productive resources is required that minimizes the formation of delusions and therefore improves the conditions of deliberative democracy.

scholarly journals Η ευδαιμονία ως σκοπός της παιδείας στο πλαίσιο του ευρωπαϊκού και του νεοελληνικού διαφωτισμού

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Όλγα Χριστοδουλίδου
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Modern Greek ◽  
Liberation Education ◽  
Greek Manuscript ◽  
Spiritual Movement ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship

The Ph.D. Thesis consists, in addition to the Introduction, of two Parts and one Appendix. Part One deals with European Enlightenment as a spiritual movement and the dimensions that the idea of eudaimonia as an aim of education has taken in its context. Part Two deals with how Greek scholars of Modern Greek Enlightenment, and especially scholars within the ideological circle of Adamantios Korai, approached the idea of eudaimonia or “happiness on earth” as the object of education. The thesis explores the meaning of education specifically for Greeks as a means of happiness, as it is primarily understood as a means of spiritual and political liberation. Education can lead to prosperity and prosperity, which is conditionally based on freedom, both political and individual, should be pursued through an educational content of both moral philosophy, political philosophy, and a properly structured Christian education. Part One, which contains 4 chapters, presents the problem of European Enlightenment in relation to education, in order to establish the relevance of Modern Greek to European Enlightenment in relation to the interconnection of education and eudaimonia. Part Two, dealing with Modern Greek Enlightenment, examines how scholars belonging to the Korai ideological circle approach the relationship of happiness and education. Following is an Appendix presenting, briefly but for the first time, an 18th-century Greek manuscript dedicated to the collection of the Holy Archimandrite of Aigio, which saves a work entitled Practical Philosophy under the name of Antonios Moschopoulos (1718-1788). The work, among others, deals with issues of Ethical and Political Philosophy and addresses the issue of the relation of education and well-being. A precise table of comparison of the chapters between the Greek manuscript and the original Latin work written by Ludwig Philipp Thümmig (1697-1728), a student of Christian Wolff (1679-1754) is also given. In summary, the originality of the thesis lies in the following. (1) For the first time, an overall view is given of the concept of eudaimonia in the ethical and political texts of Modern Greek Enlightenment and its relation to education. (2) It is attempted to ascertain the equilibrium attempted in these Greek sources between “secular-earthy happiness” and “heaven bliss”. (3) It appears that the main source for the ethical and pedagogical ideas the Greek enlightenment scholars used, were the works of scholars representing the "moderate" stream of the European Enlightenment, which were translated or reproduced freely by modern Greek scholars.

scholarly journals Capitalismo cognitivo e renda universal: do igualitarismo transcendental ao direito biopolítico

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (26) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Murilo Duarte Costa Corrêa
Keyword(s):  
John Rawls ◽  
Amartya Sen ◽  
Ronald Dworkin

Em A ideia de justiça, Amartya Sen procura consolidar uma crítica pragmática às teorias contemporâneas da justiça que, a exemplo de John Rawls ou de Ronald Dworkin, se limitam a identificar arranjos institucionais transcendentalmente justos. Sen, ao contrário, admite a construção de um critério de justiça supostamente antitranscendental, baseado nas realizações concretas das liberdades e nas vidas que as pessoas podem viver de fato, sem que isso implique aderir à limitada base informacional das teorias utilitaristas. Neste ensaio, argumentamos que o deslocamento crítico produzido por Amartya Sen é insuficiente para entregar-nos um conceito empírico de justiça, ao deixar intocados os contextos concretos aos quais seus principais conceitos irão se aplicar. Essa lacuna permite inferir que o deslocamento crítico proposto pela obra de Sen pode ser considerado um reflexo ideal de transformações reais nas condições materiais de poder, de vida e de produção no corpus da teoria contemporânea da justiça. Sob esta condição, este ensaio interroga as políticas brasileiras de distribuição de renda e de renda universal em um novo sentido – como direitos biopolíticos.

scholarly journals Individual morality and the morality of institutions

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Scanlon
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
John Rawls ◽  
Theory Of Justice ◽  
Moral Standards ◽  
The Relationship

This paper discusses the relationship between moral philosophy and political philosophy. It holds that political philosophy in some way is part of moral philosophy as the former deals with the content of moral standards governing the relations between individuals and institutions. That would be the purpose of the ?morality of institutions?, while the so-called "individual morality" would inform the standards applicable to individuals. On the basis of a conception of individual morality as it relates to contractualism and a discussion of the morality of institutions that closely follows John Rawls? theory of justice, the paper addresses the question of the foundations of the obligation to comply with institution-defined standards that are directed towards individuals. At the end, it focuses in particular on the difficulty of rationalizing that obligation in the case of unjust institutions.

Abordagens da Equidade: aproximações sobre um conceito-chave das humanidades e das ciências sociais

Intuitio ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 06
Author(s):  
Mártin Haeberlin
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
John Rawls ◽  
Amartya Sen ◽  
Ronald Dworkin ◽  
Justice As Fairness

O presente texto propõe um exame de diferentes abordagens da equidade, uma vez que, não obstante seja ela um conceito filosófico clássico, devem-se conhecer as visões sobre ela advindas de outras áreas do conhecimento, notadamente o direito e a economia. Para realizar esse objeto, são tratadas as visões de equidade nas seguintes abordagens: o conceito de justiça em Aristóteles; a doutrina do direito de Immanuel Kant;  a “justice as fairness” de John Rawls; a igualdade como virtude em Ronald Dworkin; e noção de capacidades e liberdades substantivas de Amartya Sen. Ao fim, realiza-se uma categorização do termo em dois sentidos, propondo-se sua conexão.

1. Introduction

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Kymlicka
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
Ronald Dworkin ◽  
Fundamental Idea ◽  
Theory Of Justice ◽  
The Relationship

This edition provides an introduction to the major schools of thought that dominate contemporary debates in political philosophy. The focus is on theories which have attracted a certain allegiance, and which offer a more or less comprehensive vision of the ideals of politics. The text examines the notion, advanced by Ronald Dworkin, that every plausible political theory has the same ultimate value, which is equality. It considers another, more abstract and more fundamental, idea of equality in political theory — namely, the idea of treating people ‘as equals’. It also explores what it might mean for libertarianism to have freedom as its foundational value, or for utilitarianism to have utility as its foundational value. Finally, it analyses the relationship between moral and political philosophy and argues that the ultimate test of a theory of justice is that it should be concordant with, and help illuminate, our convictions of justice.

scholarly journals O RECRUTAMENTO DE MAGISTRADOS NO JUDICIÁRIO BRASILEIRO: UMA REFLEXÃO SOBRE RESERVA DE VAGAS PARA PESSOAS PORTADORAS DE DEFICIÊNCIA À LUZ DA TEORIA DA JUSTIÇA

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano Athayde Chaves
Keyword(s):  
John Rawls ◽  
Amartya Sen ◽  
Ronald Dworkin

O presente artigo objetiva estudar as ações afirmativas de reserva de vagas nos concursos para a magistratura nacional a partir da teoria da justiça, analisando sua conformidade com o princípio da igualdade de oportunidades que deve caracterizar as sociedades democráticas contemporâneas. O exame do referencial teórico oferecido por John Rawls, Ronald Dworkin e Amartya Sen permitiu concluir que as regras do Conselho Nacional de Justiça, que tratam da reserva de vagas a pessoas portadores de deficiência, estão em consonância com os princípios de correção de justiça material, porquanto asseguram a justa oportunidade a esse grupo social, em razão da sua incapacidade para desenvolverem, no jogo do mercado, em igualdade de condições, projetos razoáveis de vida. A investigação também concluiu que, nada obstante a propriedade dessas ações afirmativas, algumas questões ainda estão em aberto, como os parâmetros institucionais relativos ao desenvolvimento da carreira, até mesmo por serem recentes essas políticas de discriminação inversa na composição da magistratura.

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